Index
Abhidharma
123
adversity as Buddhist practice
47, 201, 202–203, 204
Āgamas
122–123
Aisin Gioro clan
110, 111–112
alms begging
200, 201, 203
Amdo
179
Palden Lhamo’s role in
106–108
Rolpé Dorjé in
8, 98, 101, 105, 174
trülku institution in
177
Amitābha Buddha
22, 77, 88, 158, 165, 166, 171, 334.
Land of Extreme Joy (Amitābha’s pure land); name recitation (nianfo)
Amoghavajra
171
anātman
133
ancestor veneration
17–18, 315, 331–332
Anecdotes from the Immortal’s Hut of the Right Terrace (Yu Yue)
260–261, 268–269
Anguo Temple
291, 292
annalistic form
220–221, 229
Anqiong (nun)
293
archetypes
4, 99, 151
arhathood
127, 133
Association of Buddhicized Youth
318
austerities and asceticism
9, 15, 19, 194, 199, 200, 216n66, 270n33, 271–272
autobiographical sermons
246–247, 248
autobiographies
5, 6
Buddhist, purposes of
195, 197
in China
221
didactic function of
10
poetry as
21
avadāna literature
171
Avatamsaka Sūtra. see Huayan jing (Flower Garland Sūtra)
Avīci Hell
25, 258
awakening
aspiration for
133
in Chan and Pure Land, distinctions in understanding
82–83
in dark ages
88
as goal
127
Laiguo’s
212–213, 234–235
prerequisites for
200–201
Baiyi Temple
293
Baoding shan
151–152, 155, 157, 158–160, 161, 162–167
Baoguo Temple
289
Baohua, Mount
201, 289
Baohua Monastery
202–203, 207
Baota Monastery
204, 205, 206, 211
Beijing
103–104
CPC schools in
280
Rolpé Dorjé in
8, 10, 98, 109, 112, 174, 180–181, 189
Benhuan
210
Benn, James
5, 9, 16, 99
Berger, Patrica
102
Bianchi, Ester
3, 9
biography
4, 221–222
Biography of Liu Benzun of the Tang (Zujue)
155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 164, 168
Birnbaum, Raoul
1, 3, 8, 16, 99, 114, 195, 256, 266
birth
17–19, 22, 156, 167
blood writing
273
Hongyi’s
32, 65, 77–78, 82
Ouyi’s
19–20, 26, 27
Zhu Shouchang’s
168
bodhi
134
bodhicitta
26, 133, 164–165
Bodhisattva Medicine King
168
bodhisattva path
134–135, 152, 330–331
bodhisattva precepts
40, 66–67, 75, 76, 78, 168
body
filial slicing
after death in meditation
272
attachment to
130, 200–201
Buddhist family life and
317, 320, 340–341
Buddhist understandings of
21–22, 27
Confucian and Buddhist views of, distinguishing
18
honoring parents with
45
in meditation, sensations experienced
138, 141–142
offering
9
purification practices
151, 161
violence inflicted on
27
Book of Changes
15, 47n22
Bore Temple
288, 289
Bo Yi
52
Brose, Benjamin
5, 10
Buddha Chandraprabha
115–116
Buddhahood
25, 26, 139, 167, 169, 288
Buddha Light Mountain
315
Buddha nature
25–26, 214
Buddha Śākyamuni
169, 200, 334
biography as model
196, 221–222
early Buddhist practices and
120, 123, 126, 142
filial piety of
25, 29
final teachings of
46
kaishi of
223
mindfulness of breathing, teachings of
129
miraculous birth of
167
as paradigm
151, 158, 162, 165, 171
transmission, connection with
66
Buddha’s Sound Cave
198, 199
Buddha Vairocana
156, 158, 171
Buddhicization
318–320
Buddhicized weddings
11–12, 314–315
Dharma Drum Mountain weddings
appearance of, first
315–316, 317, 320–321
ceremonies
322–323, 328, 333, 335
in China and Taiwan, differences in
336–337
goals of
315–316, 325
influences on
317, 326, 327
sources
334
Zheng’s three key principles
323
Buddhism
4, 12, 46–48, 52, 85–86, 337.
Chinese Buddhism; esoteric Buddhism; lay Buddhism; Taiwanese Buddhism; Theravāda traditions; Tibetan Buddhism
Buddhist Association of China (BAC)
294–295, 301, 302
Buddhist modernism
120–121, 130n37, 317
Buddhist Study Association
292
calligraphy
7
blood
78n
Hongyi’s
32, 33–34, 42, 55, 63, 68–69, 78
zhuo style
48–49
Campaign of Socialist Education. see Socialist Education Movement
Campany, Robert Ford
111
Campo, Daniela
5, 10, 194, 195n10
cause and effect
10, 38, 44, 45, 57, 90.
karma
celibacy
18, 130, 302, 304
censorship
5, 110, 245–246
Central Tibet
98, 103, 106, 108, 179
Cen Xuelü
226
Changchun
288–289
Changkya lineage
103–104, 177
Changkya Rölpé Dorjé
8–10
Chinese influences on
116
dreams of
98–100.
