Glossary of Toponyms, Mythological, Biblical, and Historical Names
| Academia (adj. Academicus; Pol. Akadem) |
Academyâthe ancient philosophical school founded by Plato ca. 385â¯BC. In the 17th century a synonym of the university. HERC II 9; III 84; 86; ARCT II 3. |
| Acheron (Pol. Acheront, adj. acherontowy) |
a river at the entrance to the underworld (Hades). ECHOÂ IX 75; ARCTÂ X 51; PEÅNÂ XI 30. |
| Actaeon (Pol. Akteon, Aktaeon) |
in Greek mythology a famous Theban hero, who fell to the fatal wrath of Artemis; the goddess turned him into a deer and he was torn apart by his own hunting dogs. PEÅNÂ XXII.A 11. |
| Adam |
the first human in Gn 1â5. PEÅNÂ VI 190; XX 58. |
| Admetus (Pol. Admet) |
King in Thessaly. Zeus forced Apollo to herd Admetusâs sheep as punishment for killing a Cyclops. Later, the god supported the king, including helping Admetus win the hand of Alcestis. HERCÂ III 100; PEÅNÂ XXII.A 14. |
| Aeneas |
in Greco-Roman mythology a Trojan hero, the son of the goddess Aphrodite (Roman Venus) and the Dardanian prince Anchises, one of the major defenders of Troy, the main character of Virgilâs Aeneid and an ancestor of the Roman gens Iulia. PEÅNÂ VIII 39; XXII.A 34. |
| Aeolus (Pol. Eol, Eolus; Hippotades = son of Hippotes) |
the god of the winds. ECHOÂ IX 22; ARCTÂ II 1; VI 13; VII 25; PEÅNÂ XIII 79; XXII.A 105. |
| Aethna (class. Lat. Aetna, Pol. Etna) |
Mount Etna on the east coast of Sicily. HERCÂ II 9. |
| Africa (Pol. Afryka; adj. afrykaÅski) |
ECHOÂ VII 5; ARCTÂ VI 2; IX 3; PEÅNÂ XVIII 36; XI 26. |
| Akadem |
see Academia. |
| Akteon |
see Actaeon. |
| Alcides (Pol. Alcydes) |
see Hercules. |
| Alexander (Macedonis; Pol. Macedon) |
Alexander III (the Great), King of Macedon (336â323â¯BC), one of historyâs greatest military commanders who conquered the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire and created one of the largest empires of the ancient world. HERC II 13; ECHO XII 65; XIII 209; ARCT IX 2; 13; PEÅN XII 13; XIII 27; XX 2b; XXII.A 133; XXII.B 20; 48. |
| Alexander or Paris |
the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy, who stole Helen from Menelaus of Sparta, one of the protagonists of the Trojan War. PEÅNÂ XX 49. |
| Alps (Lat. Alpes) |
the highest and most extensive mountain range located entirely in Europe. ARCTÂ VI 13; PEÅNÂ XX 2; 73; XXII.B 7. |
| America (Pol. Ameryka) |
ECHOÂ VII 12. |
| Amphion (Pol. Amfijon) |
in Greek mythology a famous musician and singer. PEÅNÂ XXII.C 5, 2; XXII.D 67. |
| Amurat |
see Murad. |
| Annibal |
see Hannibal. |
| Antonius |
see Mark Antony. |
| Apelles (4th century BC) |
a renowned ancient Greek painter, who painted, among others, a portrait of Alexander the Great. HERCÂ VI 1; ARCTÂ IX 11; PEÅNÂ XIII 29. |
| Apollo (Phaebus, Phoebus, Pol. Apollin, Apollon, adj. apollinowy; Feb, Pheb, Phoeb) |
the god of oracles, arts, poetry, and as Helios the god of the Sun; in Javorsâkyjâs poetry often antonomasia of the Sun. The brother of Diana. HERCÂ II 2; 7; 9; 10; 13; III 62; 91; 93; 111; 157; 169; V 90; VII 13; 19; 75; 83; ECHOÂ IV 4, 4; XI 2, 8; 11, 1; XII 33; 173; ARCTÂ IV 14, 30; VI 9; VII 67; VIII 5; PEÅNÂ III 5a 1; 8, 3â4; 8a, 4; 10a, 4; VI 21; 219; XI 91; 93; XIX 1, 76; XXII.A 13; 117; 125; XXII.C 4, 2; XXII.D 19; 29. |
| Aquilo (Gr. Boreas, Pol. Aquilon, Akwilon) |
the Latin name of the Greek Boreas, the frigid northern wind. In early modern poetry a metonymy of the North or northern countries (such as Muscovy, Sweden, or Lithuania). HERCÂ V, 8; ECHOÂ VII 35; IX 9; X 85; XIII 210; ARCTÂ II 2; VI 13; VII 39; PEÅNÂ XIV 64; XXII.A 109. |
| Arabia (Pol. Arabija, adj. arabski) |
according to Roman and early modern poets Arabia was a region of great wealth and opulence, abundant in gold. HERCÂ VII 1; ECHOÂ V 3, 1; VII 9; VIII 71; IX 53; X 30; ARCTÂ II 6; VI 5; IX 12; XI 1; XIII 9; PEÅNÂ XIV 23; XVI 7; XX 2b. |
| Arctos (adj. arcticus; Pol. adj. arktyczny) |
in Javorsâkyjâs works the Polaris (the North Star) or the constellation of the Little Bear (Ursa Minor). The poet associated them with Barlaam Jasinsâkyjâs coat of arms Sas. ECHOÂ X 85; ARCT title; II 3; III 1; IV title; 27; 51; VI 1; 6; 15; VII title; 75; 81; IX 1; 4; 5; 8; 9; 12; X title; 59; XII 1; 3; 4; 8; XIII title; 21; 29; 33; 37; 40; 47; 54; 61; 64; XIV 2; 5; 6; 7; PEÅNÂ VI 475; XX 2b; 3, 53; XXII.A 105. |
| Argo |
the ship of Jason and the Argonauts, on which they travelled to Colchis for the Golden Fleece. ARCTÂ VII 21; IX 3. |
| Argonauts (adj. Argonauticus) |
the participants of the expedition on the ship Argo under Jasonâs leadership. Their goal was to get the Golden Fleece from Colchis. In ARCT, Jasinsâkyj is called the Argonaut. HERCÂ II 3; 8; ARCTÂ II 1; VII 22; IX 2; 4. |
| Argus Panoptes (Pol. adj. Argusowy) |
a giant with a hundred eyes. His task was to guard the white heifer Io. He was killed by Hermes. ARCTÂ VI 3; XV 28; PEÅNÂ VI 3; XXII.A 94. |
| Ariadne (Pol. Aryjadna) |
In Greek mythology a Cretan princess, the daughter of King Minos, who helped Theseus get out of the labyrinth and escape her fatherâs island. HERCÂ II 5; PEÅNÂ VI 342; XXII.A 91. |
| Arion (Pol. Aryjon) |
a semi-legendary Greek poet. Thanks to his songs, he was saved from drowning by a dolphin. ECHOÂ XII 143; ARCTÂ XIV 3. |
| Aristotle of Stagira (hence Stagyras, Pol. Aristotel, Arystoteles, 384â322â¯BC) |
a Greek philosopher, the founder of the Lyceum and the Peripatetic school, tutor of Alexander the Great, here as an exemplary tutor and good advisor. HERCÂ II 13; ARCTÂ XIII 71. |
| Aryadna |
see Ariadne. |
| Asia (Pol. Azja, Azyja) |
ECHOÂ VII 14. |
| Atalanta |
in Greek mythology a heroine from Arcadia, famous for the footrace between her Hippomenes, during which Hippomenes threw golden apples in front of Atalanta to slow her down so he could win the race. PEÅNÂ VI 388; XXI 7; XXII.A 15. |
