Table 55 lists languages included the sample for the typological survey described in Chapter 4. Language codes are listed in the second column using the iso-639-3 code followed by Glottocode (Hammarström et al. 2022). The following genetic groups are noted by abbreviation in the table: bss = Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa, b-t = Bungku-Tolaki, cha = Chamic, eng = Enggano, grb = Greater Barito, jav = Javanese, k-p = Kaili-Pamona, lam = Lampungic, lnd = Land Dayak, mal = Malayic, m-b = Muna-Buton, m-k = Melanau-Kajang, mad = Madurese, nas = Nasal, nsar = North Sarawak, nws-bi = Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands, rej = Rejang, s-b = Saluan-Banggai, sab = Sabahan, ssul = South Sulawesi, sun = Sundanese, t-t = Tomini-Tolitoli, w-w = Wotu-Wolio. Languages with a disputed genetic affiliation are marked with an asterisk (*). The designation of genetic groups and their primary branches in the table is given according to Eberhard, Simons & Fennig (2021). Regions are listed according to major island within West Nusantara. Mainland Southeast Asia (msea) here refers to the continental portion of Southeast Asia north of Peninsular Malaysia. Madura, which is separated from the island of Java by the narrow Madura Strait, is included in the region designated as Java.
Table 55
Language sample for the typological survey
|
Language |
Code |
Group |
Prim. branch |
Region |
Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Alas Batak |
btz, bata1292 |
nws-bi |
Batakic |
Sumatra |
Soravia 2007 |
|
Karo Batak |
btx, bata1293 |
nws-bi |
Batakic |
Sumatra |
Woollams 1996 |
|
Toba Batak |
bbc, bata1289 |
nws-bi |
Batakic |
Sumatra |
Nababan 1981; Percival 1981; Schachter 1984; van der Tuuk 1971 [1864–1867] |
|
Gayo |
gay, gayo1244 |
nws-bi |
Gayo |
Sumatra |
Eades 2005 |
|
Nias |
nia, nias1242 |
nws-bi |
Nuc. Barr. Isl. |
Barrier Isl. |
Brown 2001, 2005 |
|
Enggano |
eno, engg1245 |
eng |
na |
Barrier Isl. |
Crowley n.d.; Edwards 2015 |
|
Nasal |
nsy, nasa1239 |
nas |
na |
Sumatra |
McDonnell fieldnotes |
|
Dampelas |
dms, damp1237 |
t-t |
Tomini |
Sulawesi |
Moro 2010 |
|
Pendau |
ums, pend1242 |
t-t |
Tomini |
Sulawesi |
Quick 2007 |
|
Tajio |
tdj, taji1246 |
t-t |
Tomini |
Sulawesi |
Mayani 2013 |
|
Totoli |
twe, toto1304 |
t-t |
Tolitoli |
Sulawesi |
Himmelmann & Riesberg 2013; Riesberg 2014b |
|
Da’a Kaili |
kzf, daak1235 |
k-p |
Northern |
Sulawesi |
Barr 1988a, 1988b |
|
Ledo Kaili |
lew, ledo1238 |
k-p |
Northern |
Sulawesi |
D. Evans 1996, 2003 |
|
Moma |
myl, moma1242 |
k-p |
Northern |
Sulawesi |
Adriani & Esser 1939 |
|
Uma |
ppk, umaa1242 |
k-p |
Southern |
Sulawesi |
Martens 1988a, 1988b |