dreams
family background
104–105
iconography of
184
images of
177, 178, 185
life story
102–104, 105
preincarnation lineage of
179, 187
and Tukwan, relationship of
174–176, 180–181
Chan tradition
169, 193
critical phrase practice (kan/can huatou); Linji School; Rinzai-shū
autobiographical tradition in
196, 220, 246
chan, uses of term
121
critiques of
214–215
direct realization in
51
encounter dialogues in
222–223
fayu in
226–227
Hongyi and
55–56
kaishi in
232, 240–241
Laiguo’s commitment to
194, 208
Laiguo’s training method
216–217
masters’ role in
245
Miaojing’s view of
126, 140
modern Chinese views of
120, 121
and Pure Land, fusion of
204–205
“smashing lacquer bucket” in
308
Chaoyang Cave
205–206
Chengdu
152, 155, 157, 160, 165
Cheng Yi
54–55
Chen Hailiang
323, 325
and Buddhicized weddings, support for
321–323, 326, 333
Building Buddhicized Families
319–320, 322, 327–328, 341–342
Knowing Oneself and Others
334
Chen Hongxian
285, 286
Chen-hua
198, 201n24, 202
Chen Lüan
328
Chen Qiyuan
263–266
Chen Shui-bian
334
Chen Shumei
285–286, 288
Chen Wenshu
266n23
Chen Wuwo
325
Chen Yutian
285
Chen Zhengxiu
286–287
China
individual dynasties and periods
Great Famine in
241, 281
Japanese occupation
197, 288, 298
Japanese surrender
291
late imperial period
20, 21, 60, 92, 255
religious biography in
221–222
scholarly tradition in
54
and Tibet, relationship between
102–104, 108
Western influences in
317
Chinese Buddhism
325
Humanistic Buddhism
“action Buddhism” in
171
autobiography in
195–196, 220–221
class in
37
under Communist Party of China
276–278, 291–293
and Confucianism, interrelationship of
8, 39, 40–41, 53–54, 59, 63–64, 74, 90–92
diversity in
350
dying practices in
266
early Buddhist practices in
119–121, 123–143
kaishi in
225, 232–233, 240–246
normativity in
37–39, 90–92
ordination lineages, broken
50
persecution of
153, 298
reform in
214–215
self-immolation and self-inflicted pain in
152, 153–154, 157, 168, 171, 205, 209–210, 238n56, 271
social engagement in
216–217, 232
Tsongkhapa in
123
Chinese language
228, 233, 246–247
Chinese religions
death in
257–260
Liu Benzun’s place in
154, 167–171
modernist views of
214–215
mothers in
261
patriarchy in
3–4
in post-Mao era
245, 247–248
Chou, Wen-shing
2, 9–10
Christianity
106–107, 189, 214, 315, 316, 320, 322, 327, 350
Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms
223
Ci’en Temple
285, 289, 291, 300, 310
Ciji movement
330
civil service examinations
60, 61
Cizhou
289–290
collective practice, intensive
228–229, 231, 232, 233
commonplace book
55
Communist Party of China (CPC)
290–291, 326
collective political learning promotion
292
dissident forces identified by
282–283
land reforms of
291–293
literary and historical materials in
306–309
monasticism and
11, 291–293
monastic marriage and
302
religious policy of
276–278, 309, 310
schools established by
280
Complete Library in Four Sections
110
concentration
82, 134–135.
samādhi
confession and repentance
3, 15, 295, 309, 311
Confucianism
46
in Buddhicized weddings
315, 323
Chan and
216
and Chinese Buddhism, interrelationship of
8, 39, 40–41, 53–54, 59, 63–64, 74, 90–92
conduct in
44
martyrs in
259
meditation in (jingzuo)
266, 267–268
modernist views of
214
morality in
57–58
self-cultivation in
8, 58, 59–61
self-examination in
35, 60
Confucius
87, 167.
Lunyu (Analects)
conversion
in Buddhicized weddings
12, 314, 327
thought reform and
276–277, 309
counterpart signs
137n63
critical phrase practice (kan/can huatou)
142, 247
critiques of
126
Laiguo’s commitment to
197–198, 204–205, 207–208
Laiguo’s instructions on
209, 210–211, 217
Laiguo’s personal practice
211–212
Cultural Revolution
245, 276–277, 280, 282, 321
curing visualization practices
129, 132
Dahui Zonggao
204, 220n1, 246, 247
Dajue Chan Monastery
228–229
dakinis
99, 100
Daochen
299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305
Daodejingi
41n12
Daoism
203–204, 214, 266–267, 283, 329
Daoxuan
38.
