Genetically modified foods between ethics and public policy
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The paper explores the question: What ethical principles should inform a morally sound policy on genetically modified foods (hereafter GMF)? It focuses on the debate in the USA and on the widely held doctrine of political liberalism and its principle of liberal neutrality. A policy based on liberal neutrality requires policy makers not to favor any particular position and to remain neutral between those who support and those who oppose GMF. This paper advances the view that political liberalism cannot provide an adequate framework for policy decisions concerning GMF because political neutrality cannot protect adequately the interests, rights and values of those who oppose GMF on religious, moral or metaphysical grounds. Such individuals are left with few alternatives and have to pay a huge price to live in conformity with their values. Liberal neutrality ultimately favors the status quo, which erodes the personal integrity and freedom of choice of those who oppose GMF. A positive action to protect those who object GMF is morally required from policy makers and is grounded in the values of personal integrity, freedom of choice and in the principle of autonomy. They provide normative justification for rejecting GMF and, minimally, for positive societal actions and policy measures including not only mandatory labeling but also subsidies for organic farming and non-GMF. To allow for a genuine co-existence of diverse views and ways of life, policies should be set to guarantee that those opposing GMF have access to non-GMF, which access is not too burdensome and costly.
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