| Atena |
cf. Athena. |
| Athena (adj. Atheneus; Minerva, Pallas, Pol. Atena, Minerwa, Pallada; adj. palladyjski) |
the goddess of wisdom; in Javorsâkyjâs poetry often a personification of the Kyiv-Mohyla College (as Pallas/Pallada). HERCÂ II 3; 8; 9; III 26; 36; 38; 40; 68; 126; V 77; VI 1; 23; 24; VII 67; ECHOÂ II 11; XII 24; 78; ARCT title; II 2; X 37; 43; XI 2; 3; 5; XII 8; PEÅN title; IV 6; XII 60. |
| Athens (Athenes; Pol. Atheny, Ateny) |
In Javorsâkyjâs works the ancient capital of the arts and science. ARCTÂ XIII 67; PEÅNÂ XII 12. |
| Atheny |
cf. Athens. |
| Athlans |
cf. Atlas. |
| Atlant |
cf. Atlas. |
| Atlas (Athlans; adj. Athlanteus; Pol. Atlant; adj. athlantowy) |
in Greek mythology a Titan whose role was to hold up the celestial heavens. In HERC metaphorically about Mohyla: passim; HERC title; II 1; ECHOÂ XIII 204; ARCTÂ IV 11; X 46; 53; 56; XII 3; XIV 7; PEÅNÂ XVIII 40; XXII.A 16; XXII.B 12. |
| Atropos |
one of Three Fates (Moirai) who cut a thread of life from a human. HERCÂ III 48; 115; ARCTÂ VIII 109. |
| Attica (Pol. Attyka, adj. attycki) |
the Attic Peninsula in Greece. Its capital was Athens. In Javorsâkyjâs works associated with rhetoric (the Attic style) and Demosthenes. HERCÂ II 6; VI 1; ECHOÂ X 75; XII 79; ARCTÂ VI 6; XIII 51, 65; PEÅNÂ VI 5; XII 60; XXII.D 1. |
| Attyka |
see Attica. |
| Augustus |
Gaius Iulius Caesar Augustus (Octavianus, 63â¯BCâADâ¯14)âthe first Roman emperor, one of the greatest Roman leaders, reigned as Augustus from 27â¯BC until his death. ARCT IX 8. |
| Ausonius (Decimius Magnus Ausonius; Pol. Auzonijusz) |
a Roman poet and a rhetorician. PEÅNÂ XXII.A 136. |
| Auster (Notus; Javorsâkyjâs pronounciation: Awster) |
the hot south wind that often brings a storm. ARCTÂ VII 71; IX 4; PEÅNÂ XXII.A 109. |
| Avernus (adj. Avernalis; Pol. Awern) |
the Underworld; Hades. ARCTÂ XII 4; PEÅNÂ VI 340; VIII 10; XIV 108; 114. |
| Awenir |
the father of Josaphat; PEÅNÂ VI 24. |
| Azja |
see Asia. |
| Azyja |
see Asia. |
| Barachijusz |
Awenirâs governor of the country in the story about Barlaam and Josaphat. PEÅNÂ VI 268; 281; 284; 358; 405; 458. |
| BaranovyÄ Lazar (Pol. Åazarz Baranowicz, Ukr. ÐÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ ÐаÑановиÑ, 1620â1693) |
the Archbishop of Äernihiv from 1657, professor (from 1650) and rector (from 1667) of the Kyiv-Mohyla College. In 1675â1685 he administrated the Kyiv Metropolis as vicar. ARCTÂ III 1, 61. |
| Barlaam of the Kyiv PeÄery (Pol. WarÅaam or BarÅaam Pieczerski, Ukr. ÐаÑлаам ÐеÑеÑÑÑкий, died 1065) |
the first abbot of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, the Orthodox saint. PEÅN title; I 3; 9; II 9â10; III 2; 6; IV 3; XV title; 1, 1; 2, 1, 6; 3, 2; XVI 18; 32; 36; 78; 84; 95; 100; 130; XVII 19; 21; XVIII 1 title; 3,1; 18; 52; 86; 90; 95; XIX 1 title; 17; 32; 51; 53; 60; 70; 79; 3,12; 5,15; 31; XX 1 title; 3, 15; 20; 25; 40; 48; 61; 81; 90; 3,6; 19; 26; 53; 61; 69; 74; XXI 1â4; 10; 11; 13; |
| BarÅaam Pieczerski |
see Barlaam of the Kyiv PeÄery. |
| Barlaam the Hermit, St. (Barlaam Anachoreta; Pol. BarÅaam; WarÅaam) |
the hermit, the protagonist of the legend of Barlaam and Josaphat. ARCTÂ IX 3â5; PEÅN title; I 3; 5; II 9â10; III 2; 3; IV 3; 6; V title; 1, 4; 2, 2; 3, 5; VI 13; 135; 150; 152; 211; 258; 271; 283; 290; 309; 316; 320, 321; 366; 422; 427; 432; 449; 478; 485; 492; 500; VII title; 8; 23; 70; VIII title; 32; 83; 93; 102; IX title; 24; 31; 53; 71; XVII 15; 21; XXI 1â4; 10; 11; 13. |
| Barlaam the Martyr, St. (Barlaam Martirus; Barlaam of Antioch) |
an early Christian martyr (died 304â¯A.D.). PEÅN title; I 3; 7; II 2; III 2; 7; IV 3; X title; 1, 2; 6; 2, 3; 3, 3; XI 11; 65; XII title; 1; 6; 16; 61; XIII title; 9; 37; 61; 102; 110; 112; XIV title; 11; 13; 21; 52; 62; 76; 85; 105; 109; 121; XVII 17; 21; XXI 1â4; 10; 11; 13. |
| Basil the Great or Basil of Caesarea (Lat. Basilius Magnus, 330â379) |
a bishop of Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia, saint and one of the Three Great Hierarchs of the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Church. PEÅNÂ XIII 19; 41; 54. |
| Basilius Magnus |
see Basil the Great. |
| Bellerophon |
a Greek hero known for defeating the Chimera. He rode Pegasus. ARCTÂ VI 9; IX 4. |
| Bellona |
the Roman goddess of war. III 35; ECHOÂ II 4 VIII 6; 36; 83; X 11; 26; 39, 44, 60, 119; PEÅNÂ XXII.B 58. |
| Black Sea (Lat. Pontus Euxinus, Pol. Morze Czarne, Pont) |
ECHOÂ IX 76; 100; PEÅNÂ XIII 80; XXII.A 78. |
| Bootes, Boötes (Pol. Boot) |
a constellation in the northern sky (Pol. WolarzâPloughman). ARCTÂ IV 15; PEÅNÂ XXII.B 27; XXII.C 8, 4. |
| Borysthenes |
see the Dnieper River. |
| Brontes (Pol. Bront) |
a Cyclops who worked in the smithy of Vulcan. ECHOÂ VIII 78; ARCTÂ VII 4; PEÅNÂ XI 110. |
| Bucephalus |
in Greek âan ox-headâ; the name of the famous horse of Alexander the GreatâARCTÂ IX 2. |
| Byblida |
see Byblis. |
| Byblis (Pol. Byblida) |
in ancient mythology: a girl who fell in love with her brother Caunus and committed suicide. She was transformed into a river. ARCTÂ X 36. |
| Cádiz (Lat. Gades, Pol. Gady) |
a city and port in south-western Spain. In ancient literature Gades was considered to be the most westerly point in Europe. ECHOÂ X 74; ARCTÂ X 4. |
| Calliope (Pol. Kallijopa) |
the Muse of epic poetry and rhetoric. HERCÂ VII 23. |
| Camenae (Pol. Kameny) |
in Roman mythology, they corresponded to Greek Muses. HERCÂ III 135; ECHOÂ XII 123; ARCTÂ X 70; PEÅNÂ XI 119; XXII.C 7, 8; XXII.D 16. |
| Camillus (Marcus Furius Camillus, ca. 446â365â¯BC) |
a Roman general and statesman who triumphed four times and was five times a dictator, honoured with the title of new âRomulus and second father and founder of the nationâ (LIVYÂ 5.49). ARCTÂ III 55. |
| Capitolium (Capitoline Hill, Pol. Kapitilojum) |