Nanshan Vinaya traditions
Daxing
318–319
Daxue (Great Learning)
41, 45–46, 56, 57
Dazhi
205
Da zhidu lun [Treatise on the Mahāprajñāpāramitā]
122, 123
Dazu
151, 154
death
3, 199, 255
controlling
256, 268–269
revival from
166
sources
257, 269
spectacles
269–274
staging
11, 256, 257, 265, 271, 351n100
death, good
deceased’s divinization in
263–265, 266n23
example of
260–261
narratives, two types
262–263
spiritual techniques in
266–269
and suicide, distinctions between
269, 272–273
deathbed practices 44n
46–48
Deity of the Yangzi River
160
Dekuan
289
demons and demonic forces
140, 160, 171
Dewey, John
53n
Dhammapada
123
Dharma Drum Mountain weddings
12, 331–332
ceremonies
335–336
educational backgrounds (table)
348, 350–351
group ceremonies at
315, 329, 333
karmic affinity gifts at
336, 348
monastic participation in
330–331
motivations for
338–339
participants
332–334
refuge vows (table)
350–351, 352–353, 354–355
residences of grooms and brides (table)
344–347
screening and suitability for
336–337
sources
334
statistical analysis (narrative)
337
wedding certificates from
334, 336
dhyānas
132, 136–137, 139
Diamond Sūtra
86, 290, 293
Dijiao
330
Ding Fubao
224, 321
Dingxi
121
divination
3, 15, 262
divine powers. see supernatural powers
Dizang Bodhisattva
25, 29, 59, 83–84
Donghe Monastery (Taipei)
326
Donglian Jueyuan (Hong Kong)
228
doubt
in Chan tradition
210–211
Ouyi’s
16, 22
Dragon Flower Assembly of Maitreya
161, 167
dream records
7, 84, 88
in Chinese Buddhism
80–83
conceptual structure of
78–80
“Master Hongyi’s Account of His Confirmatory Dream”
71–72
as visual artifact
32, 73n
dreams
in accessing inner states
3, 5, 8–9
Changkya Rolpé Dorjé’s
98–100
clear light
100
confirmations in
67
of death
262
encountering the dead in
83
entrance and incorporation type
78–79
Hongyi’s first (1933)
53, 64–65, 69–72, 76–80
Hongyi’s sanxing dream (1941)
32, 33, 35–36, 39, 40–41, 45, 49, 52, 73, 74, 90
Hongyi’s third (1936)
83
Hongyi’s views on
84–88
Laiguo’s
200
message type
115
naturally arising type of luminous
100n4
and reported dreams, differences in
99
role of
36
Rolpé Dorjé’s of Chandraprabha
115–116
Rolpé Dorjé’s of Chinese monks
112, 113
Rolpé Dorjé’s of hell realms
109–111
Rolpé Dorjé’s of Mañjughoṣa
114–115
Rolpé Dorjé’s return to homeland
101, 105, 106–109
Tibetan Buddhist understanding of
100–101, 113
visitation dreams
111
E, Director
284–285, 304, 306, 309, 310
education
49, 50, 51–52, 60–61
Emei shan
159–160, 162, 163
encounter dialogues/recorded sayings
222–223, 227, 233
environmental concerns
332, 336, 339
esoteric Buddhism
151, 152, 158, 171
ethics. see morality and ethics
failure, Ouyi’s seven types
30
Fajie Academy
289–290
Fakong
83
family life
339, 341–342
Buddhicized weddings and
324, 332, 333–334, 338, 339, 340–341
monasticism and
17–18, 26–27, 317–318
in self-cultivation
317, 319–320
Zhibei and
288
Fang Lijia
300
Fan Gunong
324
Fan Zhongyan
264
faults
Buddhist understanding of
58–59
contrition for
62
transforming
53, 54–58, 74, 81
fayu (“Dharma-words” or “Dharma- talks”)
224, 226–227, 228, 229–230, 231–232
Fa Yun monastery (California)
122, 124, 133–134
fear
of failure
18–19
of filial failure
24
of moral failure
23
of suicide victims
260–261
written expressions of
16, 20–21
Fengtian (now Shenyang)
286–287
Fengtian Palace (Taipei)
329
Feng Zikai
62
filial piety
in Buddhism and Confucianism, distinctions between
17–18
in Confucianism
44
debt of
19–20, 21, 24, 28
doubting ability in
16
failure to uphold
22, 23, 30
Laiguo’s
208–209
liberating one’s parents as
19
marriage and
12
of monastics
318
Ouyi and
7–8
worldly and great, distinguishing
18, 25
filial slicing
16, 20, 26, 27
Five Antis campaign
281–282
Five Categories of Bad Elements
282–283
Five Classics
45
“Five Part Spells of the Great Wheel”
156
Fo Guang Shan movement
327, 329
Fohua xunkan journal
318
Fojiao gonglun periodical
237
Fojiao yangzhen yuan school
235
Foucault, Michel
310–311
Four Books
15, 41, 45, 46, 49–50, 60.
Daxue (Great Learning); Lunyu (Analects)
Four Clean-ups movement
281–282, 283
four fruits of early Buddhism
133, 134
Four Heavenly Kings
160, 163
Four-Part Vinaya
28, 40
four sites of recollection
120, 121, 125, 142
attainment and dhyāna in
132–133
emphasis of
131n41
four dhyānas in
139
in Mahāyāna and Theravāda, differences in
133, 134
Foyuan
240, 241–244, 245–246
Francis of Assisi
73n
Fu, Mahāsattva
169–170
Fujian
50, 69–70, 85, 236–237, 261, 342
Fu Qiu
164
Ganden Podrang government
101
Gaomin Monastery
10, 196n12, 203
abbacy
213
Chan retreats at
193, 194
curriculum of
214
Laiguo at
208n43, 209, 215–216, 234, 243
restoration and reform at
197