|
Behoa |
bep, beso1237 |
k-p* |
Southern |
Sulawesi |
Shore 2016 |
|
Balantak |
blz, bala1315 |
s-b |
Eastern |
Sulawesi |
van den Berg & Busenitz 2012 |
|
Bobongko |
bgb, bobo1255 |
s-b |
Western |
Sulawesi |
Mead 2001 |
|
Mori Bawah |
xmz, mori1268 |
b-t |
Eastern |
Sulawesi |
Esser 2011; Mead 1998, 2005 |
|
Moronene |
mqn, moro1287 |
b-t |
Eastern |
Sulawesi |
Andersen 2013; Andersen & Anderson 2005; Mead 1998 |
|
Tolaki |
lbw, tola1247 |
b-t |
Western |
Sulawesi |
Edwards 2012 |
|
Busoa |
bup, buso1238 |
m-b |
Nuc. Muna-Buton |
Sulawesi |
van den Berg 2020 |
|
Muna |
mnb, muna1247 |
m-b |
Nuc. Muna-Buton |
Sulawesi |
van den Berg 2013 |
|
Tukang Besi |
khc, tuka1248 |
m-b |
Tukangbesi-Bonerate |
Sulawesi |
Donohue 1999, 2001 |
|
Wotu |
wtw, wotu1240 |
w-w |
Wotu |
Sulawesi |
Mead 2013 |
|
Laiyolo |
lji, laiy1246 |
w-w |
Kalao |
Sulawesi |
Belding, Laidig & Maingak 2001 |
|
Wolio |
wlo, woli1241 |
w-w |
Wolio-Kamaru |
Sulawesi |
Anceaux 1952 |
|
Embaloh |
emb, emba1238 |
ssul |
Bugis |
Borneo |
Adelaar 1995 |
|
Bugis |
bug, bugi1244 |
ssul |
Bugis |
Sulawesi |
Hanson 2003; D. Laskowske 2016; Sirk 1983 |
|
Coastal Konjo |
kjc, coas1295 |
ssul |
Makassar |
Sulawesi |
B. Friberg 1991; T. Friberg 1995 |
|
Makasar |
mak, maka1311 |
ssul |
Makassar |
Sulawesi |
Jukes 2020 |
|
Duri |
mvp, duri1242 |
ssul |
Northern |
Sulawesi |
Valkama 1993 |
|
Bambam |
ptu, bamb1270 |
ssul |
Northern |
Sulawesi |
Campbell 1989 |
|
Seko Padang |
skx, seko1243 |
ssul |
Seko |
Sulawesi |
T. Laskowske 2006; Laskowske & Arif 2000; Payne & Laskowske 1997 |
|
Eastern Cham |
cjm, east2563 |
cha |
Coastal |
msea |
Thurgood 2005 |
|
Bih |
ibh, biha1246 |
cha |
Highlands |
msea |
Nguyen 2013 |
|
Tsat |
huq, tsat1238 |
cha |
Highlands |
msea |
Thurgood, Thurgood & Fengxiang 2014 |
|
Acehnese |
ace, achi1257 |
cha |
Acehnese |
Sumatra |
Durie 1985 |
|
Patani Malay |
mfa, patt1249 |
mal |
Malay |
msea |
Tadmor 1995 |
|
Kerinci |
kvr, keri1250 |
mal |
Malay |
Sumatra |
Ernanda 2017 |
|
Besemah |
pse, cent2053 |
mal |
Malay |
Sumatra |
McDonnell 2016 |
|
Jambi Malay |
jax, jamb1236 |
mal |
Malay |
Sumatra |
Yanti 2010 |
|
Brunei |
kxd, brun1242 |
mal |
Malay |
Borneo |
Clynes 2001 |
|
Bazaar Malay |
zlm, mala1478 |
mal |
Malay |
Singapore |
Aye 2005 |
|
Kendayan |
knx, kend1254 |
mal |
Kendayan |
Borneo |
Adelaar 2002, 2005b |
|
Mualang |
mtd, mual1241 |
mal |
Ibanic |
Borneo |
Tjia 2007 |
|
Indonesian |
ind, indo1316 |
mal |
Malay |
Other |
Sneddon et al. 2010 |
|
Urak Lawoi’ |
urk, urak1238 |
mal |
Urak Lawoi’ |
msea |
Hogan 1988, 1999 |
|
Balinese |
ban, bali1278 |
bss |
Bali |
Lsr Sundas |
Arka 2003 |
|
Ampenan Sasak |
sas, sasa1249 |
bss |
Sasak-Sumb. |
