0.1 « Mieren ende Krekel », De warachtighe fabulen der dieren, Bruges, Pieter de Clerck, 1567, p. 26. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Rés YI-19 2
0.2 « Den ouden Leeu en ander beesten », De warachtighe fabulen der dieren, Bruges, Pieter de Clerck, 1567, p. 120. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Rés YI-19 10
1.1 François Rabelais, Almanach pour Lâan M. D.XXXV., Lyon, François Juste, colophon 16
1.2 Orus Apollo, De la signification des notes Hieroglyphiques des Aegyptiens, Paris, Jacques Kerver, 1543, f. d8r. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Rés Z-2507 (1) 17
1.3 Orus Apollo, De la signification des notes Hieroglyphiques des Aegyptiens, Paris, Jacques Kerver, 1543, f. c6r. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Rés Z-2507 (1) 18
2.1 Jacques Grévin, Deux livres des venins [â¦], Anvers, C. Plantin, 1567-1568, p. 109. Bibliothèque nationale de France, 4-TF18-21 27
3.1 Barthélemy Aneau, Decades de la description [â¦] des animaulx, Lyon, Balthazar Arnoullet, 1549, f. C8r. Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève 41
3.2 Conrad Gessner, Icones animalium, Zurich, Christoph Froschauer, 1553, p. 28. Photographie Jef Schaeps. Leyde, Bibliothèque universitaire 42
3.3 Portraits dâoyseaux, dâanimaux [â¦] observez par Pierre Belon, Paris, Guillaume Cavellat, 1557, f. 105 v. Le Mans, Médiathèque Louis-Aragon 44
4.1 Anonymous (possibly the workshop of Jan van Scorel), memorial tablet with Elisabeth van Culemborg, Jan van Luxemburg and Anthonis van Lalaing, ca. 1540â1555 (?), oil on panel, 110 à 156 cm. Collection Elisabeth Weeshuis Museum, Culemborg. Photo by René Gerritsen 52
4.2 Jan Anthonisz van Ravesteyn, portrait of Catharina van den Bergh, 1617, oil on canvas, 117 Ã 98.5 cm. Collection Elisabeth Weeshuis Museum, Culemborg. Photo by Hans Wijninga 56
4.3 Detail of Fig. 4.2, the pendant. Photo by Huub van Beurden 57
5.1 Unknown painter, Pagurus â crab, painted in Venice for Conrad Gessner, c.1543, and used as model drawing for his printed illustration in Historia Animalium IV (Zurich, Froschauer: 1558), p. 182. Watercolour on paper, cut out and pasted in the Gessner-Platter Album, III C 22, f. 200. Amsterdam University Library 66
5.2 Designed by Giovanni da Udine, detail of a wall fresco in Palazzo Grimani with fish hanging from candelabra-like painted shapes, Venice, c.1537â39. Photo by the author 67
5.3 Giorgio Liberale da Udine, swordfish (f. 51v) in Cod. Ser. 2669, the painted marine fauna of the Adriatic commissioned by Archduke Ferdinand II of Tirol, created c.1562-80 in Gorizia and Innsbruck. Ãsterreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna 69
5.4 Nicolaes de Bruyn, âRoch & witvischâ, in Libellus varia genera piscium complectens (s.l. : Françoys van Beusekom, s.d. [first ed. ca. 1594]), plate 5. Leiden University Library, THYSIA 1316: 2 72
5.5 Joachim Beuckelaer, Fish market, 1568, oil on panel, 128 à 174 cm, signed and dated: Joaehim büekeleer / IB [in monogram] / 1568. Metropolitan Museum, New York 73
5.6 Clara Peeters, Still life with fish, oysters and shrimps, 1607âca.1650, oil on panel, 25 Ã 35 cm, signed: Clara. P. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam 74
6.1 The Van der Duyn house at Zevenhuizen showing the canals and gates protecting the Zevenhuise Bos â the heron wood (original by Jacob Lois 1671) 80
6.2 Map of Willughby and colleaguesâ travels in 1663, showing the correct location of Sevenhuysen (Zevenhuizen) (redrawn from Birkhead 2018) 82
6.3 Drawing from 1790 of a map originally from 1564 (100 cm x 30 cm), here in two portions, showing (lower) Zevenhuizen village and the Zevenhuische Bos and (upper) the meadows divided into rectangular blocks, separated by water channels, each block devoted to different bird species : grey heron, night heron and spoonbill. From J.J. Potter, Fl. Jacobszoon, Johannes Sabrier, De Hofstad van der Duijn, met het bosch en reijgerie, 1790, 37,5 Ã 145,5 cm. Allard Pierson UvA, HB-KZL VI 14 D 1 84
6.4 Map from 1684 showing the location of the Zevenhuische Bos (1, upper arrow) and Schollevaarseiland in the Wollefoppenpolder (2, lower arrow). From: <
7.1 Anabas testudineus, the âclimbing perchâ. Photo by Rahul Kumar 92
8.1 Kladrius or Charadrius, drawing of the window panel in the Cathedral in Lyon. From J. Huizinga, âVan den vogel Charadriusâ, in idem, Verzamelde Werken I (Haarlem: Tjeenk Willink, 1948) 173 105