the Capitol; the highest temple. ARCTÂ VI 11; XIV 5; HERCÂ III 28; PEÅNÂ VIII 12; 122; XIX 146; XX 1, 36; 3, 75; 82. |
| Capua |
a city in Campania, southern Italy, in the 3rd century BC one of the richest and most powerful centres of the western Mediterranean. PEÅN XX 1, 34; |
| Castalian Spring (Pol. zdroje kastalskie, źródÅo kastalskie) |
the sacred spring between the Phaediades and Delphi, where Pythia, priests of Apollo, and all visitors to Delphi cleaned or washed themselves before giving oracles. HERCÂ III 38; 164; ECHOÂ XII 73; 179; ARCTÂ XIII 82; PEÅNÂ IV 5. |
| Castor (Pol. Kastor) |
the twin half-brother of Pollus, mortal son of Tyndareus and Leda, together Castor and Pollux are known as Dioscuri. HERCÂ II 2; PEÅNÂ VI 442; 472. |
| Cato Censorius (Marcus Porcius, Pol. Katon, 234â149â¯BC) |
a Roman senator, famous for his republican virtues. ECHOÂ IX 50; ARCTÂ IX 11. |
| Cato Uticensis (Marcus Porcius, 95â46â¯BC) also Cato the Younger |
a conservative Roman senator, Caesarâs opponent, killed himself in Utica after the defeat of Metellus Scipio in the battle of Tapsus, celebrated as the Stoic martyr. ARCTÂ II 2. |
| Caucasus (adj. Caucaseus; Pol. Kaukaz, Kawkaz, adj. kawkazowy, kaukazowy) |
The Caucasus Mountains. HERCÂ VII 30, 45; ARCTÂ VI 3; VII 2; IX 9; X 42; PEÅNÂ XI 13; XX 1, 5; XXII.A 31; XXII.B 81. |
| Cerberus (Pol. Cerber; adj. cerberowy) |
a dog that guarded the gates of the underworld. ECHOÂ VII 17; 20; XII 141; ARCTÂ VII 9, 40; XII 151; PEÅNÂ XXII.A 45. |
| Äernihiv (adj. Lat. Czernihoviensis; Pol. Czernihów) |
a town in northern Ukraine, from the 11th century one of the major religious centres (archbishoprics) in Rusâ, Hetmanate, and Ukraine. HERC tytuÅ; ARCTÂ III 1, 61; 63. |
| Äetvertynsâkyj Gedeon (Czetwertynius, Pol. CzetwertyÅski) |
the Orthodox Bishop of Luck from 1661 or 1663. In 1685, the council appointed him the Metropolitan of Kyiv; he was ordained in Moscow by the Patriarch of Moscow Joachim which resulted in the Kyivan Metropolis losing its independence. ARCTÂ VII 14 and marginalium; |
| Charites |
in Greek mythology three goddesses of charm and beauty. PEÅNÂ VII 34; XXI 10. Cf. Graces. |
| Charon (Pol. adj. charontowy) |
a ferryman of Hades. His task was to carry the souls of the dead across the Acheron River. ECHOÂ VII 3; 40; IX 16; 94; ARCTÂ IX 19; PEÅNÂ IV 4; XI 17; XXII.C 18, 3. |
| Charybdis (Pol. Charybda, adj. Charybdowy) |
a sea monster which attempted to sink ships sailing in the Strait of Messina with her sister Scylla. ECHOÂ VII 8; IX 12; ARCTÂ VII 50; PEÅNÂ IV 4; XIX 4; XXII.B23. |
| Chersonesus (Pol. Chersoness) |
an ancient Greek city (colony) on the south of the Crimean Peninsula. In Javorsâkyjâs poems a metonymy of the Crimean Khanate. ECHOÂ IX 44; PEÅNÂ XIX 5, 20. |
| Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero, Tullius; adj. Tullianus; Pol. Cyceron, Tullijusz, 106â143â¯BC) |
a Roman statesman, orator, rhetorician, lawyer, and philosopher, the epitome of a great orator and Latin prose writerâHERCÂ II 3; 7; III 192; 195; ECHOÂ II 6; XII 32; 75; ARCTÂ II 5; PEÅNÂ IV 1; IX 3. |
| Cimmerians (Lat. Cymmerii, Pol. Cymeryjczycy, adj. cymmeryski) |
a Thracian or Sarmatian tribe in present-day Crimea, on both sides of the Dnieper, but also a mythical people that lived in complete darkness. ECHOÂ VIII 43; PEÅNÂ XI 109; XIV 3; XXII.A 120; XXII.B 74. |
| Cimmerius |
see Cimmerians. |
| Cineas (Cyneas) |
a Thessalian who was famous for his wisdom and advisor to King Pyrrhus (4thâ3rd centuries BC); pupil of the great orator Demosthenes. PEÅNÂ VII 63. |
| Cleanthes (Cleantes) |
Cleanthes of Assos (ca. 330âca. 230â¯BC), a Greek Stoic philosopher, successor to Zenon of Citium as the second head of the Stoic school in Athens, author of the Hymn to Zeus which has been preserved in Stobaeus (5th century AD) and earlier quoted by Epictetus (Enchiridion 53) and Seneca (Ep. 107.11); according to Cicero Cleanthes âcalled the world a godâ (Nat. deor. 1.14: âipsum mundum deum dicitâ). HERC II 9; PEÅN XIII 114. |
| Cleopatra (Cleopatra VIII Philopator, 69â30â¯BC; adj. Cleopatreus) |
the last queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, from 51â¯BC until her death, known for her intelligence and extravagance. PEÅN VII 60; XX 2b. |
| Clotho (Pol. Kloto) |
one of Three Fates (Moirai), a sister of Lachesis and Atropos. Her role was to spin the thread of human life. HERCÂ III 50; 110; 119; 139. |
| Cocytus (Kokytos, Pol. Kocyt) |
the river of lamentation, one of five rivers in the Hades (the underworld). HERCÂ VII 37; ECHOÂ IX 93. |
| Colchis (Pol. Kolchi, Kolchida) |
the territory on the eastern shores of the Black Sea. The Argonauts brought the Golden Fleece from there. HERCÂ VII 88; ECHOÂ XI 5, 5; ARCTÂ VI 3; VII 14; IX 3; PEÅNÂ VII 42. |
| Cosdroas |
see Khosrow I. |
| Crimea (Crimean Peninsula, Taurica Peninsula, Pol. Krym, adj. krymski, Tauryka) |
ECHOÂ VII 94; X 15. |
| Critolaus |
(ca. 200âca. 118â¯BC) a Greek philosopher of the Peripatetic school who paid particular attention to rhetoric and ethics and claimed that pleasure is an evil. ARCT VI 5; IX 11. |
| Croesus (Pol. Krezus, in Javorsâkyjâs works also the shortened form Krez) |
king of ancient Lydia (ca. 585âca. 546â¯BC). He was famous for his legendary wealth. ECHO IX 57; ARCT XI 1. |
| Cupid (Lat. Cupido) |
in Roman mythology the god of desire and erotic love, usually portrayed as the son of the goddess Venus; ECHOÂ II 4; PEÅNÂ VIII 17; XIX 5, 2. |
| cymmeryjski |
see Cimmerians. |
| Cyneas |
see Cineas. |
| Cynosura ( |
a nymph and chaperone of Zeus (Jupiter), who turned into one of the stars of Ursa Minor. Sometimes Cynosura is the name of the entire constellation. ECHOÂ IX icon, 78; X 117; ARCTÂ IV 22; VII 81; PEÅNÂ VII 36; XI 86. |
| Cynthia (Cynthyja) |
see Diana. |
| Cypria Dea |
see Venus. |
| Cypryda |
see Venus. |
| Czernihów |
see Äernihiv. |
