Index
Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations
Ê¿AbdullÄh KhÄn Uzbek
140â141, 188
Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus the Great
19, 24, 91, 122, 136, 143, 147, 226
pairidaÄza
16, 19â20, 66, 91, 122, 143, 171, 269
Pasargadae
143, 144
Abbasid Empire
cheetah hunts
25
al- Ḥayr/ Baghdad
31â32
al-Ḥayr/Samarra
28, 30â31, 48
furūsīyah
26
KushÄjim (KitÄb al-Maá¹£Äyid waâl-Maá¹Ärid)
26, 255
legality of Abbasid battues
255
al-MuÊ¿taá¹£imâs hunts
30â31, 146
adaptation of the pairidaÄza in urban gardens
145â146
Ädham KhÄn
138â139, 182, 219
Agra
5, 11, 86
Akbar riding masth elephant in
114, 115
hunting in agrarian contexts near
179, 183
hunting procession near
6â8, 7, 104, 216
hunting with cheetahs near
105, 107
gardens and their development
149â150, 155
settling political seditions near
112, 141, 182
shikÄrgÄhs, hunting palaces, near
12, 67, 87, 161, 178
ahiá¹sÄ
252, 260
Ajmer
39, 95, 157, 262
cheetah habitats near
109
hunting in agrarian contexts near
194
hunting gardens in
158â159
lion encounters and hunts in
96, 99, 129â131, 130
pilgrimage to
121, 259
akhbÄrÄt
68, 180
AmÄ«r Khusrau (IÊ¿jÄz-i KhusravÄ«, Nuh Sipihr)
41, 57, 234
antelopes
9, 28, 221
in ancient Indian texts
32, 34, 76, 172, 269
conservation of
125
in decoy hunts
12, 15, 76, 83, 84, 88, 250
habitats/prey base for cheetahs, lions
42, 67, 87, 99, 109, 156, 186, 195
hunting in agrarian/irrigation contexts
158, 163, 177, 178, 196, 197, 226
hunting during tours
14, 161
hunting palace as memorial for
156
in qamarghÄs, jerges
55, 70, 74, 178â179
in scientific experiments
239
AnÅ«p RÄi
80, 97â100, 98, 126
ÄnÅ«pa
37, 172
Aq Quyunlū hunting practices
48, 60, 201
Assyrian ambassu
17â19, 18, 22, 66
bÄdar
70, 100, 101, 102, 102â3, 124, 160â161
Bairam KhÄn
196
bÄradarÄ«
81â2, 156â157, 156, 159â160, 160, 169
bÄrgÄh
6, 49, 61, 165, 249
BayÄáº-i KhwÅ«shbÅ«âÄ«
162
begÄr
176, 180â181
Benjamin of Tudela
32
Bernier, François, on
animals permissible to hunt by common folk
181
exploitation of peasants
175
hunting during tours
14
hunting lions as royal prerogative
95
hunting in urban contexts
87
perceived limitations of madrasa education
232â233, 250
royal entourage and encampments
6
size of Mughal hunts
70
bharal blue sheep
204, 262, 263
blackbuck
9, 235
as artistic metaphors
219â221, 220
habitats/ prey base of lions and cheetahs
99, 109, 186
hunting in agrarian contexts
196, 197
hunting with cheetahs
105, 107, 108
in decoy hunts
84
in qamarghÄs
70, 72â73, 74â75, 136, 137, 204, 206â207
buffaloes as protection for the royal hunter
34, 102â103, 102
Bukhara gardens/qūruq
146â147, 163
bustÄn
146â147, 154
caracal lynx
28, 41
chahÄrbÄgh (Pre-Mughal)
early typology and relationship to pairidaÄzas
143, 144, 145
in imperial palaces
146
relationship to other garden types
147
as seat of power in Ilkhanid/Timurid contexts
148â149
Timurid IrshÄd al-zirÄÊ¿a description of
146â147
typology in pre-Timurid Persianate lands
146
chahÄrbÄgh (Mughal)
150
classical definition
142
Bagh-i Wafa
151â154, 152â153
in palace gardens
81â82
procedure to develop
155
relationship to qūruq. see qūruq
chatr
55, 57, 84, 216, 226
cheetahs
9, 89, 119, 239
as artistic metaphors
7, 8, 139, 216, 219â221, 220
characteristics, capture, training, carriage
14, 34, 105, 107, 108, 110â113, 111, 196
habitats
42, 49, 109â110, 154, 158, 177, 185â187, 195
human-cheetah relationship
15, 108, 252, 254â255, 266â267
hunting prey in free rein hunt with
96, 105, 106, 107, 140
hunting in qamargÄhs
41, 72â73, 75, 136, 138, 179, 214
legal justification to hunt
258, 261
Mughal chÄ«ta-khÄna and its upkeep
11, 104â105
origins/early traditions of hunting with
23â28, 30, 33â34
popularity and prestige of hunting with
38â39, 41, 57, 58â59, 60, 62â63, 64, 103, 245
Chinghiz KhÄn/Chinghisid
2, 30, 45, 60, 70.