8.2 Drawing by Huizinga of the birds seen by the Allens near Vught. From J. Huizinga, Briefwisseling I, 387. On the left the hazel coloured ironic Allen of Den Bosch; on the right the rare high flying bird 107
8.3 Drawing by Huizinga of a peacock pie. Detail from his drawing â1428 / De oude heer van Arkel sterft aan het eten van een overgrooten aalâ, â1428 / De old Lord of Arkel dies when eating an enormous ealâ. From J. Huizinga, Keur van gedenkwaardige tafereelen (Amsterdam: Wereldvenster, 1951) year 1428 108
8.4 Drawing by Huizinga with captions in his own hand: Moeder, Laura and Lord Grey of Fallodon (summer 1944). Private collection 112
11.1 H.S. Beham, last of the preliminary pages of Rusius, Hippiatria sive marescalia (Paris: Wechel, 1531) 149
11.2 A. Dürer, âThe small horseâ, 1505, etching, 165 à 108 mm, monogrammed 150
11.3 Rusius, Hippiatria sive marescalia, 1410â1412, f. 10r. Biblioteca Malatestiana, S.XXVI.2 151
11.4 Rusius, Hippiatria sive marescalia (Speyer, 1490) f. XV. Bibliotheca Hippologica Johan Dejager, nr. 002 152
11.5 Rusius, Hippiatria sive marescalia (Basel, 1532) 17 154
11.6 The conformation of a well-built horse according to Ruffo. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Object ID 78 C 15, f. 6v and 7r. Photo by Dietmar Katz 158
11.7 f. 2v: Fettering of a horse in the stable; f. 3r: Covering a horse with a rug, and a groom taking straw to the stable. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Object ID 78 C 15. Photo by Dietmar Katz 159
11.8 Leading the horse to the water to drink, and against galls on the legs. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Object ID 78 C 15, f. 33r. Photo by Dietmar Katz 160
11.9 f. 4v: Training the young horse; f. 5r: Getting the horse used to noise and scary situations. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Object ID 78 C 15. Photo by Dietmar Katz 160
11.10 f. 4r: Quarterly bloodletting to keep the horse healthy; f. 3v: A horse in a fly rug. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Object ID 78 C 15. Photo by Dietmar Katz 161
12.1 Rondelet, LâHistoire entiere des poissons, Lyon, M. Bonhomme, 1558, 1ère partie, X, 1, p. 225. Bibliothèque de lâArsenal, 4-S-1791 173
13.1 Pline lâAncien, Opus Cui Titulus, Historia Mundi, Bâle, Froben, 1525, p. 117. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, 2 A.lat.b. 527 m 188
13.2 Pline lâAncien, Opus Cui Titulus, Historia Mundi, Bâle, Froben, 1525, p. 124. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, 2 A.lat.b. 527 m 188
14.1 Hendrik van der Cammen, âLion huntingâ, c.1640, silk, wool, 358 Ã 340 cm. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Bayard T. Storey, 1969, 1969-156-1 195
14.2 Esbatement Moral des Animaux (Antwerp: Gerard Smits for Philips Galle, 1578) f. B1r 196
14.3 Eduard de Dene, De Warachtighe Fabulen der Dieren (Bruges: Pieter de Clerck, 1567) 6 199
14.4 Jan Raes II, A âParc Sauvagesâ tapestry, c.1600, silk, wool, 350 Ã 318 cm. London, Mullany, Haute Epoque Fine Art 200
14.5 Eduard de Dene, De Warachtighe Fabulen der Dieren (Bruges: Pieter de Clerck, 1567) 190 202
14.6 Jan Raes II, A âPugnae Ferarumâ tapestry, c.1600, silk, wool, 345 Ã 512 cm. London, Mullany, Haute Epoque Fine Art 202
14.7 Jan Raes II, A Garden Tapestry, c.1610, silk, wool, 353 Ã 322 cm. London, Mullany, Haute Epoque Fine Art 203
14.8 Jan Raes II, âVerdure with buzzard and deerâ, c.1600, silk, wool, 368 Ã 333 cm. Private collection 204
14.9 Nicasius Aerts (?), Portière with caryatid, 1600â1625, tapestry materials unknown, 372 à 176 cm. Private collection 206
15.1 The Unicornus Marinum in Nicolaes Tulp, Observationes medicæ (Amsterdam: Louis Elsevier, 1652 and 1672) Lib. IV 395. Edition 1652: State Library of Bavaria. Edition 1672: KB, National Library of the Netherlands (original from the University of Amsterdam) 212
15.2 The Narwal, various views of the skull and horn, and an unnamed aquatic animal in I. Jonstons Naeukeurige beschryving van de natuur der viervoetige dieren, vissen en bloedlooze water-dieren, vogelen, kronkel-dieren, slangen en draken [â¦] (Amsterdam : I.I. Schipper, 1660) 179. State Library of Ghent 214
15.3 The Narwal and its skull in Isaac de La Peyrère, Relation du Groenland (Paris: A. Courbé, 1647) unnumbered page following p. 144. Bibliothèque nationale de France 215
