Chapter 17 Toward a Theory of Heuristics
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The creation and use of heuristics to monitor current and project future actions has become an important device in initiating and achieving desired changes in professional practice. In this chapter, I provide a biographical account of the emergence of this practice in my own work and highlight some important empirical findings concerning heuristics, their creation, and their use in science teaching and the improvement of pilot performance. I use these empirical materials to exemplify the outline of a theory of the origin, creation, and use of heuristics. The theory builds on the philosophical concept of mimesis concerning the relationship between time and narrative, which is extended here to the different ways in which the practical world appears in (a) practice (mimesis1), (b) discourse about practice (mimesis2), and (c) the return from talk about to actual practice (mimesis3). This theoretical approach not only articulates well what is known from my own empirical studies but also helps understand the problems practitioners experience when, upon returning to the field, they attempt to act according to established heuristics.