qūruq
jerge and hunting practices/battle formations
46â48, 133
Ãgedeiâs hunts, itineraries
48â49
ordu
49, 50, 51â54
YÄsÄ
45â46, 54, 136
Clavijo, Ruy Gonzales de
60â61, 64, 165
dad u dÄm
257
darshan
4â5, 8, 12, 125, 155
Dasturuâl-Ê¿amal (of Akbar)
246, 256
decoy-drive hunts
12, 15, 119, 235
AbÅ«âl-Faáºl on
76â77
in agrarian contexts and social costs thereof
180, 196, 197
hunting nilgai in
77â80, 78, 79, 205, 208
involvement of courtly panolpy
82â84, 83
in the MÄnasollÄsa
76
reasons for popularity
79
reordering shikÄrgÄh for
79â80, 88, 181, 205
use of matchlocks in
250
deer (chital)
9
in agrarian/garden contexts
156, 158, 161, 163, 171, 196
in ancient Indian hunts
32, 34, 37, 76
in ancient Persian/early Islamic hunts
18, 21, 22, 23, 31
as cheetah and lion prey base
42, 67â68, 99, 109, 257
in decoy hunts
76, 269
in Ilkhanid and Timurid hunts
49, 55, 57
in qamarghÄ hunts
70, 125, 136, 204
in spiritual contexts
259
De Laet, Joannes
184â5
Delhi
2, 5â6
Mughal hunts, hunting palaces, shikÄrgÄhs in
12â14, 13, 67, 86â87, 133, 134â135, 196, 198, 239
Sultanate hunting palaces, shikÄrgÄhs in
40, 42, 43, 44, 67.
FirÅz ShÄh Tughlaq
Delhi Doab
172, 189
dÄ«wÄn-i Ê¿Ämm
6, 81, 155, 194, 249
dÄ«wÄn-i khÄá¹£
6, 81, 155, 194
durbÄr
70, 78, 188
elephants
advantage and safety during hunts
14, 38, 41, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 103, 107, 108, 116, 131
in ancient India
34â36, 36
breeding habits
118, 236, 246
capture, training and difficulties thereof
9, 84, 116, 185, 187â189, 190, 202, 229
habitat and need for conservation
37, 172, 184â185, 191â193, 270
human-elephant interactions and conflicts
15, 40, 114, 118â119, 126, 177, 192â193, 269, 271
and imperial prestige at court and in hunts
21â22, 78, 82, 83, 116, 215â216, 245
and kingship
3, 36, 40, 113â114
in masth and concerns for safety
79, 114â116, 115
military advantage of
39â40, 116, 133, 141, 182, 255
in Mughal stables and their well-being
6, 117, 119, 127, 139, 248
and political activity during hunts
140â141, 187â189
on tours
7, 117, 216, 219, 249
as tributes and booty
39, 126, 140, 186
Farīdūn
24, 122, 123, 226, 265
falcon/falconers/falconry
8, 10, 25â27, 30â31, 41, 47, 53, 60, 64, 93, 96, 103, 109, 163, 216, 219, 245
farr-i īzidī
4, 258, 262
FirdausÄ«, AbÅ«âl-QÄsim (ShÄhnÄma)
61, 62â63, 89, 222, 246
on hunting lions and kingship
92, 94
on taming cheetahs
24
Firishta, Muḥammad QÄsim (TÄrÄ«kh-i Firishta)
40, 41, 186
FirÅz ShÄh Tughlaq
hunts and hunting grounds
40â41, 110
irrigation projects and hunting
41â44, 43.
