âComrades beyond Bordersâ: The Women of the Spanish Falange, Fascist Italy, and Nazi Germany

Toni Morant

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Chapter 11 âComrades beyond Bordersâ: The Women of the Spanish Falange, Fascist Italy, and Nazi Germany

In: Gendering Fascism

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Toni Morant

Toni Morant
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Type:: Chapter

Pages:: 263â285

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004703766_013

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The Womenâs Section of the Spanish Falange (SF) was probably the longest-existing female organisation in the history of fascism. Founded by seven women in Madrid in 1934 as a small auxiliary organisation for their male comrades fighting against Spainâs first democracy, the SF swiftly became the first mass organisation for women in Spanish history, with some 600,000 members by mid-1939. Despite public appeals calling for a return to âgender normalityâ through its demobilisation after the Civil War and the Second World War, the SF persisted and was only dissolved in 1977, two years after dictator Francoâs death. The SF developed extensive cross-border activity after 1936. Its national leader, Pilar Primo de Rivera, visited Nazi Germany six times and Italy twice. Many SF mid- and top-ranking leaders made study trips and, after 1940, travelled in the context of fascist womenâs collaboration in a European New Order. This paper analyses Falangist womenâs agency and discourses surrounding gender roles in Francoâs Spain from a transnational perspective. Such an approach reveals the womenâs presence at the first stages of the fascist party, similarities with their female counterparts in other inter-war fascisms, their ever-growing importance until they were in charge of the political mobilisation of Spainâs female population, and their regular cross-border activities with their European âcomradesâ, primarily German and Italian. It shows their constant renegotiation of gender boundaries and roles within a movement which presented itself as vehemently virile.

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Gendering Fascism

Individual Actors, Concepts, and Transnational Connections

Series:Â Brill's Specials in Modern History, Volume: 9

E-Book ISBN:: 9789004703766

Publisher:: Brill

Print Publication Date:: 21 Feb 2025

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Chapter 11 âComrades beyond Bordersâ: The Women of the Spanish Falange, Fascist Italy, and Nazi Germany

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Gendering Fascism

Individual Actors, Concepts, and Transnational Connections

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Chapter 11 âComrades beyond Bordersâ: The Women of the Spanish Falange, Fascist Italy, and Nazi Germany