| CzetwertyÅski Gedeon |
see Äetvertynsâkyj Gedeon. |
| Daedalus (Pol. Daedal, Dedal, adj. Daedalowy) |
in Greek mythology a genial inventor, skilful architect, and craftsman, a symbol of knowledge, famous for the Labyrinth for King Minos and for the wings that he made and used to escape Crete with his son Icarus. HERCÂ V 59; ECHOÂ II 9; ARCTÂ II 1; 6; VI 7; PEÅNÂ III 10, 2; XII 5; 79; XXI 7; XXII.B 25; XXII.C 3, 7. |
| Dalila |
see Delilah. |
| Damscenus |
see John of Damascus. |
| Daniel (Pol. Danijel) |
an Old Testament prophet, the protagonist of the Book of Daniel. PEÅNÂ XVI 97. |
| David (Pol. Dawid) |
in the Bible a young man who killed the Philistine giant Goliath. He later became the King of Israel. PEÅNÂ VIII 82. |
| Dedal |
see Daedalus. |
| Delilah (Pol. Dalila) |
in the Bible (Jgs 16) a lover Samson, who betrayed him and helped the Philistines to capture and blind him. PEÅNÂ XIX 33. |
| Delphi (adj. Delphicus) |
the seat of Pythia, the major oracle of Apollo in ancient Greece, situated in Phocis. HERCÂ II 10; ARCTÂ V 1; PEÅNÂ III 9, 1. |
| Demosthenes (Polish: Demostenes) (384â322â¯BC) |
a Greek orator and statesman. III 191; 196; ARCTÂ XIII 68. |
| Deucalion |
in Greek mythology the son of Prometheus, saved from the great flood (caused by the anger of Zeus) by making a chest, which he used to survive the deluge with his wife, Pyrrha. After the flood he and his wife Pyrrha populated the earth again. They were ordered by Jupiter to throw stones behind them. New humans grew out of these stones. HERCÂ VI 2, 40; ARCTÂ XI 4; PEÅNÂ VIII 95. |
| Diana (in Javorsâkyjâs poetry also Cynthia, Cynthyja, Luna or Moon) |
a virgin goddess of hunters, also Moon and chastity. HERCÂ II 9; ECHOÂ XI 8, 2; XII 1; ARCTÂ IV 35; XII 7; 8; PEÅNÂ III 5, 2; XI 106; XIII 25. |
| Dio |
Dio of Prusa or Dio Chrysostom (ca. ADâ¯40âca. 115), a Greek orator, writer, philosopher, and historian. HERC II 9. |
| Diogenes of Sinope (412 or 404â323â¯BC) |
a Greek philosopher, one of the founders of Cynicism. PEÅNÂ XIV 18. |
| Dnieper River (Greek: Borysthenes; Boristhenes; Pol. Dniepr, adj. dnieprowy) |
HERCÂ II 9; ECHOÂ X 57; PEÅNÂ XX 2b. |
| driada |
see Dryad. |
| Dryad (Pol. driada, dryjada) |
a tree nymph. PEÅNÂ XXII.C 6, 1. |
| Echo |
an Oread who resided on Mount Cithaeron between Boeotia and Attica. ECHO title; II 1; XII 149; 170; 203; ARCTÂ III 2, 1; 8; 20; 24; 74; 81; PEÅNÂ XXII.B 38; XXII.C 1, 6. |
| Elizejskie Pola |
see Elysium. |
| Elysium (Elysian Fields, Lat. Elisii Horti, Pol. Pola Elizyjskie or Elizejskie, adj. elizejskie) |
the part of the underworld reserved for those who were to live a happy and blessed life after their death. HERCÂ III 110; ECHOÂ IX 97; ARCTÂ XIII 33; PEÅNÂ IX 72; 77. |
| Empir |
see Empireum. |
| Empireum (Pol. Empir, adj. empirejski) |
the highest part of heaven, the seat of the gods. HERCÂ III 80; V 18; 30; ECHOÂ V 6, 4; XI 1, 3; ARCTÂ VII 54. |
| Enceladus (Encellaldus) |
one the giants, the offspring of Gaia and Uranos. HERCÂ II 9; PEÅNÂ XX 35. |
| Endymion (Pol. Endymijon; adj. Endymijonowy) |
a shepherd. At the demand of his lover, the goddess Selene (Moon), he was granted eternal youth by Jupiter. However, Endymion was also put into eternal sleep. ARCTÂ VIII 3. |
| Eol |
see Aeolus. |
| Eolus |
see Aeolus. |
| Erebus (Pol. Ereb) |
the Greek god of the underworld or the underworld. ARCTÂ X 33; PEÅNÂ XII 31. |
| Eridanos (Pol. Erydan) |
a river located by the ancient Greeks in northern Europe. They believed that it was rich in amber. ECHOÂ XII 188; PEÅNÂ XXII.B 131. |
| Erydan |
see Eridanos. |
| Erythraean Sea (Lat. Erythraeum Mare or Pelagus; adj. Erythreum) |
an ancient name for a maritime area that included the Gulf of Aden and often other seas between Arabia Felix and the Horn of Africa, the present-day Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Indian Sea (HERODOTUS, NH 1.18 and OGI 674.10). HERCÂ IV 2; ARCTÂ II 6; PEÅNÂ VII 29; 71; XVIII 3, 35; XX 2b. |
| Erythraeum Mare |
see Erythraean Sea. |
| Ethiopia (Pol. Etiopia; adj. etiopski; ethyjopski) |
a country in East Africa; in Javorsâkyjâs work a synonym of a distant foreign country. PEÅNÂ VI 50. |
| ethyjopski |
see Ethiopia. |
| Euclides (ca. 365â270â¯BC) |
a Greek mathematician. PEÅNÂ XX 2b. |
| Euripus (Pol. Euryp, Euryppus) |
the Euripus Strait in Greece. Javorsâkyj considered it to be a stream or river. HERCÂ III 63; ECHOÂ VII 55. |
| Fidijasz |
see Phidias. |
| Gady |
see Cádiz. |
| Gaius Mucius Scaevola |
a semi-legendary Roman hero. Captured by his countryâs enemies, he voluntarily burned his right hand to prove Roman military and civilian virtue; PEÅNÂ V 1, 1â6; XIV 1, 113. |
| Ganges |
a river in India. HERCÂ VII 11; ARCTÂ II 3; 17; PEÅNÂ V 3, 3; XXII.B 128. |
| Ganymedes (Ganimedes) |
in Greek mythology a divine hero of Troy, who, as the most beautiful of mortals, was abducted by Zeus / Jupiter. PEÅNÂ XII 73; XXII.B 33. |
| Gedeon |
see Gideon. |
| Gedeon Czetvertynski |
see Äetvertynsâkyj Gedeon. |
| Gerion (Geryon) |
a mythical fearsome giant who dwelt on the island of Erytheia of the mythic Hesperides. HERCÂ II 14. |
| Gideon (Pol. Gedeon; adj. GedeoÅski) |
a Jewish military leader in the Old Testament (Jgs 6â8). ECHOÂ V 5, 8; ARCTÂ III 63; VII 14; 53; IX 3 PEÅNÂ VII 43. |
| Gizelâ Innokenty (Lat. Innocentius Giziel, ca. 1600â1683) |
a professor of philosophy at Kyiv-Mohyla College in 1645â1647, the rector of Kyivan Theological School, the Archimandrite of the Kyiv Caves Monastery from 1656 to his death in 1683. HERC title; II 2. |
| Goliath |
a Philistine giant defeated by the young David. ARCTÂ XI 4; PEÅNÂ VIII 84; XX 44. |
| Graces (Gratiae, Pol. Gracje) |
three goddesses of grace, charm, and joy. ECHOÂ II 1; XIII 93; . |
| Gradivus (Pol. Gradyw) |
see Mars. |
| Gratia |
see Graces. |
| Gratianus (Pol. Gracyjan, 359â383) |
