Metabolism, Toxicity and Nutritional Implications of Quinolizidine (Lupin) Alkaloids

P.R. Cheeke; J.D. Kelly

Metabolism, Toxicity and Nutritional Implications of Quinolizidine (Lupin) Alkaloids

In: Recent advances of research in antinutritional factors in legume seeds

Authors:

P.R. Cheeke

P.R. Cheeke Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA

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J.D. Kelly

J.D. Kelly Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA

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Type:: Chapter

Pages:: 189–201

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004684690_039

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Summary

The general properties of alkaloids are reviewed. The major emphasis is on the quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) of Lupinus spp. The QA have diverse biological effects, including feeding deterrancy, neurological effects and teratogenicity. The QA are based on a bicyclic quinolizidine ring. The most common QA in lupins include bicyclic (e.g. lupinine), tricyclic (e.g. angustifoline, cystisine) and tetracyclic (e.g. lupanine, sparteine, anagyrine). The metabolism of QA in animals is relatively simple. They are oxidized by cytochrome P-450 mediated reactions in the liver, producing reduced metabolites (e.g. dehydrosparteine) via oxidation of the tertiary nitrogen. Metabolic effects of QA and metabolites are primarily neural inhibition, producing acute toxicity signs of convulsions and respiratory paralysis. Anti-palatability effects of lupin QA might be mediated in part through neurological effects.

The principal Lupinus spp. grown as grain legumes are the white lupins, L. albus, and the narrow leaved spp., e.g. L. angustifolius. The main QA in both species is lupanine.

Swine and poultry differ in their response to dietary lupin seed. Swine are very sensitive; growth rate is reduced at all levels of inclusion of lupin. Feed refusal and vomiting are noted. Adverse effects are directly correlated with dietary QA level. Heat treatment of lupin seed does not modify its adverse effect on swine. With poultry, no depression in performance is noted with lupin levels at least as high as 20% of the diet. Rabbits can tolerate very high dietary levels (50% or more) of dietary lupin.

Another deleterious factor in L. albus is manganese (Mn). L. albus may accumulate Mn levels as high as 6000 ppm, and lead to toxic Mn levels when L. albus seed is incorporated into diets. Limited evidence indicates amelioration of Mn toxicity with iron supplementation.

Numerous perennial Lupinus spp. indigenous to U.S.A. rangelands contain anagyrine, a tetracyclic QA which causes skeletal deformities in the bovine fetus. There is no evidence that grain lupins contain anagyrine or have adverse effects on reproduction.

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Recent advances of research in antinutritional factors in legume seeds

Proceedings of the first international workshop on ANF in legume seeds, Wageningen 23-25 nov. '88

E-Book ISBN:: 9789004684690

Publisher:: Wageningen Academic

Print Publication Date:: 01 Jan 1989

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- Life Sciences

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Metabolism, Toxicity and Nutritional Implications of Quinolizidine (Lupin) Alkaloids

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Recent advances of research in antinutritional factors in legume seeds

Proceedings of the first international workshop on ANF in legume seeds, Wageningen 23-25 nov. '88

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