water bodies and irrigation systems
florican
239, 240, 241
Forbes, James
67
four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadrocornis)
236
francolin partridge
235
gazelles
9, 11
in Abbasid hunts
26, 28, 31
as artistic metaphors
257, 265
habitats
109, 186
hunting in agricultural contexts
122, 123
in Ilkhanid hunts
49
in qamarghÄs and hunts with cheetahs
70, 103, 108, 136â138, 137, 204, 206â207
GhazÄlÄ« (Naṣīḥat al-MulÅ«k)
89, 256
GhÄzÄn KhÄn
47â48, 51â53, 64, 163
gulÄlbÄr
179
Ḥadīth
252â253, 256
hog deer
235â236
ḤusÄmuâd-Dawla TaymÅ«r (BÄz-nÄma-yi NÄá¹£irÄ«)
93, 103
ibex
9
in Mughal qamarghÄs
70, 108, 204
in Timurid jerges
55â57, 58â59
in Umayyad, Abbasid hunts
28
Ibn Ê¿ArabshÄh (Ê¿AjÄʾib al-MaqdÅ«r fi NawÄʾib al-TaymÅ«r)
54, 60, 64
Ibn Battūta
53â54
Ibn ManglÄ« (KitÄb Uns al-malÄ bi-waḥsh al-falÄ)
25, 27, 108
Ilkhanid camp and hunts
cities, camp sites, trade routes, hunting concerns
48â49, 50
Hülegü
45, 51
JuvainÄ«, Ê¿AlÄ ad-DÄ«n (TÄrÄ«kh-i JahÄn-gushÄ), on,
influence of the YÄsÄ
45â46
hunting
46â47
ordu and tours
47, 49, 51
Ãljeitü
49, 51, 53, 162â163
RashÄ«d al-DÄ«n (JÄmiÊ¿ al-TawÄrÄ«kh), on,
description of jihik
47â48
involvement of Mongol/Ilkanid armies in hunts/jerge
47â48
Sira-Ordu
49, 51
tents and gardens in Ujan
51â53
Sultaniyya
âFalconâs QÅ«ruqâ
53
Ilkhanid palaces, seasonal camps in
51
qūruq in
163.
qūruq
Ujan
49, 50, 51â53, 64, 163
insÄn-i kÄmil
96, 209, 253, 258, 262
ishrÄqÄ« philosophy
209, 210, 258
JalÄl al-DÄ«n DawÄnÄ« (AkhlÄq-i-JalÄlÄ«)
246, 250, 256
jÄá¹
gala
37, 170, 172, 269
jaá¹
gal-barī
68, 184.
Kangra
Jawhar ÄftÄbachÄ« (Tadhkiratuâl-wÄqÄ«Ät)
128, 136, 138
jharÅkha
4, 8, 81, 155, 194
JÅ«zjÄnÄ«, QÄáºÄ« MinhÄj (ṬabaqÄt-i NÄá¹£irÄ«)
38
on Ghurid cheetah hunts
38â39
on elephants and kingship
40
Kabul
2, 168â169, 184.
Bagh-i Wafa and Katawaz
Akbarâs âhuntingâ tour (1581) to
6, 10, 104, 139
JahÄngÄ«râs gardens, shikÄrgÄhs, hunts in
155, 158, 237
Kai KÄʾūs (QÄbÅ«s NÄma)
100
Kangra
184â185
karorī
174, 181
Kashmir
5, 6, 11, 86, 150, 168, 237, 260.
sÄj dipper
Kauá¹ilya (ArthaÅÄstra)
on elephants and forests
35, 37, 172, 269
on kingship
34, 37, 114
Lahore
5, 6, 8, 11, 86, 216.
