Moulds and mycotoxins as undesirable substances in animal feeds
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Moulds and mycotoxins are undesirable contaminants of animal feed materials, causing allergic and obstructive airway diseases, affecting palatability and feed intake and inducing diverse signs of intoxication. This review aims to describe the principles of these adverse reactions and the innate defence mechanisms of animals including toxicokinetic aspects, which determine the internal dose. The molecular mechanisms underlying clinical signs of acute toxicity can be described for common toxins, whereas the quantitative assessment of the sub-clinical effects resulting in impaired productivity and fertility as well as increased sensitivity to infectious diseases remains incomplete. It remains a challenge for the future to estimate safe levels of mycotoxins, and the naturally occurring mixtures of toxins to which animals are exposed under practical conditions. As currently feed contamination cannot be entirely prevented, strategies to reduce mycotoxin formation and/or to minimise the rate of exposure remain important tasks.