Lsr Sundas |
Khairunnisa 2022 |
|
Sumbawa |
smw, sumb1241 |
bss |
Sasak-Sumb. |
Lsr Sundas |
Austin 2001; Shiohara & Arka 2024 |
|
Madura |
mad, nucl1460 |
mad |
na |
Java |
Davies 2010 |
|
Sunda |
sun, sund1252 |
sun |
na |
Java |
Hardjadibrata 1985; Kurniawan 2013; personal field notes |
|
Javanese |
jav, java1254 |
jav |
na |
Java |
Hemmings 2013; Oglobin 2005 |
|
Tengger |
tes, teng1272 |
jav |
na |
Java |
Conners 2008 |
|
Suriname Jav. |
jvn, cari1276 |
jav |
na |
Americas |
Villerius 2019 |
|
Rejang |
rej, reja1240 |
rej |
na |
Sumatra |
McGinn 1982 |
|
Lampung Api |
ljp, lamp1243 |
lam |
na |
Sumatra |
Walker 1976 |
|
Merina Merina |
plt, plat1254 |
gbr |
East |
Africa |
Pearson 2001; Rasoloson & Rubino 2005 |
|
Ma’anyan |
mhy, maan1238 |
gbr |
East |
Borneo |
Gudai 1985 |
|
Paku |
pku, paku1239 |
gbr |
East |
Borneo |
Diedrich 2018 |
|
Yakan |
yka, yaka1277 |
gbr |
Sama-Bajaw |
Philippines |
Brainard & Behrens 2002 |
|
W. Coast Bajau |
bdr, west2560 |
gbr |
Sama-Bajaw |
Borneo |
Miller 2007 |
|
Central Sama |
sml, cent2092 |
gbr |
Sama-Bajaw |
Philippines |
James 2017 |
|
Southern Sama |
ssb, sout2918 |
gbr |
Sama-Bajaw |
Philippines |
Akamine 2003 |
|
Ngaju |
nij, ngaj1237 |
gbr |
West |
Borneo |
Hardeland 1858 |
|
Benyadu’ |
byd, beny1237 |
lnd |
Benyadu’ |
Borneo |
Sommerlot 2020 |
|
Bakati’ |
bei, beka1241 |
lnd |
Bakati’ |
Borneo |
Sudarsono 2002 |
|
Matéq |
xem, kemb1249 |
lnd |
Southern |
Borneo |
Connell 2013 |
|
Ribun |
rir, ribu1241 |
lnd |
Southern |
Borneo |
Sommerlot 2020 |
|
Cent. Melanau |
mel, cent2101 |
m-k |
Melanau |
Borneo |
Blust 1988; Chou 1999 |
|
West Berawan |
zbw, west2564 |
nsar |
Berawan-Lower Baram |
Borneo |
B. Clayre 1997 |
|
Belait |
beg, bela1260 |
nsar |
Berawan-Lower Baram |
Borneo |
Clynes 2005 |
|
Kelabit |
kzi, kela1258 |
nsar |
Dayic |
Borneo |
Hemmings 2016 |
|
Lundayeh |
lnd, lund1271 |
nsar |
Dayic |
Borneo |
Mortensen 2021 |
|
Baram Kayan |
kys, bara1370 |
nsar* |
Kayan-Kenyah |
Borneo |
Omar 1983 |
|
Penan, Eastern |
pez, east2485 |
nsar |
Kayan-Kenyah |
Borneo |
Sercombe 2006 |
|
Punan Tubu |
puj, puna1266 |
nsar |
Punan Tubu |
Borneo |
Soriente 2013 |
|
Kimaragang |
kqr, kima1244 |
sab |
Dusunic |
Borneo |
Kroeger 2005 |
|
Ida’an |
dbj, idaa1241 |
sab |
Dusunic |
Borneo |
Goudswaard 2005 |
|
Keningau Murut |
kxi, keni1249 |
sab |
Murutic |
Borneo |
Cohen 1999 |
|
Timugon Murut |
tih, timu1262 |
sab |
Murutic |
Borneo |
Prentice 1969, 1995 |
|
Serudung Murut |
srk, seru1246 |
sab |
Murutic |
Borneo |
Townsend 2017 |
|
Tombonuo |
txa, tomb1244 |
sab |
Paitanic |
Borneo |
Levinsohn & King 1991; King 1984, 1991 |
|
Tatana |
txx, tata1257 |
sab |
Tatana |
Borneo |
Dillon 1994 |