gazetteers and newspapers
255, 257, 261, 269
Gelukpa tradition
106, 174, 184
cosmopolitan leaders of
179–180
trülku institution in
176–179
gender issues
130n37, 259–260, 318, 320, 341–342
Geyan lianbi [Collection of Aphorisms]
54, 56, 60
ghosts and spirits
99, 140, 152, 160, 260
gift exchange practice
181, 182, 189
Gong Shengxin
46–47
Gönlung Monastery
105, 108, 109, 174, 175, 180–181, 189
Goossaert, Vincent
3, 10–11
Great Leap Forward
281, 293, 294, 295, 303
Greene, Eric
137–140
grief
21, 175, 181
grotto heavens
205–206
Guangqia
70, 76, 77–78
Guangshan Temple
293
Guangxu emperor
285
Guanshiyin Bodhisattva
59
Guanyin
199, 297, 338, 339
Guanyin Temple
291
Gungtang Tenpai Drönme
180
Guodong
335, 336
Guomindang (Kuomintang, KMT)
283, 294, 307, 326, 331
Guru Puja (Fourth Panchen Lama)
182–184, 187
guru yoga
181–184
Gu Xiupu
287
hagiography
1, 16, 168
in Chinese Buddhism
195–196
dreams in
99
episodic nature of
151
kaishi and
237
limitations of
4, 51
personal identity and
9
subjects and hagiographers, relationship of
153
Haicheng
278, 285, 286, 287, 288, 291–292, 293
Hangzhou
48, 62, 63, 65, 85, 239, 260, 270, 272
Hanshan Deqing
15, 28n38, 220–221, 239
Hanzhou
160, 163
Hashang Mahāyāna
112–113, 114
health and healing
by Liu Benzun
152, 164, 171
meditation and
127, 129, 132, 135–136
by Sengyai
170
Heart Sūtra
198
Heilongjiang
121, 287, 301
hell realms
99, 109–111
Hīnayāna
122–123, 133
History of the Later Han
223
History of the Song
168
Hong Kong
241, 283
lay associations in
228
Miaojing in
121–122, 141–142
Xichen in
291
Hongyi
8, 15, 35, 221, 289n19, 319
additive approach of
59
artistic accomplishment
75, 86–87, 89–90, 197
Buddhist influences
63–64
Complete Writings
42
Confucian influences
36–37, 38–39, 40–41, 45–46, 47, 49, 52, 56, 64, 73–74, 89
and Confucianism, limitations of
58
crisis of confidence
50–52
deathbed of
69, 76n67
education of
60–61
as educator
63
final instructions
43, 44–46, 52
“Gaiguo shiyan tan” lecture (1933)
53–54, 81
Hanjia ji
55
health challenges
47–48, 50, 51, 51n30, 68, 84, 235
Huayan ji lian sanbai
68–69
“Jingtu famen dayi” lecture
62
kaishi of
228n34, 235–237
on maliuzi
201n24
mature teachings of
62
names of
40, 68, 236, 237
“Nanmin shinian shi mengying” lecture
85
as normative vinaya master
37–39, 76, 89–90
ordination
65–68
Qingliang ge ji
87
“Songbie”
86
three dreams of
32–33.
dreams
Wanqing ji
55, 60–61
works
40, 45–46, 52, 84
Hou Jing rebellion
169–170
Howard, Angela
154, 161–162
Hsing Yun
327, 328, 329
Huang Chao rebellion
157
Huang Xianian
225, 230–231
huatou. see critical phrase practice (kan/can huatou)
Huayan jing (Flower Garland Sūtra)
38, 56, 80, 113, 287
on anger
57
blood-writing
77–78
chanting
288, 291
Hongyi’s calligraphy of
84
Hongyi’s engagement with
68–69, 71, 73, 75
Huayan tradition
38n8, 68–69, 155, 290, 291
Hu Feng
323n32
Huineng (sixth patriarch)
167, 202
Humanistic Buddhism
315, 318, 326, 333
Hu Shi
214
identity
collective lay Buddhist
316–317
formation
2, 3, 4, 9
Hongyi’s
40, 65–66
Laiguo’s
205
myth and
89
reincarnation and
10, 171
as social microcosm
189
Zhibei’s
299
India
207–208, 318
Inner Worlds
chapter summaries
7–12
goal and approach of
1, 12
sources
5–7
Institute of Buddhist Studies (Hong Kong)
121–122
Jacoby, Sarah
100, 181
Japan
220n1
alms begging in
200
influences on wedding ceremonies from
11–12
marriage ceremonies in
315, 316, 320, 326
Japanese Buddhism
221
jātaka literature
158, 165n, 169, 171
Jessup, J. Brooks
339
Jiangnan
255, 256–257, 260, 269, 272, 273
Jiangtian Monastery
203
Jiangxi province
229, 244, 270
Jianmi Chengshi
20
Jiantan Activity Center
331
Jianyue Duti
52, 85–86
Jietong
268
Jile Temple
287, 289, 290, 292, 293, 297
Jing’ai
153
Jingju Monastery
244
Jingkong
15, 330
Jinglian Temple
290, 292
Jinling jingjuelu. see Records on Awakening with a Golden Bell
Jinshan
10, 197, 203, 206, 207, 209, 339
Jinzhou
291
Jipan, Mount
203
Ji Zhe
2, 11
Jones, Charles
225
Juzan
277
kaishi (religious instructions)
5, 10, 222–223
audience for
232
as autobiographical source
233–237, 238–246
characteristics of
231–232
editorial emendation of
237
and fayu, distinctions between
228, 230, 231, 232
meanings and usage of term
223–225
occasions for
230, 231
in post-Mao period
240–246
published
225–226
role of
247–248
style of
233
types, two general
228
Kamalaśīla
112–113
Kan Cheng-tsung
326
Kangxi emperor
187–188
karma
23, 59, 64
birth and
17–19, 22
in Chinese Buddhism
90
confession in purifying
26n30
debts of
256
filial responsibility and
17–20, 30
Ouyi’s beliefs on
15, 25
Katz, Paul
4, 11–12
kindness
17, 25, 27
Knapp, Keith
27
Koko Nor Mongols
103, 104, 105
Korean Buddhism
221
Korean War
278
Kuang, R. F.