Jahangirabad/ Shaikhupura (Hiran Minar)
Akbarâs qamarghÄ (1567) in
71â76, 72â73, 126, 139, 214, 258
shikÄrgÄhs in
156, 177, 185
leopards
23, 49, 158, 266
terminology discrepancies
23â24, 39, 60
lions (Asiatic)
10, 11
folkloric characteristics of
266
geographical spread of
26, 32, 33, 49
proverbial courage of
239, 265
terminology discrepancies
9
lion hunts
in agricultural/irrigation contexts
130, 158â159
as auspicious events
95, 259
dangers of
79, 85, 96â97, 97, 99, 117
desirability of hunting
93
in early Persianate lands and the Levant
17â18, 27
in garden contexts
124, 161.
Burhanpur-Bagh-i Zaynabad
and kingship/bravery
80, 89, 91â95, 94, 98, 99, 126, 223, 257, 261
to quell dissent
186, 255
as royal prerogative
95, 119, 221, 220
safety features during
96, 99â103, 101, 102, 124.
bÄdar, buffaloes, elephants
and testing loyalties
128, 129â131, 130
madad-i maÊ¿Äsh
121, 176, 180â181, 191, 198
MaḥmÅ«d AmÄ«r WalÄ« (Baḥr al-AsrÄr)
164
Manucci, Niccolao
102â103, 177, 186, 248
markhor
9, 11, 74, 237, 238, 262
MÄ«rak-i Sayyid GhÄ«yÄs
147, 149
MÄ«r FatḥullÄh ShirÄzÄ«
187, 231, 249
MÄ«rkhwÄnd, KhawÄndshÄh (TÄrÄ«kh-i Rawáºat al-á¹¢afÄ)
233
Monserrate, Fr. Antonio, on,
cheetahs at court
104â105
hawking
10
imperial tours and encampment
6, 8, 104, 129
Mughal power
139â140
size of Akbarâs hunting cavalcade
179â180
Mundy, Godfrey
67, 86
Mundy, Peter
124, 161
MunshÄ« MÄlikzÄda (NigÄrnÄma-i MunshÄ«)
68, 174â175, 180, 198
NarshakhÄ«, AbÅ« Bakr al- (TÄrÄ«kh-i BukhÄrÄ)
146, 163
nihilam
70â71, 75
nilgais
9, 11, 87, 125, 235
in agricultural and irrigation contexts
126, 157, 158, 161, 177â179, 178, 195
as decoy animals
15, 76â78, 78, 79, 79â80, 83, 84, 205, 208, 215, 218
habitats
186, 195
in qamarghÄ hunts
70, 72â73, 74â75, 136
NÅ«r JahÄn
261
odī
110, 111, 112
onagers/wild ass
9
in cheetah hunts
96
in early Islamic hunts
26, 28â29, 29, 31, 55, 91
habitats in India
42, 177
in mystical hunts
227, 261
in qamarghÄ hunts
132, 204, 206â207
pÄlkhÄ«
â7, 8, 216, 219, 221
Pelsaert, Francisco
187
peshkash
104, 175, 181â182, 186, 270
peshkhÄna
â7, 8
qamarghÄ. Chinghisid, Timurid jerge
in agricultural contexts and social costs thereof
75, 158, 178â180, 181
animal conservation
125
cancellation of
128, 261
dangers to imperial hunters
79, 99â100
diplomatic gifts/challenges
125, 136
environmental alterations
12, 70â71, 84â85, 181
good governance, political theatre
69, 75, 125, 126, 128
military technology of, show of strength, intimidation tactics
71, 72â73, 128, 132â133, 134â135, 136, 138, 139
origins
22â23, 27, 30, 46, 69, 92
protocols/codes and ancient Persian/Timurid legacy
41, 70â71, 74, 89, 91, 133
