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Western Austronesian Applicative Constructions
Continuity and Change in Form and Meaning
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Applicative constructions are a distinctive grammatical feature of the Austronesian languages of western Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei. Applicatives in these languages show varied syntactic and semantic properties, and are closely connected to causativization, aspectual meanings, and symmetrical voice. As a result, they do not fit neatly into 'canonical' patterns for applicatives. This book adopts a construction-based, typologically-grounded approach, treating applicatives as pairings of form and meaning. Data from 85 languages are analyzed systematically, combining careful description with quantitative methods and extensive use of geomapping to explore the diverse properties of applicatives in this region and their diachronic development.
Christina L. Truong, PhD (2024), University of HawaiÊ»i at MÄnoa, is a documentary linguist whose work has focused on the Austronesian languages of Asia and the Pacific. Her research explores linguistic diversity and typology, verbal constructions, and language change.
Acknowledgments
List of Figures and Maps
List of Tables
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
â11âWhat are Applicatives?
â12âWhy Study Applicatives in Languages of West Nusantara?
â13âBackground and Sources of Data
â14âScope of the Study
â15âPrevious Research on Applicatives in West Nusantara Languages
â16âFramework and Assumptions
â17âContent and Structure
2 Case Study: Sundanese Applicatives
â21âThe Sundanese Language and Community
â22âBasic Morphosyntax
â23âOverview of Applicative Morphology
â24âLocative-selecting Constructions Marked with âan
â25âTheme- and Instrument-selecting Constructions Marked with âkeun
â26âBeneficiary-selecting Constructions Marked with pangâ âkeun
â27âBeneficiary-selecting Constructions Marked with âkeun
â28âOther Applicative Constructions
â29âOther AM-marked Constructions
â210âSummary and Discussion
3 Towards a Typologically-grounded, Constructional Approach to Applicatives
â31âWhat are Applicatives?
â32âProblematic Constructions and Their Significance
â33âConstructional Approaches as a Lens for West Nusantara Applicative Systems
â34âOn the Problem of Philippine-type Voice in a Study of Applicatives
â35âOn the Relationship between Serial Verb Constructions and Applicatives
â36âWest Nusantara Applicatives in Typological Perspective
4 The Distribution of Applicatives in West Nusantara Languages: A Birdâs Eye View
â41âEstablishing the Basic Distribution
â42âProperties Considered in the Survey
â43âOverview of Results and Multivariable Analysis
â44âDetailed Results for Structural Properties
â45âLocation and Genetic Affiliation
â46âSummary and Implications
5 Interpreting Distributional Patterns through Geographic Typology
â51âSumatra and the Barrier Islands
â52âJava and Madura
â53âThe Lesser Sundas
â54âMainland Southeast Asia and Peninsular Malaysia
â55âBorneo and the Southern Philippines
â56âSulawesi
â57âSummary of Major Findings
6 Properties of Applicative Constructions and their Distribution in West Nusantara
â61âDistribution of Function and Form
â62âProperties of ACs and AMs Considered in the Survey
â63âForms Marking Pivot-selecting Constructions
â64âForms Marking Pivot-neutral Constructions
â65âPolyfunctionality of West Nusantara Applicative Morphemes
â66âComparative and Other Degree Constructions
â67âSyntactic Properties of Applicative Constructions
â68âSummary of Findings and Implications
7 A Functional Typology of Applicative Constructions in Languages of West Nusantara
â71âIntroduction
â72âSampling of Languages
â73âBasic Morphosyntax
â74âApplicative Morphology
â75âBeneficiaries and Recipients
â76âInstruments and Themes
â77âGoals and locations
â78âCircumstantial and Comitative Roles
â79âOther Applied Phrases
â710âAspect, Intensity and Other Semantic Effects
â711âCausative AM-marked Constructions
â712âApplicatives and Voice
â713âSummary of Findings
8 Conclusion
Appendix 1: Language Sample for Typological Survey
Appendix 2: Questionnaires Used in the Typological Survey
Appendix 3: Database for Typological Survey
References
Index
List of Figures and Maps
List of Tables
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
â11âWhat are Applicatives?
â12âWhy Study Applicatives in Languages of West Nusantara?
â13âBackground and Sources of Data
â14âScope of the Study
â15âPrevious Research on Applicatives in West Nusantara Languages
â16âFramework and Assumptions
â17âContent and Structure
2 Case Study: Sundanese Applicatives
â21âThe Sundanese Language and Community
â22âBasic Morphosyntax
â23âOverview of Applicative Morphology
â24âLocative-selecting Constructions Marked with âan
â25âTheme- and Instrument-selecting Constructions Marked with âkeun
â26âBeneficiary-selecting Constructions Marked with pangâ âkeun
â27âBeneficiary-selecting Constructions Marked with âkeun
â28âOther Applicative Constructions
â29âOther AM-marked Constructions
â210âSummary and Discussion
3 Towards a Typologically-grounded, Constructional Approach to Applicatives
â31âWhat are Applicatives?
â32âProblematic Constructions and Their Significance
â33âConstructional Approaches as a Lens for West Nusantara Applicative Systems
â34âOn the Problem of Philippine-type Voice in a Study of Applicatives
â35âOn the Relationship between Serial Verb Constructions and Applicatives
â36âWest Nusantara Applicatives in Typological Perspective
4 The Distribution of Applicatives in West Nusantara Languages: A Birdâs Eye View
â41âEstablishing the Basic Distribution
â42âProperties Considered in the Survey
â43âOverview of Results and Multivariable Analysis
â44âDetailed Results for Structural Properties
â45âLocation and Genetic Affiliation
â46âSummary and Implications
5 Interpreting Distributional Patterns through Geographic Typology
â51âSumatra and the Barrier Islands
â52âJava and Madura
â53âThe Lesser Sundas
â54âMainland Southeast Asia and Peninsular Malaysia
â55âBorneo and the Southern Philippines
â56âSulawesi
â57âSummary of Major Findings
6 Properties of Applicative Constructions and their Distribution in West Nusantara
â61âDistribution of Function and Form
â62âProperties of ACs and AMs Considered in the Survey
â63âForms Marking Pivot-selecting Constructions
â64âForms Marking Pivot-neutral Constructions
â65âPolyfunctionality of West Nusantara Applicative Morphemes
â66âComparative and Other Degree Constructions
â67âSyntactic Properties of Applicative Constructions
â68âSummary of Findings and Implications
7 A Functional Typology of Applicative Constructions in Languages of West Nusantara
â71âIntroduction
â72âSampling of Languages
â73âBasic Morphosyntax
â74âApplicative Morphology
â75âBeneficiaries and Recipients
â76âInstruments and Themes
â77âGoals and locations
â78âCircumstantial and Comitative Roles
â79âOther Applied Phrases
â710âAspect, Intensity and Other Semantic Effects
â711âCausative AM-marked Constructions
â712âApplicatives and Voice
â713âSummary of Findings
8 Conclusion
Appendix 1: Language Sample for Typological Survey
Appendix 2: Questionnaires Used in the Typological Survey
Appendix 3: Database for Typological Survey
References
Index
Linguists, researchers, graduate students, and institutes working on Austronesian languages, linguistic typology, and comparative syntax. Researchers and students with an interest in the languages of Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, and Singapore.