Figures
2.1 The Gini coefficient of residents’ income in China, 2002–2014 30
2.2 Income gap between urban and rural residents 30
2.3 The coefficient of differences in the per capita disposable income of urban residents in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) nationwide, 2000–2014 32
2.4 The coefficient of the differences in the per capita disposable income of rural residents in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) nationwide, 2000–2014 32
3.1 The number of newly employed people in urban areas in various quarters since 2013 44
3.2 The ratio of job vacancies to job seekers in the human resources market in various quarters since 2008 46
4.1 Quarterly GDP index, 2010–2015 68
4.2 The Gini coefficient, 2003–2014 69
4.3 The ratio of the per capita disposable income of high-income households to that of low-income households, 2000–2014 70
4.4 The ratio of the per capita disposable income of high-income households to that of low-income households in 2013 and 2014 72
4.5 The ratio of the per capita income of rural high-income households to that of low-income households, 2000–2014 74
4.6 The growth of the per capita disposable income of the rural households in 2013 and 2014 76
4.7 The producer price index of agricultural products, 2010–2014 77
4.8 The growth rates of urban and rural resident incomes and their ratio, 2007–2014 78
5.1 Fund income and expenditure in the first three quarters of the years from 2011 to 2015 83
5.2 The pension level for enterprise retirees, 2005–2015 85
5.3 The accumulated balance of basic endowment insurance funds in recent years 91
5.4 Income and expenditure of urban basic endowment insurance, 2008–2014 92
6.1 Visits at various kinds of medical institutions over the years 102
6.2 Number of inpatients at various kinds of medical institutions over the years 102
6.3 Visits at hospitals of various grades over the years 103
6.4 Health expenditure over the years 105
7.1 The development of preschool education during the period of the 12th Five-Year Plan 125
7.2 Comparison of the proportions of the people in different age groups who received junior middle school education 127
7.3 Comparison of the proportions of the people in different age groups who received high school and secondary vocational education 130
7.4 Comparison of the proportions of the people in different age groups who received high school and secondary vocational education by the type of registered permanent residence 132
7.5 Proportions of the students at regular senior middle schools and secondary vocational schools in the total number of students in high school and secondary vocational education 133
7.6 Comparison of the types of high school and secondary vocational education in different age groups 134
7.7 Proportions of the people in different age groups who received higher education 136
8.1 Comparison of the general public’s sense of social equity between 2013 and 2015 156
9.1 The ways you expect the government to help your family most to shake off poverty 177
9.2 The causes for applying for minimum subsistence allowance 179
9.3 Employment support enjoyed by urban and rural households in difficulties 181
10.1 The average age of women in their first marriage in urban and rural areas, 2000–2014 196
10.2 The proportions of unmarried people by urban and rural areas and gender 198
10.3 The average number of children to whom women give birth by urban and rural areas, by age group 199
12.1 Comparison of annual income between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 236
12.2 Comparison of annual income of the middle class in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 236
12.3 Comparison of annual consumption expenditures of the middle class and the non-middle class in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 237
12.4 Comparison of annual consumption expenditures of the middle class in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 238
12.5 Comparison of the job-seeking channels between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 239
12.6 Comparison of the type of units where the middle class and the non-middle class work in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 240
12.7 Comparison of the social security ownership between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 242
12.8 Comparison of the commercial insurance ownership between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 242
12.9 Comparison of the middle class’ criteria for judging the middle class in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 254
12.10 Comparison of the middle class’ evaluation of social fairness in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 256
12.11 Comparison of the middle class’ sense of social trust among Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 257
12.12 Comparison of participation in public benefit activities between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 259
12.13 Comparison of political participation between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 261
12.14 Comparison of participation in social organizations between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 262
12.15 Comparison of participation in social organizations among Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 263
13.1 Trends of the degree of consensus in public opinion and the degree of government recognition since 2007 280
13.2 The average daily number of articles pushed by various categories of WeChat official accounts 284
13.3 The average daily number of readings at each WeChat official account 285
13.4 The average daily number of likes at each WeChat official account 285
13.5 Statistics on word frequency in the titles of the articles pushed by various types of WeChat official accounts—topics concerning current politics (every 1,000 WeChat articles) 286