role of cheetahs in
103, 113, 136, 267
spiritual implications
128, 258, 261â264, 263
unsuccessful outcomes of
84, 185
visual portrayals of
74, 204, 214, 237
Qandahar
127, 136
qarÄwal
77, 132â133
QurʾÄn
148, 252â257, 265â266
qÅ«r-i khÄṣṣa
216
qūruq
as encampment site
51, 164â165, 166â167, 168, 169, 269
as grainfields
148
as grazing plains
163
as hunting ground
53, 163â165, 169, 269
as meadow-garden
61, 143, 151, 164â165, 169, 269
as sacrosanct burial sites
163
terminology
162
RÄi Surjan
182
RÄna Amar Singh
129, 165, 166â167, 194
RÄna Karan
129, 130, 131, 159
rangÄmizÄ«
201
Rechna Doab
177
Roe, Thomas
95, 104
Rustam
89, 91, 265
á¹¢ÄdiqÄ« Bek (QÄnÅ«n al-á¹£uwar)
202, 209
á¹¢adr-i JahÄn Ḥusain (ShikÄrnÄma-i Quá¹b ShÄhÄ«)
264â267
sÄj dipper
237, 242, 244
Sarakhsī, Shams al-Dīn
254, 266â267
sarÄpardah
61, 70, 100, 165, 179
Sassanian Empire
BahrÄm GÅ«r
24, 41, 89, 92, 99, 122, 226
hunting lions
93, 94
imperial hunts with cheetahs
24
pairidaÄzas
20, 21â23, 29, 31, 38, 64, 122
Qasr-i Shirin palace and pairidaÄza
â145, 146
Taq-i Bustan boar and deer hunts
21â22, 21, 22, 29, 31, 143
sayÅ«rghÄl see madad-i maÊ¿Äsh
ShÄh Ê¿AbbÄs
125, 127
ShÄh TÌ£ahmÄsp
and HumÄyÅ«nâs qamarghÄ in Sultaniyya (1544)
91, 136, 137
atelier
201, 222
shakhband
69, 214
ShÄhnavÄz KhÄn AwrangÄbÄdÄ« (MaÄthir-ul-UmarÄ)
67
on bÄdar
100
on Bagh-i Zaynabad and Karara
159, 160
on the shikÄrgÄhâs use as political tool
127
ShÄhrukh
61, 148
SharafuddÄ«n Ê¿AlÄ« YazdÄ« (áºafarnÄma), on,
TimÅ«râs gardens and ordu
60â61, 64, 148
TimÅ«râs jerge (1391)
54â55, 56
ShaybÄnÄ« KhÄn
149, 164
shikÄr-i ÄhÅ« ba ÄhÅ«. see decoy hunt
shikÄrnÄma
252, 264
of á¹¢adr-i JahÄn
265â267
SalÄ«mâs Album
220, 221
Sindsagar Doab
177
SomeÅvara (MÄnasollÄsa), on,
decoy hunts
76
hunts with sentries on buffaloes
102
imperial hunting grounds
34
training cheetahs to hunt
108, 110
SujÄn RÄʾi Bhaná¸ÄrÄ« (KhulÄá¹£atu-t-TawÄrÄ«kh), on,
elimination of Lakhi wastelands
176â177
Mughal historiography
234
Mughal shikÄrgÄhs
12
ṣulḥ-i kull
231, 245, 252, 259, 262
SuÅruta (SuÅruta-saá¹hitÄ) on,
jÄá¹
gala and ÄnÅ«pa
37, 172, 269
veterinary science
247
á¹arḥ
154, 201, 214
taṣwīr
202
Thevenot, Jean de
109, 248
tiger
9â10, 32, 87, 187, 189, 194, 239
Akbarâs Narwar hunt (1561)
211, 212â213, 260
terminology discrepancies
9, 102
Timūr/Timurid. ordu and qūruq
garden and garden legacy
60â61, 62â63, 64, 147â149, 150â151, 164
hunting/ tūlghuma legacy
1â3, 6, 14, 33, 45, 66, 69, 89, 113â114, 119, 132â133, 216, 224â225, 226
intellectual legacy
232â233, 264
jerge and hunt with cheetahs
30, 54â55, 56, 57, 58â59
ordu
53, 60â61, 64
painting legacy