a Roman emperor. PEÅNÂ XXII.A 136. |
| Gregory the Miracle-Worker (Gr. Thaumaturgos, ca. 213â270) |
also known as Gregory of Neocaesarea, born in Neocaesarea in Pontus in Asia Minor, he was consecrated bishop of his native city, a saint in the Catholic and Orthodox Church. PEÅNÂ XII 11. |
| Haemonius (sc. arcus) |
the constellation of Sagittarius (from Haemonia, i.e. poetically Thessaly, because some Romans identified the constellation of Sagittarius with Centaurus, and Thessaly was supposed to be the homeland of the Centaurs). ARCTÂ XIV 6; PEÅNÂ IV 2. |
| Hannibal (in Lat. also Annibal, 247âbetween 183 and 181â¯BC) |
a Carthaginian general and statesman, the commander-in-chief of the Carthaginian army during the Second Punic War (218â201â¯BC). ARCT XI 2; PEÅN XX 1 title; 2; 15; 19; 24; 3,74; XXII.B 7; 45. |
| Harpia |
see Harpy. |
| Harpocrates |
in Hellenistic religion the god of silence, his name is a Hellenization of the Egyptian Harpa-khered or Heru-pa-khered (âHorus the Childâ), in ancient art depicted as a youthful god pointing his finger to be silent. HERCÂ II 7; ARCTÂ II 5; IX 7. |
| Harpy (Pol. Harpia, Harpija) |
one of four mythological creatures which were half-human, half-bird in form. ECHOÂ XI 11, 7. |
| Helice (Helike) |
an ancient name of the constellation Ursa Major. ECHOÂ XI 1, 8; XII 102. |
| Helicon (Pol. Helikon; adj. helikoÅski) |
Mount Helicon in the region of Thespia, in Boeotia in central Greece, was celebrated in Greek mythology and literature as the house of MusesâHERCÂ III 133; 149; 156; 167; ARCTÂ VI 1, 9; PEÅNÂ XXI 10; XXII.C 2, 6. |
| helijacki |
see Helijada. |
| Helijada (adj. helijacki) |
Greece (Hellada). HERCÂ V 17; PEÅNÂ XXII.A 7. |
| Helikon |
see Helicon |
| Helios (in Javorsâkyjâs works Tytan, Tytant; adj. tytanowy) |
the god of the Sun; one of the Titans. Sometimes identified with Apollo; see also Hyperion. HERCÂ VII 27, 82; ECHOÂ II 10; VIII 50; IX 97; XI 1, 5; VI 2; XII 7; 127; PEÅNÂ VI 401; XI 90; 104; XXII.B 71; XXII.C 13, 5. |
| Heperijon |
see Hyperion. |
| Heraclitus (Pol. Heraklit) |
a Greek philosopher (ca. 535âca. 475â¯BC). His ideas were considered to be pessimistic and melancholic so Heraclitus was often represented in art and literature as sad or crying. HERC III 120; ARCT VIII 1. |
| Heraklit |
see Heraclitus. |
| Hercules (Heracles, Alcides, adj. Herculeus, Pol. Herkules, Alcydes, adj. Herkulesowy) |
the greatest of Greek (as Heracles) and Roman heroes, son of Zeus/Jupiter and the mortal Alcmena, deified after his death and admitted to Olympus. Metaphorically about Jasinsâkyj in HERC (passim) or Mazepa in ECHO. HERC title; II 1; 3; 4; 10; 13; 14; IV 1; 5, 81; 83; VI 1; 54; ECHOÂ II 10; 49; VII title; 22; 54; XI 11, 4; ARCTÂ III 2, 79; VI 3; PEÅNÂ VI 201; VII 68; VIII 10; 48; 52; XIV 1, 119; XX 5; XXII.B 3; 12; 13; 80. |
| Hermus (Pol. Herm) |
a river in ancient Lydia in Asia Minor (today the Gediz River in Turkey). In Antiquity a gold-bearing river. HERCÂ VII 9; 18; 20; ECHOÂ XII 189. |
| Herodotus (Pol. Herodot) |
a Greek historian (ca. 484âca. 425â¯BC). ARCT XIII 69. |
| Hesper |
the sunset. PEÅNÂ VI 473. |
| Hesperia (Pol. Hesperyda, adj. hesperyjski) |
in Greek mythology the western edges of Europe, where the Garden of the Hesperides was located. An apple tree with golden apples grew in the garden. HERCÂ V 63; VII 27; ECHOÂ X 108; XI 10, 3; XII 55; XX.B 30; 78. |
| Hesperyda1 |
one of three nymphs of the sunset who were the guardians of the golden apple tree in Hesperia. ARCTÂ II 6; VI 3; PEÅNÂ IX 49; 57. |
| Hesperyda1 |
see Hesperia. |
| Hidasp |
see Hydaspes. |
| Hierosloyma |
see Jerusalem. |
| Hipokreny |
see Hippocrene. |
| Hippocrene (Aganippe; Pol. Hipokrena, Hypokrena; adj. hipokreÅski; hypokreÅski) |
a sacred spring on the Mount Helicon in Boeotia (Greece). According to Greek mythology the spring was cut open by a hoof of Pegasus. It was dedicated to the Muses. In Javorsâkyjâs writings it is a metonymy of literature or academic activity. HERCÂ III 136; 165; ECHOÂ XII 37; ARCTÂ X 69; XII 36; 73; 181; XIII 77; PEÅNÂ IV 5; XI 120; XXII.A 144; 145; XXII.C 3, 2. |
| Hippomenes (Hyppomenes) |
a Greek hero known especially from his courtship of Atalanta (e.g. OVID, Met. 10.560â707). He ran a race with Atalanta, won, and as a result he was allowed to marry her. ARCTÂ VI 8; PEÅNÂ XXI 7. |
| Hippotades |
see Aeolus. |
| Homer (Lat. Homerus) |
a Greek poet, recognized as the author of Iliad and the Odyssey. ECHOÂ XIII 209; ARCTÂ XIII 69; PEÅNÂ XIII 28; XXII.A 133. |
| Honorius (Pol. Honoryjusz, 384â423) |
a Roman emperor. PEÅNÂ XXII.A 135. |
| Horace (Lat. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, Pol. Horacyj, 65â68â¯BC) |
a Roman poet. HERCÂ VII 21; PEÅNÂ IV 5; XXII.A 133. |
| Horacy |
see Horace. |
| Horacyjusz Sarmacki |
see Sarbiewski Maciej Kazimierz. |
| Horatius |
see Horace. |
| Hortensius |
Quintus Hortensius Hortulus (114â150â¯BC), a famous Roman lawyer, statesman, and orator, highly valued by his friendly rival Cicero. ECHO XIII 39; PEÅN IX 12. |
| Hybla (adj. Hybleus) |
a mountain in Sicily abounding in flowers, bees (see VERGIL, Aen. 1.55), and honey (see MARTIAL, 7.88.8; 11.42; cf. VERGIL, Aen. 7.37). ARCTÂ IX 6; XIII 51; PEÅNÂ IX 17; 54; XXI 5. |
| Hydaspes (Pol. Hydasp, Hidasp) |
a river in modern Pakistan and India (Jhelum River); the site of the Battle of the Hydaspes in 338â¯BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus. HERC VII 7; 18; ARCT X 69; PEÅN V 3, 1; XXII.B 129. |
| Hydra |
a monster killed by Hercules. ECHOÂ VII title; 45; 80; PEÅNÂ XIV 1, 119; XXII.B 14. |
| Hymettus |
a mountain near Athens, famed in ancient time for its honey and its marble (see PLIN. 4.7.11 and 36.3.3; CICERO, Fin. 2.34.112; HORACE, Carm. 2.67.14; OVID, Met. 7.702), PEÅNÂ IX 11. |
| Hyperion (Heperyjon) |
a byname of Helios. ARCTÂ IV 1; VII 43. |