98
Kuomintang. see Guomindang
Laiguo Miaoshu
10, 80, 193–194, 243
Record of Actions (Laiguo)
autobiography
195, 196–197, 213–214, 221
awakening
212–213, 234–235
Buddhist affinity of
198–199
in Buddhist revitalization
215
childhood and householder life
198–199
Daoism and
203–204
illness of
202
monastic career
197–198, 199–204
ordination
206–207
Record of Unusual Events
194–195, 199, 200, 205
on social disengagement
217
“Who Recites the Buddha’s Name” essay
207
Land of Extreme Joy (Amitābha’s pure land)
rebirth in
44, 48, 59, 266
wishing for others’ rebirth in
22–23, 25, 30
lay Buddhism
biographies and
221–222
Buddhicized weddings in
321–323, 324
death in
266, 267
diversity in
316–317, 342
family life in
317–320
goals of
340
precepts of
66–67
in Republic era
316
roles in
232, 247, 288
self-immolation in
168–169
visualization of impurity and
131–132
lay Buddhist associations
228, 231, 316
Learman, Linda
331
Lee, Sonya
154
Leiyin Monastery (Taiwan)
327
Lengyan jing. see Śūraṃgama Sūtra
Lengyan Temple
289, 291
Liang Gongchen
263
Liang Hong
43, 52
Lianhe zhishiku data base
328
Liaoning Buddhist Association
278, 285, 291, 298, 299, 300
Liaoning Provincial School for Training of Political and Legal Cadres
280–281
Li Bingnan
327
Liji [Book of Rites]
75
Li Jingjie
154
Lingyin Monastery
65, 66
Linji Monastery (Taipei)
326, 328
Linji School
204
Yangqi lineage
155
Yulin branch
213
Lin Ren-yu
327
Li Shih-wei
326, 327
Li Shutong
39–40, 48–49n25, 61n, 86n83
Liu Benzun
9, 151
Ten Refinings (Liu Benzun)
biographical information
155–157, 159–161
commemorations
158–160
individuality of
171
as local hero
157
personal name, meaning of
156
scholarship on
154
sources
152–153
Liu Zhiping
47, 48, 75, 76n67, 84
Liu Zongzhou
46, 54, 57.
Renpu (Liu Zongzhou)
Li Yuanjing
341
Lobjang Danzin
103, 104
Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, Fourth Panchen Lama
182.
Guru Puja (Fourth Panchen Lama)
Lobsang Palden Yeshé, Sixth Panchen Lama
99, 101n8, 179, 187
Lobzang Danjin rebellion
189
Longchang Monastery
201, 289
Lotus Sūtra
168, 199, 223, 224, 290
Lu Jilong
321
Lunyu (Analects)
8, 49, 233
Hongyi’s relationship with
56
on loose tongue
81
sanxing in
34–35, 47
Shijing
44, 45, 56, 57
threefold self-examination in
60
Lu Yu
167
Mahācakra
165
Mahāprajñāpāramitā corpus
122
Mahāyāna tradition
9, 126, 133, 171
Maitreya Bodhisattva
139
Maitreya Buddha
170, 171
Manchu court
98, 103, 105
Manchu emperor
189
Manchuria
291
Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva (a.k.a. Mañjughoṣa)
79, 99, 114–115, 158, 165, 187
mantras
151, 160, 162, 167, 171
Mao, Mount
205
Maoist period
11, 241, 245
Mao Zedong
281, 282
Māra
140
marriage
Buddhicized weddings
and Buddhist path, views on
287–288
gay
330
of monks
299–306, 320
Western-style
315
Ma Yifu
62
Ma Ying-jeou,331
334
McGuire, Beverley
3, 7–8, 63–64, 152, 168–169, 196–197, 256
meditation
curing visualization practices; visualization of impurity
on anātman
133
benefits of
126–127
five gates
121, 128–129
motivation for
134
nianfo sanmei concentration
82
recollection of Buddha
16, 19, 20
supernatural powers from
136–137
at time of death
255, 260–261, 262, 266, 267–268, 270, 271, 272
meditation accounts
143
on bliss
140–142
of students
128
on visualization of impurity
130–131
meditative experiences
jingjie
137–140, 234
secrecy about
127, 140
of well-being
135–136
memorial notices
83
memory
5, 85–86, 115n37, 195
Mencius
46, 47n22
Mengzi
41, 47n22, 50, 51–52, 60
merit
19, 23, 26, 167
Miaojing (a.k.a. Miu King)
120
ecumenical approach of
124, 133
lectures
126–128, 133–134, 135–136, 138
meditative experiences
141–142
motivations
131–135
ordination and teaching career
121–122
passing
122
practices emphasized by
124–126, 142–143
Miaolian
48
Miaoran
215
Miaoshan, Princess
17
Miaoshi Monastery
53, 69–70, 71
Mimeng
157, 160, 161, 163, 164
mind
attachment to
200–201
Buddhist understanding of
21
mindfulness of breathing
121, 24–125, 129, 135–136
Ming dynasty
Buddhist autobiographies in
220–221
Buddhist masters of
15
Confucianism in
8, 46, 54, 58, 60
huatou in
204
Minnan Buddhist Studies Academy (Minnan Foxueyuan)
50, 128, 130, 136
Minxuan Xirui
213n59
Mitou Temple
204
Modern Buddhism journal
277, 278
monasticism
163nn18–19, 200
biographies in, role of
221–222
Buddhicized weddings and
323–325, 330–331, 341, 342
celibacy in
18, 130, 302, 304
under Communist Party of China
11, 291–293
demeanor in
206–207
family ties and
17–18, 26–27, 317–318
Hongyi’s relationship with
39–40, 41, 53, 62, 65–68
imposters (maliuzi) in
201
kaishi in
238–239, 247
Laiguo’s commitment to
197–198, 199–204
Liu Benzun and
152
marriage in
299–306, 320
purity of, prayer for
23–24
in Republican period
232
thought reform in
276–277
three basic requirements
303n39
Tibetan and Chinese, relationship between
101, 112–114
“Twenty-one Types of People” in
283
visualization of impurity in
131–132
Mongol Yuan court
101
Monguor clans
8, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104–105, 116, 179
morality and ethics
Confucian
57–58
death and
255, 268–269
in Hongyi’s teachings
38–39, 56–57
in lay Buddhism
317, 339
of vows
26–27
morality books
7, 257, 259–260
motivations
individuality of
130, 143
in Mahāyāna
133–134
for meditation techniques
127
Miaojing’s
131–135
of others, understanding
1, 5
in self-starvation
271
Mulian
16, 17, 19, 25, 29
Muller, Charles
225
Nakamura
225
name recitation (nianfo)
59, 199, 204–205, 266, 290
Nanputuo Monastery
50, 235
Nanshan
199
Nanshan Vinaya traditions
38, 52, 65–66, 68, 75–77
Nanshe
61n
Nechung oracle
99
Neo-Confucian School of Principle
25–26
netherworld
257–258
New Mexico
122
Ngakwang Lozang Choden, Second Changkya
103–104, 187–189
Ngawang Chökyi Gyatso, Second Tukwan
175
nirvāṇa
133–134, 139, 270
Nirvana Sūtra
226
Nongchan Monastery
331, 334
non-human figures
100, 140.
