Figures
2.1 Hongyi, Sanxing, visual record of the 1941 sanxing dream. After Liu Zhengcheng
2.2 Portrait photo of Master Hongyi. Photo in public domain; after Liu Zhengcheng
2.3 Hongyi’s final instructions for Layman Liang Hongji
2.4 A calligraphic gift to Jiang Yishi
3.1 Palden Lhamo, from L. Austine Waddell’s The Buddhism of Tibet or Lamaism, With Its Mystic Cults, Symbolism and Mythology and in Its Relation to Indian Buddhism. 1895 107
6.1 Changkya Rölpé Dorjé surrounded by fourteen previous incarnations. Thangka, Late 18th century, 21¾ × 14¼ in. (55.2 × 36.2 cm.) Christie’s Auction 178
6.2 Refuge Field thangka, 18th century Tibet; 101.60 × 67.31 cm, Rubin Museum of Art, F1997.41.7 183
6.3 Rölpé Dorjé, 18th century. Thangka, ink and colors on silk, 126 × 70 cm. Palace Museum, Beijing 185
6.4 Qianlong thangka, 18th century. Palace Museum, Beijing 186
6.5 Changkya Ngawang Lobzang Chöden (1642–1714), 14th leaf, Album of the Rebirth lineage of Changkya Rölpé Dorjé, 18th century, Beijing. Individual leaf: 42 × 27.2 cm. Ethnologisches Museum, Berlin 188
9.1 Image from an illustrated commented edition of the well-known morality book Yinzhiwen
10.1 Zhibei’s photo, dated 1964 (Zhibei Archive, MDS00117) 279
10.2 Zhibei’s report “Open Minds and Raise Issues,” cover and page 1. (Zhibei Archive, MDS00156–57) 297
11.1 Fifteenth group Buddhicized marriage held at the Dharma Drum Mountain World Center for Buddhist Education in 2010 335
Tables
5.1 Large Buddha Bend, Niches 21 and 22 159
11.1 Residences of grooms in DDM Buddhicized weddings 344
11.2 Residences of brides in DDM Buddhicized weddings 346
11.3 Educational backgrounds of grooms in DDM Buddhicized weddings 348
11.4 Refuge vows of grooms in DDM Buddhicized weddings 348
11.5 Educational backgrounds of brides in DDM Buddhicized weddings 351
11.6 Refuge vows of brides in DDM Buddhicized weddings 351
11.7 Refuge vows in DDM Buddhicized weddings 352