| Hyperyjon |
see Hyperion. |
| Hypokrena |
see Hippocrene. |
| Hyppomenes |
see Hippomenes. |
| Hyppotades |
see Aeolus. |
| Iasinski |
see Jasynsâkyj Barlaam. |
| Iason |
see Jason. |
| Iaworski Stefan |
see Javorsâkyj Stefan |
| Icarus (adj. Icareus; Pol. Ikar, Ikarus) |
the son of Daedalus. Flying with artificial wings, constructed by his father, he approached the sun. The wax that bonded the wings together melted and Icarus fell into the Aegean Sea. HERCÂ II 6; 9; IV 5, 26; V 19; 23; ECHOÂ II 11; VI 3, 1; ARCTÂ II 3; V 2; 3; PEÅNÂ VI 400; VII 94; XII 80; XIII 2; XXII.A 61. |
| Ikar |
see Icarus. |
| Ikarus |
see Icarus. |
| India (adj. Indius; Pol. Indyja, Indie; adj. indyjski) |
ARCTÂ XI 5; PEÅNÂ V 2, 5; 3, 1; 4; 6; VI 23; 138; 456; 458; 460; 461; 468; 474; 477; 487; 499; VIII 46; 52; 77; 85; 87; 105; 111; XXI 2; 4. |
| Indian |
ARCTÂ XI 3. |
| Indian |
see India. |
| Ioannes Chrysostomus |
see John Chrysostom. |
| Iris |
the goddess of the rainbow and swift-footed messenger of the Olympian gods, daughter of Thaumas and Electra, the rainbow itself. ECHOÂ XIII 208; PEÅNÂ XIX 3, 9. |
| Istanbul (Pol. StambuÅ) |
ECHOÂ VII 44. |
| Iup(p)iter |
see Jupiter. |
| Jan Chrzciciel |
see John the Baptist. |
| JasiÅski WarÅaam |
see Jasynsâkyj Barlaam. |
| Jason (Pol. Jazon) |
a Greek hero, the leader of the Argonauts who brought the Golden Fleece from Colchis. In ARCT, Jasinsâkyj is called Jason. ECHOÂ V 5, 1; 4; IX 1; ARCTÂ VII 21; 51; 78; XV 23. |
| Jasynsâkyj Barlaam (Iasinski, Metropolita; Pol. WarÅaam/BarÅaam JasiÅski, Ukr. ÐаÑлаам ЯÑинÑÑкий, 1627â1707) |
a Ukrainian churchman; studied in Kyiv and Kraków (Poland). 1667â1673ârector of the Kyiv-Mohyla College; 1673â1677âHegumen of St. Michaelâs Monastery in Kyiv; 1680â1684âHegumen of St. Nicholasâs Monastery in Kyiv; 1684â1690âArchimandrite of the Kyiv Caves Monastery (Kyiv-PeÄersk Lavra); 1690â1707âMetropolitan Bishop of Kyiv. Javorsâkyjâs patron. HERC title; I title; ARCT title; II title; 35; III 1, 11; XI 1â5; XIII 32; XV title; 1â30; XVI 2; PEÅN title; IV title; 7; VI 484; 500; VII 91; VIII 126; IX 76; XI 103; XII 76; XIII 127; XIV 126; XVI 134; XVIII 101; XIX 25; XX 79; XXII.A 24; XXII.B 137. |
| Javorsâkyj Stefan (Iaworski Stephanus; Jaworski Stephanus; Jaworski Stephan; Iaworski Stephan; Jaworski Symeon; Platanus and Baculus) |
HERC title; I 2 signature; ECHO title; II 11 signature; ARCTÂ II 7 signature; XVI 1â4; PEÅN title; IV 7 signature; |
| Jaworski Stefan |
see Javorsâkyj Stefan |
| Jaworski Symeon |
see Javorsâkyj Stefan |
| Jazon |
see Jason. |
| Jerozolima |
see Jerusalem. |
| Jerusalem (Lat. Hierosolyma, Pol. Jerozolima) |
one of the oldest cities in the world and the holy city of Judaism, Christianity (as such in Javorsâkijâs panegyrics), and Islam. ARCTÂ XI 3; PEÅNÂ XX 1, 27. |
| John Chrysostom (Lat. Ioannes Chrysostomus, ca. 347â407) |
one of the most important early Church Fathers, saint, Patriarch of Constantinople, and one of the Three Great Hierarchs of the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Church. PEÅNÂ XIII 20; 56; 58. |
| John of Damascus (ca. 675/6â749) |
an Orthodox monk, priest, hymnographer, polymath, and neoplatonic philosopher, a possible author of the Greek version of the story of Barlaam and Josaphat. PEÅNÂ IX 10; 15; 22; 34. |
| John the Baptist (Pol. Jan Chrzciciel, Krzyciciel) |
ECHO title; I 3; 6; VII 77; IX 107; XI X 7; XII 159. |
| Josaphat (Pol. Jozaph) |
the main character of the story about Barlaam and Josaphat. PEÅNÂ I 1, 6; VI 28; 77; 124; 129; 137; 150; 167; 180; 211; 216; 229; 248; 262; 264; 278; 319; 333; 335; 375; 379; 385; 386; 392; 403; 407; 425; 431; 445; 450. |
| Joseph (Pol. Jozeph, Jozef) |
a biblical patriarch; PEÅNÂ XVIII 130. |
| Joshua (Pol. Jozue, in Javorsâkyj works Jozwe) |
Mosesâ successor as the leader of Israel. ARCTÂ VIII, 3. |
| Jowisz |
see Jupiter. |
| Jozwe |
see Joshua. |
| Juno (Lucina; Pol. Lucyna) |
the Roman goddess of families, mothers, and childbirth (as Lucina). ARCTÂ VII 5; ECHOÂ VIII 129; PEÅNÂ VI 25. |
| Jupiter |
(Iup[p]iter; Iovis; Pol. Jupiter, Jowisz)âa Roman god of the sky and king of the gods. HERCÂ II 3; III 112; V 13; ECHOÂ VII 30; XII 95; ARCTÂ XII 6; XIV 4; PEÅNÂ VIII 110; XII 52; XIV 1, 13; XIX 39. |
| Justin Martyr or Justin the Philosopher (Lat. Iustinus, ca. 100âca. 165) |
an early Christian apologist and philosopher. ARCTÂ III 2, 15; 17; 18; 26. |
| Kaball(us) |
see Kabul River. |
| Kabul River (Pol. Kaballus, Kaball) |
a river in Afghanistan and Pakistan. PEÅNÂ XXII.C 2, 1. |
| Kallijopa |
see Calliope. |
| Kameny |
see Camenae. |
| Kapitolijum |
see Capitolium. |
| Kastor |
see Castor. |
| Kawkaz |
see Caucasus. |
| Khosrow I (Chosroes; Javorsâkyjâs versions: Lat. Cosdroas; Pol. Kozdroasz) |
the Sasanian King of Iran (531â579). According to the Aurea legenda by Jacobus de Voragine he built the artificial Heavens to be worshipped as God; PEÅNÂ III 10, 1; 10a, 2. |
| Kiiov |
see Kyiv. |
| Kiioviensis, Kijoviensis |
see Kyiv. |
| Kijov |
see Kyiv. |
| Kijovo-Mohilaeanus |
see Kyiv-Mohyla College. |
| Kijów |
see Kyiv. |
| kijowski |
see Kyiv. |
| Kloto |
see Clotho. |
| Kocyt |
see Cocytus. |
| Kolchis |
see Colchis. |
| Kolchowie |
inhabitants of Colchis, ECHOÂ IX 2, 35. |
| Kozdroasz |
see Khosrow I. |
| Krez, Krezus |
see Croesus. |
| Krzciciel |
see John the Baptist. |
| Kyiv (Lat. Kiov, adj, Kiioviensis, Kijoviensis; Pol. Kijów, adj. kijowski) |
HERC title; III 109; ARCT title; III 2; IX 3; X 1, 29, 43, 55, 61, 67, 81; XI 3; PEÅN title; VII 91; VIII 126; IX 76; XIII 127; XIV 126; XVIII 101; XIX 5, 26; XX 80. |
| Kyiv-Mohyla College (Academy) |
(Lat. Collegium Mohileanum, Mohileanum Atheneum, Mohileana Palaestra, Mohilaneus Parnassus, Pallas Kijovo-Mohilaeana; Pol. MohileaÅskie muzy, nieba, Parnas MohiÅy, SzkoÅy Kijowskie). HERCÂ II 3, 8, 9, 10; III 93, 99, 133, 162, 178; IV 5, 33; ARCTÂ X 24, 31; XI 2, 3; XII 8. |