dakinis; demons and demonic forces; ghosts and spirits
Nyingma tradition
111, 114
Oda Tokuno
224
Ohnuma, Reiko
169
opium
205, 285, 299
Ouyang Jingwu
214–215
Ouyi Zhixu
7–8, 15, 152, 168–169, 196–197
“Ci xueshu jing yuanwen”
26, 27
contrition practice of
236
doubt of
16, 22, 28–29
“Gegu jiu Xingyu shou”
27
Hongyi and
63–64
illness of
28, 29, 51n30
Lingfeng zonglun
47, 55, 62
mother’s death
16, 19, 20, 21–25, 29
“Weimu sanzhou qiu baji qi”
22–25
Owen, Stephen
21
Pakpa Lama
101, 105–106, 108
Palden Lhamo
106–109
Peng Shaosheng
55
Pilu Temple
291
poetry
16
in Buddhicized weddings
321
in Chinese Buddhism
20–22
by Hanshan
239
Hongyi’s accomplishment in
86–87
Polhané
99
prajñapāramitā
134–135, 137
prajñapāramitā tradition
126
precepts
24, 27, 228
bodhisattva precepts
bhikṣu and bodhisattva
28
failure to uphold
30
faulty transmission of
65–66
filial piety and
24
five
58, 66–67
Ouyi’s
28
self-conferral
66
Precious Manuscript of the Jade Calendar
257–259
Prip-Møller, Johannes
200n20
Pure Lands
47, 88.
Land of Extreme Joy (Amitābha’s pure land)
Pure Land tradition
290
and Chan, fusion of
204–205
Hongyi in
38, 55–56, 62
purification
151, 161, 204, 262, 271
Putishu journal
327, 328
Putuo shan
81, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204
Puxian Bodhisattva
69
Qian Decheng
263–266
Qianlong emperor
98, 102, 104, 108, 110, 179, 182, 184, 186, 187
Qing court
8–9
extension of
103
guru devotion in, adaptating
182, 184, 185
and Inner Asia, relationship of
8–9
and Tibetan Buddhism, relationship of
98, 101, 102, 189
Qing dynasty
10, 256
female suicide in
259–260
Gelukpa lineage in
176
jinshi exam in
61
Qingyuan, Mount
244
Qiu Shao
166
Quanzhou
46, 50
Ratnasambhava
158
rebirth and reincarnation
10, 17, 176.
Land of Extreme Joy (Amitābha’s pure land); trülku lineages (Tibet)
recitation beads
320, 327
Record of Actions (Laiguo)
194–195, 199
on Amitābha’s name recitation
205
on awakening
212
composition
196n12
on Gaomin
216
on huatou
207–208
on vegetarianism
198
Records on Awakening with a Golden Bell
267
“reform and opening up” era
11
refuge
Dharma Drum Mountain weddings
in Buddhicized weddings
315, 316, 324, 327, 333, 336, 337, 340
kaishi for
228
in Triple Gem
39, 40
Reid, Gilbert
321
Renkai
50, 52
Renpu (Liu Zongzhou)
56, 61, 62
renunciation
22, 215, 216
Republican period
6, 9, 92, 286
autobiographies in
196, 221
biography in
222
Buddhicized weddings in
315, 316, 317, 331, 336, 341, 342, 343
early Buddhist techniques in
120–121, 124
Gaomin during
216nn65–66
Huayan teachings in
38n8, 68–69
kaishi in
230–231, 233–237, 238–240
lay practice in
232
retreats
49–50, 81–82, 193–194, 209, 228.
