Ethical bases of sustainability
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The literature on sustainability offers many different ways to integrate ethical norms (understood here as encompassing the full range of normative values) regarding the conceptualization of sustainability. This paper reviews several leading theoretical approaches to the achievement of sustainability within livestock production systems, and examines how ethics either are or might be analyzed as playing a role in each approach. In particular, I will emphasize approaches to sustainability that utilize ‘indicators’ of sustainability as a way to resolve value conflicts over environmental goals. One point of view sees each indicator representing alternative ethical norms, then utilizes empirical research to measure the relative effectiveness of alternative production systems in meeting achieving progress with respect to indicators. An alternative point of view sees indicators as themselves reflecting a consensus among parties holding different values, a consensus that should be reached before empirical work begins. In the end, it is important for livestock researchers and environmental policy analysts to continue debating the relationship between ethics and sustainability, if there is to be any hope of attaining any measure of coherence among alternative approaches.
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