13.6 Statistics on word frequency in the titles of the articles pushed by various types of WeChat official accounts—hot events (every 1,000 WeChat articles) 286
13.7 The launch of the microblog and WeChat official accounts by various types of opinion leaders 288
13.8 The average daily number of articles pushed by each opinion leader 288
13.9 The average daily number of readings on opinion leaders’ WeChat official accounts 289
13.10 The average daily number of microblog posts from opinion leaders 289
13.11 The average daily number of times for which the microblog posts of opinion leaders were forwarded and received comments 290
15.1 The basic characteristics of the population with agricultural registered permanent residence 325
15.2 The proportions of the people at various educational levels and the people who had never attended schools at various age groups 325
15.3 Types of dwelling areas 326
15.4 The number of the self-owned houses 327
15.5 The use of the self-owned houses 327
15.6 Male-female difference in rural family form and mindset 328
15.7 The employment state of the population with agricultural registered permanent residence, the proportions of the people engaged in agriculture and non-agricultural work 330
15.8 The occupations and industries involving the non-agricultural work 332
15.9 Major living difficulties 333
15.10 Self-evaluation and prognosis of social and economic status 334
15.11 Proportions of the people believing in religions 336
15.12 The difference in religious faith by gender 336
15.13 Distribution of current trust 338
15.14 Evaluation of the fairness of social policies 339
16.1 The proportion of the external floating population in different types of communities 348
16.2 The average scores of service agencies and facilities in different types of communities 354
16.3 The average gross annual income of residents in different types of communities 357
16.4 The average number of houses owned by households in different types of communities 358
16.5 The proportion of residents as tenants in different types of communities 359
16.6 The proportions of residents owning cars in different types of communities 360
16.7 The average score of subjective class self-identity of the residents in different types of communities 362
16.8 The frequency of social interaction and entertainment among neighbors in different types of communities 364
16.9 The intensity of relationships among neighbors in different types of communities 365
16.10 The degree of residents’ trust in neighbors in different types of communities 365
16.11 The degree of neighborhood care in different types of communities 366
16.12 The degree of mutual assistance among neighbors in different types of communities 366
16.13 The average percentage of voter turnout in the election of villagers (neighborhood) committees in different types of communities 368
16.14 Residents’ participation in community voluntary activities in different types of communities 369
16.15 The level of participation in voluntary activities of residents in different types of communities 370
16.16 The proportions of residents participating in social donations and social voluntary service in different types of communities (2012) 370
16.17 The total score concerning the active participation of residents from various types of communities in various types of organizations (2012) 372
18.1 Whether the surveyed entrepreneurs surfed the Internet 397
18.2 The frequency of entrepreneurs’ online behaviors 399
18.3 The frequency of online behavior committed by entrepreneurs of different groups (mean value) 401
18.4 The frequency of the online behavior of entrepreneurs at different educational levels (mean value) 403
18.5 The impact of studying abroad on the online behavior of entrepreneurs 403
18.6 The frequency of online behavior of entrepreneurs at different asset scales (mean value) 404
18.7 The frequency of the online behavior of entrepreneurs in different regions 404
18.8 The entrepreneurs’ preference of platform for expressing their views online 405
18.9 The preference of platform of entrepreneurs in different age groups for expressing their views online 407
18.10 The preference of platform of entrepreneurs at different educational levels for expressing their views online 408
18.11 The impact of studying overseas on entrepreneurs’ preference of platform for expressing their views online 408
18.12 The preference of platform of entrepreneurs at different asset scales for expressing their views online 409
18.13 The impact of Internet access on entrepreneurs’ trust in the media 410
18.14 The impact of the frequency of getting news information online on entrepreneurs’ trust in the media 411
18.15 The impact of the frequency of expressing views online on the degree of entrepreneurs’ trust in the media 411
19.1 The nature of house property where the foreigners in Shanghai lived 422
19.2 The satisfaction of the foreigners in Shanghai with their housing and dwelling place 424
19.3 The satisfaction of the foreigners in Shanghai with various aspects of Shanghai 425
19.4 The composition of the friend circle of the foreigners in the two megacities 426
19.5 Distribution of the foreigners in Shanghai by religious faith 427
19.6 The satisfaction of the foreigners in Shanghai with dining services and place 428
19.7 Main difficulties for the foreigners in Shanghai in seeking medical services 429
19.8 The evaluation of traveling by the foreigners in Shanghai 429
20.1 GDP growth since 1990 435
20.2 The contribution to and driving effect from three major demands to the growth of the GDP, 1990–2014 436
20.3 The total retail sales of consumer goods in different periods 436
20.4 The changes in the total retail sales of consumer goods since 2010 437