| Lacaena |
a Spartan woman. PEÅNÂ XII 1. |
| Lachesis (Pol. Lacheza) |
one of the Three Fates (Moirai), a sister of Clotho and Atropos. She determined the thread of life (destiny). ARCTÂ IV 71; PEÅNÂ XXII.C 20, 2. |
| Lacheza |
see Lachesis. |
| Latium |
a region of Italy, in which Rome is situated. ECHOÂ XIII 9, 48; PEÅNÂ XX 3, 2. |
| Latona |
see Leto. |
| Laura (Pol. Åawra) |
a type of Orthodox monastery consisting of a cluster of cells or caves for hermits, here specifically Kyiv-Pechers Lavra (Pol. Åawra Peczerska). ARCTÂ IX 1, 3 and 4; PEÅNÂ XXII.D 74. |
| Lemna |
see Limnos. |
| Lerna (Pol. Lernia, plur. Lernie; Lat adj. Lernea) |
a region in ancient Greece on the Peloponnese. The place where Hydra lived and where she was killed by Hercules. HERCÂ IV 1; ECHOÂ VII 50; X 123 (Lerna located in Thrace in ECHO). |
| Lerne (Pol. Lerna; adj. Lernejski) |
a lake in Aulida in Greece. It was considered to be the entrance to Hades (the underworld). ARCTÂ X 45 and 52; PEÅNÂ XI 29; XXII.B 13. |
| Lernea palus |
Lerne swampâsee Lerna |
| lernejski |
see Lerne. |
| Lernia |
see Lerna. |
| Lethe (Pol. Lete, adj. lethejski) |
the River of Oblivion in the Hades (the underworld). Water drunk from the river deprived a person their memory. HERCÂ VII 33; ECHOÂ IX 95; PEÅNÂ XXII.C 18, 4. |
| Leto (Pol. Latona) |
in Greek mythology the divine mother of Apollo and Artemis. PEÅNÂ XXII.B 73. |
| Libitina (Pol. Libityna) |
in Roman mythology the goddess of death and funerals. ARCTÂ X 49. |
| Limnos (Lemnos, Pol. Lemna) |
a Greek island, in mythology the home of Vulcan. ECHOÂ XII 93; PEÅNÂ XI 110. |
| Lithuania (Lituania) |
HERCÂ I 2 |
| Lucina, Lucyna |
see Juno. |
| Lydia (adj. Lydius) |
a kingdom in Asia Minor on the Mediterranean Sea. The Lydian kings introduced coins (gold and silver currency) to the Mediterranean civilization. In Javorsâkyjâs works Lydia is associated with wealth and gold. HERCÂ II 8; ECHOÂ XIII 211; ARCTÂ V 1; IX 7 and 11; PEÅNÂ VIII 74; XIII 81; XXI 10. |
| Macedo |
âthe Macedonianââsee Alexander. |
| Macedonia |
an ancient kingdom located in the northern part of the Greek peninsula. PEÅNÂ XII 1. |
| Maecenas (Pol. Mecenas, Javorsâkyjâs version: Mecaenas) |
Gaius Cilnius Maecenas (ca. 70â78â¯BC), a Roman politician and patron of poets (e.g. Horace) and artists. HERC II 163; III 167; VII 22; PEÅN XXI.A 133 and 141. |
| Magnus Macedo |
cf. Alexander III the Great. |
| Marcellus (Marcus Claudius Marcellus, ca. 270â208â¯BC) |
an important Roman general during the Gallic War in 225â¯BC and the Second Punic War (218â201â¯BC), famous for defeating the very well-fortified city of Syracuse in 212â¯BC. PEÅN XIV 83. |
| Marianus |
see Mary |
| Mark Antony (Lat. Marcus Antonius, 83â30â¯BC) |
a Roman politician and general, a relative and close supporter of Julius Caesar, the consul of 44â¯BC, finally ruler of the Roman east and husband of Cleopatra VII. PEÅN VII 60. |
| Maron |
see Vergil. |
| Marpessos (Pol. Marpez, Marpes, adj. marpeski) |
a mountain on the Paros Island (Greece). ARCTÂ VII 31; X 49; PEÅNÂ XI 13; XXII.A 164. |
| Marpez |
see Marpessos. |
| Mars (Lat adj. Martius, Pol. adj. marsowy; Gradivus, Pol. Gradyw) |
the Roman god of war. HERCÂ III 35; ECHOÂ II 3, 4, 6, 10, 11; IV 1, 5; VI 2â5; VII 67, 99, 102, 105; VIII 19, 24, 70, 79, 81, 86, 92; IX 67, 82; X 4, 46, 54, 66, 83; XI 9, 11; XII 35, 88, 145, 149, 158, 161, 164; XIII 167, 170, 229; PEÅNÂ XX 36; XXII.B 56. |
| marsowy |
see Mars. |
| Martius |
see Mars |
| Mary (Holy Virgin; Lat: Maria, adj. Marianus; Pol. Maryja, Matka Boża, Przeczysta Maryja, Panna Przeczysta) |
the mother of Jesus. HERCÂ II 1, 2; ECHOÂ I 1; V 7; VII 73; PEÅNÂ II 16; III 1, 1; 10; 4a 2; 5, 2; 5a, 4; VII 93; IX 16; XII 85; XX 2b; XXI 1. |
| Matka Boża |
see Mary. |
| Mausolus (Pol. Mauzol, Mauzoleos) |
a ruler of Caria (377â353â¯BC) and a satrap of the Achaemenid Empire, after his death (353â¯BC) buried in a magnificent tomb (hence Mausoleum) at Halicarnassus. HERC III 116. |
| Mauzol |
see Mausolus. |
| Mazepa Ivan (Joannes Mazepa, Pol. Jan Mazepa; in ECHO also Jan, 1639â1709) |
the Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host (1787â1709). ECHOÂ II title; IV 4, 4; VII 79; VIII 113; IX 87; X 107; 121; XI 11, 2; XII 130. |
| Mazepa Stefan Adam (?â1666) |
Ivan Mazepaâs father. In 1662 the cup-bearer of Chernihiv (Pol. podczaszy czernihowski). |
| Mazepas (Pol. Mazepowie) |
ECHOÂ II 5; III title, 1â4, 6, 7; IV title, 4; V title, 1, 5; VI title, 2, 5; VIII 63, 82; IX 40, 44, 70; X 51, 55, 59, 62; XI 7; XII 107, 110, 180. |
| Mecaenas |
see Maecenas. |
| Medusa (Pol. Meduza) |
one of three Gorgons; a winged monster with snakes in place of hair, who could kill with her sight. She was killed by Perseus. ECHOÂ VII 21; XI 11, 7; ARCTÂ VII 10, 33. |
| Memnon |
mythical king of the Ethiopians, son of Tithonus and Eos, killed by Achilles in the Trojan War, in Greco-Roman Antiquity, twin statues of Amenhotep III in Egyptian Thebes became known as the Colossus or Colossi of Memnon; according to Juvenal, Pausanias, Pliny the Elder, Strabo, and Tacitus these statues sounded on various important occasions. HERC II 10; VI 45; ARCT II 2; IX 9; PEÅN VIII 98; XI 91. |
| Memphis (Pol. adj. memphicki) |
one of the capital cities of ancient Egypt, famous for its monuments. ECHOÂ II 3; PEÅNÂ XXII.B 15. |
| Mercury (Pol. Merkury) |
a) the Roman god of commerce, eloquence, and communication; a messenger of the gods. b) a planet (called a star by Javorsâkyj). ECHOÂ X 81; XII 21; XII 85. |
| Metellus |
see Marcellus. |
| Miceny |
see Mycenae. |
| Midas (Pol. Mida) |
a legendary king of Phrygia. He possessed the gift of turning anything into gold with his touch. ECHOÂ VII 53; VIII 38; PEÅNÂ XVIII 26. |
| Minerva |
see Athena. |
| Minerwa |
see Athena. |
| MohiÅa |