collective practice, intensive
Rinzai-shū
326
Rosenwein, Barbara
181
Ru
36, 63
Ruguang
287–288
Ruijin
70, 76, 77
Śakra
169
Sakya court
101
samādhi
30, 139, 140–142
Samantabhadra
158, 162
śamatha
124–125
Samyé debates
112–113
Sanfo Monastery
242
Sanxue Temple
291
Schram, Louis
106–108
seal-script inscriptions
41, 63
self, sense of
4, 27, 81, 176, 311
self-criticism
295, 305–306, 307, 311
self-cultivation
4, 8, 58, 59–61
self-examination
56–58
self-representation
10, 196
self-scrutiny
51, 54–56, 90
Sengyai
170–171
Sera Khandro
100, 181
Shandao Monastery (Taipei)
328
Shanghai
214, 243, 255, 271, 272
Shenbao newspaper
269–270, 272
Sheng Yen
27, 212n57, 329, 330, 333–335, 336, 339–340
Shensha (protector deity)
164
Shenyang
280, 285, 286–287, 291, 295, 300, 302–303, 307
Shenzong
157
Sherab Gyatso
277
Shibo (nun)
291, 302, 304
Shiguo
288, 289
Shih Chao-hui (nun)
330
Shintō
320
Shousheng Monastery
155
Shu, King of
165, 166–167
Shun
18
Shupei
288
Śibi, King
169, 171
Sichuan
21, 155, 170
Sichuan, western
9, 151, 152, 159, 171
Siew, Vincent
334, 335
six dharma gates
122n10
Smith, Gene
102
Socialist Education Movement
277–278
Four Clean-ups movement
and Cultural Revolution, relationship of
282
methods of
311
purpose
281
religious figures and
280, 283–284
Study Session of
295, 300
Zhibei during
11, 285, 308–309, 310
Song dynasty
154, 234
Chan in
220, 222–223, 247
Confucianism in
41, 45, 54–55, 58, 60
esoteric Buddhism in
171
Southern, precept transmission in
66
songs
74–75, 86–87
Sørensen, Henrik
154, 162
Sōtō Zen
326
Southern and Northern dynasties
195
Southern Buddhist traditions
119–120, 124.
Theravāda traditions
spirits. see ghosts and spirits
spiritual response (ganying)
36, 59, 79–80, 82, 83–84
spirit-writing
3, 267
Strathern, Marilyn
189
Sudhana
204
suicide
255, 257–260, 262, 263, 272–273
Sui dynasty
123n12
Sujātā Sūtra
321–322, 328
supernatural powers
127, 136–137, 140
supplication prayers
177, 179
Śūraṃgama Sūtra
82, 168, 284, 290
Sūtra for Recitation Abridged from the Vajraśekhara Yoga
156
Sūtra of Teachings Bequeathed by the Buddha
46
Sūtra on Brahmā’s Net (Fanwang jing)
67, 76, 77, 168
Suxianling Monastery
244, 245
Taipei City Hall
331, 334
Taiping War
256–257, 260
Taiwan
Dharma Drum Mountain weddings
Mainlanders in
328
Miaojing in
138
monastic refugees in
241
religions in, globalization of
332–333
vegetarianism in
326, 327, 338
Taiwanese Buddhism
325–326, 337, 338–339
Taixu
15, 121, 198n16
Buddhicized weddings and
315, 320–321, 326, 333, 342
Buddhist reform of
214
“Building Modern Chinese Buddhism” essay
317–318
family life and
319
social action and
325
on visualization of impurity
130
Tang dynasty
Āgamas in
123n12
esoteric Buddhism in
171
extreme body practices in
168
Huayan studies in
80
Liu Benzun in
151
Tangut Empire
104
Tang Xueyong
87
Tang Yunshou
255
Tanxu
121, 122, 288–289
Tanxuan
130
Taojiang
241
teacher-disciple relationships
in Changkya and Tukwan lineages
179–180
intimacy of
176, 180–181
in multiple lifetimes
175–176, 189–190
Rölpé Dorjé and Qianlong emperor
187
Xuyun and Foyuan
241–243
Zhibei and Tanxu
289
Ten Refinings (Liu Benzun)
ankle
163
arm
165–166
on cartouches
155–156, 158, 161
crown of head
165
ear
164
eye
163–164
finger
162
heart
164–165
Huang Chao rebellion and
157
knees
166–167
private parts
166
resonances in Chinese Buddhism
168–169
standing in snow
162
thangka paintings
182–186
Theravāda traditions
9, 123, 133–134.
Southern Buddhist traditions
thought of awakening. see bodhicitta
thought reform
11, 276–277, 293–295, 304, 307, 308, 311
Three Jewels
19, 23, 25–26, 39, 40, 78, 333
Three Northeastern Provinces People’s Daily
287
Tianhui Shiche
196n12, 213n59
Tianjin
61
Tiantai tradition
121–122, 124
Tiantai Zhiyi. see Zhiyi (Tiantai Zhiyi)
Tibetan Buddhism
Chinese monasticism and
8–9
devotion in
181
dreams and visions, understanding of in
100–101
guru yoga in
181–182
weddings and
329
Tiguang
240, 244–246
Tokyo School of Fine Arts
61
trülku lineages (Tibet)
175, 176–180, 270n34
Tseten, Pema
101
Tsongkhapa
100, 115, 123, 183, 184
Tsongkha region
103, 104, 105
Tukwan Chokyi Nyima
as biographer
8–9, 99, 103, 180–181
preincarnation lineage of
179
Qing court and
102, 110, 187
and Rölpé Dorjé, relationship between
101, 103, 109, 174–176
Tukwan lineage
175, 177
Tuttle, Gray
3, 8–9, 176–177
Twenty-one Types of People
282–283
United States
241, 333