20.5 The level of household consumption, 2000–2014 437
20.6 The changes in the proportions of urban and rural population and non-agricultural population, 1978–2014 438
20.7 The rural-urban structure of the permanent resident population and the agricultural and non-agricultural make-up of the population with registered permanent residence in 2013 439
20.8 The rural-urban structure and industrial structure of employed people, 2000–2014 440
20.9 The number of newly employed people and re-employed people in urban areas since 2006 440
20.10 The registered urban unemployed population and unemployment rate in various regions in 2014 441
20.11 The changes in the income and expenditure of rural and urban residents, 2006–2014 442
20.12 The per capita disposable income and consumption expenditure in different regions in 2014 443
20.13 The volume of partial post and telecommunication business, 1995–2014 444
20.14 The size of the poverty-stricken population and the poverty incidence over the years 444
20.15 The number of students at schools at various levels among every 100,000 people, 1991–2014 446
20.16 The enrollment rate and the gross enrollment rate at different educational stages, 1995–2014 446
20.17 The R&D input, 2010–2014 447
20.18 The total expenditure on health, 1990–2014 447
20.19 The changes in the infant mortality rate and the maternal mortality rate, 1991–2014 449
20.20 The New Rural Cooperative Medical System, 2008–2014 449
20.21 The number of beds at the social service institutions which provided accommodation, 2005–2014 450
20.22 Social assistance, 2007–2014 451
20.23 Community service institutions, 2009–2014 451
20.24 State fiscal expenditure relating to fund expenditure on social services, 2005–2014 452
Tables
2.1 The income of urban and rural residents and its growth in some years from 2000 to 2014 28
2.2 The income of urban and rural residents and its composition 29
2.3 Comparison of income between urban and rural residents in different areas in 2014 31
2.4 Level of consumption of urban and rural households 33
2.5 Comparison of urban and rural levels of consumption among different areas in 2014 34
3.1 China’s manufacturing industry’s PMI and component index 48
4.1 The per capita disposable income of urban households before and after the reform of the household income survey system in 2013 71
4.2 The per capita disposable income of urban households in 2013 and 2014 indicated by five levels and growth rates 73
4.3 The per capita disposable income of rural households before and after the reform of the household income survey system in 2013 75
6.1 Medical institution services defined by economic type over the years 104
6.2 Total expenditures on health over the years (international classification) 105
6.3 Service charges at public hospitals 106
6.4 Service charges at grass-roots medical institutions 107
6.5 The structure of income of government-run hospitals over the years 108
6.6 Expenses for medicine over the years 108
8.1 The grouping of surveyed households by per capita annual income 141
8.2 The proportion of respondents who enjoy social security 143
8.3 Evaluation of level of social security by respondents 144
8.4 Respondents’ attitude towards social security 145
8.5 Causes for unemployment of the unemployed groups 146
8.6 The level of social trust of the respondents 148
8.7 Respondents’ social values 149
8.8 Current evaluation of the level of morality and the degree of observance of the laws in the society by the general public 150
8.9 Chinese general public’s current cognition of social contradictions 151
8.10 Evaluation of the level of social discrimination in the current society 153
8.11 The current level of the general public’s social tolerance 154
8.12 The general public’s current sense of social equity 155
8.13 The current social participation and political participation of the general public 157
8.14 The general public’s sense of political participation at present 159
9.1 The changes in China’s population receiving social assistance, 2009–2015 165
9.2 The structure of the urban population enjoying minimum subsistence allowance 166
9.3 Health conditions of the members of the urban and rural households in difficulties 168
9.4 The educational expenditure per urban and rural household in difficulties 170
9.5 The economic income and expenditure of the urban and rural households in difficulties in 2013 171
9.6 The ownership of durable goods in the urban and rural households in difficulties 174
10.1 The distribution of household scale and the average number of people by region, urban and rural areas 190
10.2 The average scale of China’s family households over the years 191
10.3 Distribution of the number of generations in households by region, urban and rural areas 192
10.4 Distribution of family types by region, urban and rural areas 194
10.5 Distribution of the marital status of adult women of childbearing age by region, urban and rural areas 196
10.6 Distribution of the ages of the one-person families by gender and registered permanent residence/flow 200
10.7 Distribution of marital status at the one-person families by gender and registered permanent residence/flow 201
10.8 Distribution of spouse’s dwelling involving two-people households by gender, marital status, registered permanent residence/flow 202
11.1 Age structure of respondents 210
11.2 Distribution of agricultural registered permanent residence and non-agricultural registered permanent residence 211
11.3 The average number of existing children of respondents 212
11.4 The number of existing children of respondents 213
11.5 The number of existing children by the type of registered permanent residence 215
11.6 Distribution of the number of existing children of the groups of childbearing age in 2015 by the type of registered permanent residence 216