90, 91, 98, 122, 129, 199, 201â202, 221â223
Tūra-i Chinghīzī
45, 48, 54, 70, 74
al-Ṭiqá¹aqÄ (al-Fakhri)
30â31, 46â47
tragopan pheasant
236â237
ṬūsÄ«, Naṣīr ad-DÄ«n (AkhlÄq-i NÄá¹£irÄ«)
209, 230, 245, 256
Umayyad battue hunt
24â25, 28â29
influences of the Ghassanids on
25, 27
al-Ghiá¹rÄ«f al-GhassÄni
25â26
maá¹£Äyid
28, 29, 48
Qusayr âAmra
25, 28â29, 29
Yazīd I and cheetah hunts
25
UsÄmah ibn Munqidh (KitÄb al-IÊ¿tibÄr)
23â24, 27
Uzun Ḥasan
48, 60
veterinary art, hospitals
247, 248
vulture
241, 243, 265
water bodies and irrigation systems
hunting palaces sited by
41â44, 43 (Sultanate); 81, 82, 129, 130, 158â159, 160, 168, 178, 194â196, 195, 197(Mughal)
bÄʾolÄ«
41 (Sultanate); 194 (Mughal)
būnd
41â42, 44 (Sultanate); 194, 195, 196 (Mughal)
ḥauáº
41â42 (Sultanate); 158, 194 (Mughal)
irrigation canals
FirÅz ShÄh/or Yamuna
41â42, 195 (Sultanate/Mughal)
Nahr-i Bihisht
196, 198 (Mughal)
Rajabwah and Ulughkhani
42 (Sultanate)
Shaikhu-ni
195, 196, 198 (Mughal)
Xenophon, on,
Achaemenid pairidaÄza
19, 37
agriculture and hunting
19â20
hunts of Cyrus
19
pairidaÄza and links to palace gardens
143
Yamuna river
41, 172, 178â179, 183, 189, 195
YÄsÄ. see Chinghiz KhÄn
Zain KhÄn
44, 86
zamÄ«ndÄrs
as agricultural landowners
173
domestication of and positions at court
3â4, 5, 118
economic power of
174, 182
exploitation of peasantry by
175, 180
involvement in forest clearance
175â176
rebellions by
182, 184, 186
zebra
9, 256
zenÄna
6, 81, 155, 194
Mughal ShikÄrgÄhs, qÅ«ruq, bÄghs and chahÄrbÄghs
Ana Sagar Lake
129â131, 130, 158â159, 194
Bagh-i Maydan
149, 165
Bagh-i Wafa
151â154, 152â153, 157â158
Bagh-i Zaynabad/Karara/Burhanpur
67, 100â102, 101, 124, 159â161, 160
Bankapur
127
Bari (Lal Mahal)
12, 67, 80, 81, 82, 98, 99, 109, 140, 161, 194
Bhatinda
12, 67, 109, 177, 186â187
Bhera
12, 70, 128, 177, 261â262, 263, 264
Bhimbar
12, 86, 178
Bundela
68
Chashma-i Nur
158
Dahra Bagh
161â162
Girjhak
12, 70, 86, 128, 177â178, 264
Gwalior
109, 140, 188â189
Hasanabdal
168, 169â170, 177
Hissar Firoza
12, 42, 109â112, 111, 186â187, 195â196
Jahangirabad/ Shaikhupura (Hiran Minar)
14, 84, 86, 156â157, 156, 177
Kahnuwahan
12, 178
Kan-i Gil
61, 164â165
Katawaz
132, 204, 206â207
Lakhi
109, 176â177
Makhiyala
86
Nandana
12, 178
Narwar
10, 140, 187â189, 190, 211, 212â213, 219, 260
Nur Saray
86
Pak Pattan
12, 109, 177, 186â187, 227, 261
Palam (Hashtsal Minar)
12â14, 13, 86â87, 99, 121, 133, 134â135, 196, 197
Patan
12, 67, 109, 154, 185
Ranthambhore
86, 133, 182, 194
Rohtas
12, 125, 177
Rupbas
12, 67, 99, 125â126, 161, 194, 195
Safidun
195â196
Salimgarh
86â87
Samugarh
12, 67, 125, 178, 179, 181
Sirhind
86, 187, 241