Agronomy of white clover
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White clover is the most important legume in European grassland and its exploitation is expected to increase.
The clover content in mixed swards can be manipulated by spring N application or strategic N fertilization during the growing season. The clover content in grazed pastures can be improved by rest periods. Combinations of grazing management, out-of-season grazing and higher stocking rate are shown to increase the clover growing point density. However, maintenance of clover content during drought has not yet been sufficiently studied.
The most important effects on total herbage quality from adding white clover are lower cell wall concentration, which results in higher intake, and higher protein concentration. The higher protein concentration can result in a higher N loss in urine especially if animals are not fed supplements during the grazing period. White clover in the sward does not always have a positive effect on animal production.
Manipulation of clover content in the sward and utilization at a specific herbage quality are two main factors needed to ensure the success of white clover in systems, and new knowledge is still required on these factors.
Extensification presumably will increase in the future and white clover will undoubtedly not only be used in grasslands for ruminants but also as cover crop, supporting arable crops, in set-aside areas and in pastures for non-ruminant animals.
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