11.7 The average ideal number of children 217
11.8 The willingness to bear children of the agricultural and non-agricultural population 218
11.9 The willingness to bear children of people with different educational degrees 219
11.10 Income groups and the ideal number of children 220
11.11 The average ideal number of children in different regions 221
11.12 Satisfaction of the willingness to bear children 223
11.13 The willingness to have the second child and the satisfaction of willingness 223
11.14 The proportion of those who would or would not give birth to their next child without regard to the childbearing policy 225
11.15 The parity-specific proportion of those who had the desire to have their next child 226
11.16 The proportions of those at different ages with the desire to have a second child 226
11.17 The two-child childbearing plan of the groups of childbearing age with one child 228
12.1 Comparison of the asset condition of the middle class in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 234
12.2 Comparison of the monthly working period and income between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 241
12.3 The middle class’ satisfaction with their work in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 243
12.4 Comparison of the daily time allocation between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 244
12.5 Comparison of the daily time allocation of the middle class in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 245
12.6 Comparison of the daily living habits between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 246
12.7 Comparison of the leisure life between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 247
12.8 Comparison of the academic performance of the studying family members between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 248
12.9 Comparison of the studying family members in participating in extracurricular activities between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 249
12.10 Comparison of class and status self-identity between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 250
12.11 Comparison of personal class self-identity of the middle class among Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 251
12.12 Comparison of the middle class’ self-identity regarding family class among Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 252
12.13 Comparison of the sense of fairness between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 255
12.14 Comparison of the sense of trust between the middle and non-middle classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 256
12.15 Comparison of the middle class’ participation in public benefit activities among Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 260
13.1 20 hot events of public opinion in 2015 270
13.2 Index of pressure in different public opinion fields in 2015 272
13.3 Top 10 provinces in the index of the pressure of public opinion in 2015 274
13.4 Distribution of functional departments involved in hot events in terms of pressure from public opinion in 2015 274
13.5 The index of pressure from public opinion at the focus points of social contradictions in 2015 278
15.1 Overview of families’ cultivated land/forest area/water surface 329
16.1 Distribution of community type samples under the national sampling survey in CSS 2015 (community questionnaire) 345
16.2 Distribution of community type samples under national sampling survey in CGSS (household questionnaire) 346
16.3 The resident population size in different types of communities 347
16.4 Population structure in different types of communities 348
16.5 The proportion of the middle-aged and elderly people in permanent resident population in different types of communities 349
16.6 The proportion of the households enjoying minimum subsistence allowance in different types of communities 350
16.7 The situation of organizations in different types of communities 352
16.8 Service items from villagers (neighborhood) committees in different types of communities 354
16.9 Distribution of the residents at different types of communities by the degree of education 356
16.10 Social security of residents in different types of communities (2013) 361
16.11 The group self-identity of residents in different types of communities 363
16.12 The proportions of residents from various types of communities who actively participated in various types of organizations (2012) 371
16.13 Comparison among different types of urban communities 373
18.1 The proportions of the entrepreneurs in different age groups who surfed the Internet 398
18.2 The frequency of the online behavior of male and female entrepreneurs (mean value) 400
18.3 The preference of platform of female and male entrepreneurs for expressing their views online (mean value) 406
19.1 The gender condition of foreigners in both megacities 418
19.2 The age condition of foreigners in both megacities 418
19.3 The educational level of the foreigners in both megacities 419
19.4 The countries from which the foreigners in Shanghai came (top 10 countries) 419
19.5 The duration for which the foreigners in both megacities stayed in China 420
19.6 The employment status of the foreigners in both megacities 421
19.7 The distribution of the foreigners in both megacities by industry (top eight) 422
19.8 The make-up of residents in the communities where the foreigners in Guangzhou lived 423
19.9 The willingness of the foreigners to reside in the two megacities 425
19.10 The proficiency in Chinese of the foreigners in the two megacities 425
19.11 The religious gathering of the foreigners in both megacities 427
19.12 The service providers on whom the foreigners in Guangzhou depended 431