Unity Society (Canton)
228
Upāsaka-śīla-sūtra
321–322
Vairocana cave (Anyue)
155, 156, 158, 161
Vajrabodhi
156n13
Vajragarbha
160, 163, 164
van Schaik, Sam
114
vegetarianism
12, 156, 198
in Buddhicized weddings
315, 321, 322, 323, 325, 328, 338
of laity
316
in Taiwan
326, 327, 349
verification signs
138n65
vigilance in solitude (shendu)
56
Vinaya
26, 37
Nanshan Vinaya traditions
as “dharmakāya parents”
16, 27, 29
failure to uphold
29, 30
at Longchang Temple
289
in revitalizing Buddhism
28
weddings and
331, 335
violence
27, 272–273, 276, 310, 311
vipaśyanā
124–125
visions
220
confirmations in
67
of death
262
from meditation
3, 127, 137–140
Tibetan Buddhist understanding of
100–101
visualization of impurity
9, 121, 125, 128, 129–130
benefits of
136
bliss from
140–141
jingjie in, two types
138
in monastic and lay practice, relative benefits of
131–132
as preliminary practice
132–133
in Yogācārabhūmi
142–143
Visuddhimagga
123, 125
votive texts
5, 7, 15, 16, 26
vows
15
bodhisattva
67–68
four
134, 198
of Hongyi
51n29
of Laiguo
204, 209
of Liu Benzun
161, 165
moral power of
26–27
personal (bieyuan)
38, 67
to shorten one’s life
19
types
206–207
Wang Jia
2, 11, 280
Wang Jian, Prince of Shu
157, 160–161
Wang Ruihua
291
Wang Yiting
319, 321
Wang Zan
301
Wang Zhiqing
155
Wang Ziyu
260–261
Weijue
330
Welch, Holmes
127, 316
Wenlong Zhihai
213n59
Wisdom Kings
158, 159
women
as Chan masters
247
in Chinese religions
4
education of
337
in Gelukpa rebirth lineages
177
good death of
261
suicide of
259, 260
Wumen Huikai
211
Wu Poh-hsiung
331, 334, 335
Wutai Mountains
78–79, 80, 99, 114–115, 207
Xiamen
41, 50, 53, 69–70
Xia Mianzun
41, 48, 62
xiangfa (counterfeit dharma)
170
Xiangyun Wang
102
Xianshou school
290.
Huayan tradition
Xiaoming Hou
124–125n20
Xichen (abbot)
291
Xing’an
129n34
Xingchang
49, 77
Xingyuan
49, 224n21
Xiuyuan
289
Xizong, Emperor
157
Xuesheng zidian [Student Dictionary]
49–50
Xueyan Zuqin
220, 246, 247
Xuyun
80, 193, 195n10, 209, 221, 231n45
“Changqi kaishi”
229–230
Dharma Collection of Master Xuyan
225, 226, 228–229, 230–231
disciples of
240, 241–243, 244–245
“Fangbian kaishi”
224, 229–230, 238, 239–240
during Yunmen incident
244–245
Xu Zhengjiang
300
Yamanataka
99
Yang Xiaodong
154
Yang Zhijing
160
Yinguang
15, 55, 236
on dreams
87–88
Hongyi and
63–64, 81–82
kaishi of
231n45
on lay practices
318, 319
Zhibei and
289
Yinli, Prince
110–111
Yinreng, Prince
110–111
Yin Zhu
264
Yogācārabhūmi śāstra
123, 142–143
Yongzheng emperor
103–104, 187–188
Young Buddhist Association of Shanghai
323, 324
Youtai xianguan. see Anecdotes from the Immortal’s Hut of the Right Terrace (Yu Yue)
Yu, Jimmy
19, 27, 273
Yuan Huang (a.k.a. Yuan Liaofan)
60, 61
Yuanjue (nun)
301
Yuanwu Keqin
155
Yuli baochao. see Precious Manuscript of the Jade Calendar
Yunguang
285, 290–291, 310
Yunju, Mount
229, 238–240
Yunmen Monastery
240, 241, 243n68, 244–245
Yunqi Temple
28
Yunqi Zhuhong
8, 15, 28n38, 87n84, 205, 220n22, 322
Yuqie shidi lun [Discourse on the Stages of Concentration Practice]
67
Yu Yue
263, 267.
Anecdotes from the Immortal’s Hut of the Right Terrace (Yu Yue)
Yu Zhilang
87
Zengzi (Master Zeng)
35, 44–46
Zhang Jixuan
287
Zhang Min
155
Zhang Mingqi
303, 309
Zhang Zhiyi
302
Zhang Zuolin
287, 307n48
Zhanshan Temple
289
Zhao, Lord
160, 163–164, 169
Zhao Puchu
243, 277
Zhao Zhifeng
157, 158, 171
Zhaozhou
204
Zhejiang First Normal School
63
Zheng Songying
321, 323, 325
Zhenru Monastery
229
Zhibei (Chen Yaohua)
2, 11, 279
background and status
278
birth and early life
285–287
Buddhism introduced to
287–288
Communist Party of China and
292–293, 309–310, 311
Huayan Master title
291
literary and historical materials of
306–309
monastic career
290–291
ordinations
288–289
self-criticism by
305–306
thought reform of
293–295, 308–309
views after 1949
295–299
views on monastic marriage
299–305
Zhibei archive
277–278, 280–281, 283–284
Zhishi yingjia data base
328
Zhiyi (Tiantai Zhiyi)
119
Liu miao famen
122, 124–125n20, 135, 138
Mohe zhiguan
124, 233
Shi chan boluomi cidi famen
122, 134
Zhongfeng Mingben
196–197
Zhongyong [Doctrine of the Mean]
58
Zhou Enlai
296, 306
Zhou Shujia
277, 301
Zhou Wudi
153
Zhuangzi
86, 88
Zhu Shouchang
168
Zhu Sixing
62
Zhu Xi
41, 45–46, 47n22, 54–55, 57, 60
Zibo Zhenke
15, 28n38
Zisi
46
Zixing lu. see Record of Actions (Laiguo)
Zongquan
301
Zujue. see Biography of Liu Benzun of the Tang (Zujue)