15.4 The Licorne de Mer and the Narwal in Pierre Pomet, Histoire générale des Drogues (Paris: Jean-Baptiste Loyson and Augustin Pillon, 1694) 78. University of Ghent 217
15.5 Theodorus van Brussel, âZee-Eenhoornâ, in Natuurkundige beschryving van eenige byzondere dieren, visschen en gekorvene diertjes voor de beminnaars der natuurlyke historie, vol. I (Amsterdam: J.B. Elwe, 1799) 52. KB, National Library of the Netherlands (original from the University of Amsterdam) 219
16.1 Jean Baudoin, Les Fables dâEsope Phrygien, rééd. P. de Sommaville, 1659, fable LXXVI, gravure sur cuivre dâIsaac et Marie Briot, p. 439â441 231
16.2 Antoine Biscéré et Patrick Dandrey, Généalogie du motif P79â511 234
17.1 Fables choisies, mises en vers par monsieur de la Fontaine, Amsterdam, Daniel de la Feuille, 1693. Universiteit Antwerpen, Bijzondere Collecties, MAG-P 12.2056 240
18.1 Bibliotheca et Museum Bidloianum, sive catalogus librorum [â¦.] (Leiden: Samuel Luchtmans, 1713) title page 251
20.1 Lâadoration du Veau dâor : Moïse âcornuâ. Den Haag, Huis van het boek, Bible historiale, MMW 10 B 23, f. 68r 286
20.2 Lâadoration du Veau. Explication morale de lâadoration du Veau. Bible moralisée, codex Vindobonensis 2554, f. 25 vb. Facsim. Ãsterreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Graz, Akademische Druck- und Verlaganstalt, 1999 288
20.3 Le diable sort du Veau. Vézelay. Basilique Sainte-Marie-Madeleine, chapiteau de la nef; Azoor Photo/Alamy Banque dâImages 294
21.1 Unknown, Duke John III of Brabant, depicted as a boar, c.1400. Miniature accompanying the poem âVan den Everâ [About the Boar] (1334) in the Gelre Armorial. Brussels, Royal Library of Belgium, 15.652â56, f. 2v 306
21.2 Unknown, the Count of Flanders (upper left) depicted as a griffin, last quarter of the fourteenth century. Miniature in the Bellenville Armorial, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms. fr. 5230, f. 36r. depicted according to Jéquier, L. (ed.), Lâarmorial Bellenville (Paris: Le Léopard dâOr, 1983) 292 307
21.3 Unknown, âplakâ [flat disc], name of a Flemish coin with a design showing a sitting lion with helmet and heraldic devices, 1365, coin. Amsterdam, National Numismatic Collection 308
21.4 Unknown, âleeuwâ [lion], name of a Flemish coin with a design showing a sitting lion with helmet and heraldic devices, 1365, coin. Amsterdam, National Numismatic Collection 308
21.5 Unknown, âbotdragerâ [pot wearer], name of a Flemish coin with a design showing a sitting lion with heraldic mantle displaying the quartered coat of arms of France/Burgundy, 1389, coin. Amsterdam, National Numismatic Collection 309
21.6 Unknown, âdubbele helmâ [double helm], name of a Flemish coin with a design showing the coats of arms of France/Burgundy (left) and Flanders (right), 1386, coin. Amsterdam, National Numismatic Collection 309
22.1A Illustration to Alciato, emblem 5, ed. Heinrich Steiner (Augsburg: 1531) f. A3v. Private collection 317
22.1B Illustration to Alciato, emblem 5, ed. Wechel (Paris: 1534) f. A5r. Public domain 317
22.2A Moray eel swimming, in full length ca. 1 metre 321
22.2B The moray eel and the viper. Woodcut illustration to Alciato, emblem 10, ed. Wechel (Paris: 1534) 14. Public Domain 321
22.3A Chameleon, coloured red, maybe in order to adapt to the colour of the wood. Wikimedia Commons 323
22.3B Chameleon (having taken white colours) catching an insect with its tongue. M. Purves, Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons 323
22.4 The chameleon. Woodcut illustration to Alciato, emblem 88, ed. Wechel (Paris: 1534) 93. Public domain 325
27.1 Frontispiece to Johannes Serwoutersâ Den grooten Tamerlan (Amsterdam, Jacob Lescaille: 1657) f. *2r 378
27.2 Johann Theodor de Bry, âJustitia valt van een steigerend paard / In peius recidunt et retro cuncta ferunturâ, part of his Emblemata saecularia varietate seculi huius mores ita Experimentia [â¦] (1611). Engraving, 94 à 105 mm. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 385
30.1 Pégase dans lâenseigne Mobilgas. Détail dâune pompe à essence Mobilgas. Photo prise par lâauteur le 8 mars 2020, Musée Louwman, La Haye 413
31.1 Sophie van Romburgh, âSlow Reading on the Wingâ, 2020, charcoal on paper, 24 Ã 32 cm. Collection of the artist 424
31.2 Sophie van Romburgh, âSlow Reading on the Wingâ, 2020, charcoal on paper, 24 Ã 32 cm. Collection of the artist 425