see Mohyla Petro. |
| Mohilaneus |
see Kyiv-Mohyla College. |
| MohileaÅski |
see Kyiv-Mohyla College. |
| Mohyla Petro (Pol. Piotr MohyÅa, MohiÅa; Rom. Petru MovilÄ, Ukr. ÐеÑÑо Ð¡Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ðогила, 1596â1647) |
a hierarch and the patron of the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, politician and scholar, a Moldavian prince. From 1628 the Archimandrite of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra and from 1633 the Metropolitan of Kyiv. The founder of the Kyiv-Mohyla College (1632). HERCÂ III 104, 117, 142, 146, 162; V 74; ARCTÂ X 34, 48; XI. |
| Momus (Momos) |
the god of jokes, mockery, and the personification of satire. ECHOÂ III 6, 1. |
| Morpheus (Pol. Morphej, Morfej, Morfeusz) |
the god of sleeping and dreams. HERCÂ IV 57; ARCTÂ IV 57; PEÅNÂ XI 108. |
| Moscow (Lat./Pol. Moscua, Moskwa; moskiewskie stolice) |
HERCÂ II 13; III 198; ECHOÂ XIII 227. |
| Moscua |
see Moscow. |
| Mucius Scaevola (Caius Mutius Cordus, Pol. Mucyjusz, Mucjusz) |
a Roman hero, whose right hand was burnt. PEÅNÂ X 1, 1â6; XIV 113. |
| Mucyjusz |
see Mucius Scaevola. |
| Murad (Lat. Amurat) |
the name of several famous Ottoman sultans, among others Murad I (1362â1389), Murad II (1421â1444 and 1446â1451), or Murad IV (1623â1640). ECHO XIII 65. |
| Muses (Pol. muzy, sing. muza) |
in ancient Greek religion and mythology the goddesses of literature (especially poetry, but also of history), science, and the artsâcf. also Camenae. HERC III 93, 128, 133, 151, 177, 184, 190; V 74; VII 14; ECHO II 5; XII 38, 131, 173; ARCT X 34, 77; PEÅN XXII.A 128; XXII.B 140; XXII.C title, XXII C. 3, 13 and 19. |
| Mutius Cordus |
see Mutius Scaevola. |
| muza |
see Muses. |
| Mycenae (Pol. Miceny, Mykeny) |
an ancient town in Greece, in Argolis, north-eastern Peloponnese. PEÅNÂ VI 204. |
| Mycyjusz |
see Mucius Sacaevola. |
| Myrmidon (Lat. Mirmido) |
one of the Myrmidons, a mythical race of people (from Thessaly or Aegina) transformed from worker ants (cf. OVID, Met. 7.634â657). HERCÂ II 1 |
| Naiad (Pol. Najada) |
a nymph of springs, waters, fountains. PEÅNÂ XXII.C 8, 7. |
| Najada |
see Naiad. |
| Napaeae (Pol. napee, napeje) |
forest nymphs. PEÅNÂ XXII.C 7, 7. |
| napee, napeje |
see Napaeae. |
| Narcissus (Pol. Narcyz) |
in Greek mythology a Boeotian hunter, known for his good looks who fell in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. PEÅNÂ XXII.A 3. |
| Narcyz |
see Narcissus. |
| Neptun (Neptunus; Pol. adj. neptunowy) |
the god of the seas and oceans. HERCÂ V 19; VII 31; ECHOÂ IX 4, 74, 80, 114; X 84; XII 144; PEÅNÂ IV 4; XXII.A 108; XXII.B 135; XXIII.C 7,6. |
| Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; Pol. Neron, ADâ¯37â68) |
a Roman emperor, in ancient literary sources described as an unbalanced tyrant. ARCTÂ VI 3; PEÅNÂ XIV 1, 93; XX 1, 45; XXII.A 134; XXII.B 19. |
| Nestor (Pol. adj. nestorowy) |
a Greek hero known for his wisdom and extraordinarily long life. ECHOÂ IX 105. |
| Nijobe |
see Niobe. |
| Nijobe |
see Niobe. |
| Nile (Lat. Nilus) |
a major river in north-eastern Africa and the longest river on the continent. HERCÂ VI 57. |
| Niobe (Pol. Nijobe) |
in Greek mythology, a daughter of Tantalus, and Amphion, a son of Zeus and Antiope; she boasted that she had seven sons and seven daughters, while Leto only had two: the twins Apollo and Artemis/Diana; in this she was guilty of hubris, for which Leto sent Apollo and Artemis to kill Niobeâs children with arrows; Niobe mourning her slain children is a symbol of grief and sorrow, who, being devastated, was turned into stone. HERCÂ III 130; PEÅNÂ XXII.A 5. |
| Okolski, Simon (Szymon, 1580â1653) |
a Polish Dominican, historian, theologian, and specialist in heraldry, author of a heraldic work, Orbis Polonus splendoribus coeli, triumphis mundi, pulchritudine animantium condecoratus, in quo antiqua Sarmatorum gentiliata pervetusta nobilitatis insignia etc. specificantur et relucent in three volumes (Cracow 1641â1643) and of Diariusz transakcyi wojennej miÄdzy wojskiem koronnem i zaporoskiem w roku 1637 (ZamoÅÄ 1638) about the rebellion of the Zaporozhian Cossacks who were pacified by Hetman MikoÅaj Potocki. ECHOÂ XIII 172; 205. |
| Olimp |
see Olympus. |
| Olympus (Pol. Olimp, Olympium, olimpijska góra) |
a mountain in Thessaly (Greece), in Greek mythology the home of the Greek gods. In Javorsâkyjâs works also the Christian heaven or a synonym of the highest office (e.g. the Hetman). HERCÂ II 1 and 2; V 80; ECHOÂ II 10; X 81; XII 117; ARCTÂ I 1â2; IX 4; XII 8; PEÅNÂ VII 77; XIX.3 10; XXII.C 8, 1. |
| Orcus |
the Lower World, the abode of the dead, or the god of the infernal regions = Pluto. PEÅNÂ XIX 18, 21, 50. |
| Orphaeus (Orpheus, Pol. Orpheusz, Orfeusz) |
a legendary Thracian musician, poet, and prophet. He went to Hades to fetch his wife Eurydice, but as a result of his mistake, he failed to bring her out of the underworld. ECHOÂ XII 140; ARCTÂ XII 4; PEÅNÂ XXII.B 133; XXII.C 5, 2. |
| Ossa |
a mountain in Thessaly, mentioned, among others, in VERGIL, Aen. 1.281â282 and 3.94. ARCTÂ VI 13. |
| Pactolus (Pol. Paktol) |
a river in ancient Lydia in Asia Minor (now Sart Ãayı). In Antiquity the river contained electrum (a natural alloy of gold and silver), which was the basis of the economy of the ancient kingdom of Lydia and King Croesus. In Roman poetry Pactolus was a symbol of wealth. Cf. Herodotus about Croesus, PROPERT., El. 1.6.31â32. HERC II 163; III 167; VII 2, 17, 56; ECHO V 3.4; VIII 74, 125; PEÅN V. 3, 3; XVIII 3, 50; XX 3; XXII.B 128. |
| Paktol |
see Pactolus. |
| Pallada |
see Athena. |
| Pallas |
see Athena. |
| Paphia |
see Venus. |
| Parcae (Moirai, Pol. Parki, sing. Parka) |
three sisters who spun the thread of human destiny: Clotho, Lachesis, Atropos. PEÅNÂ XXII.C 20, 2; XXII.D 38. |
| Parka |
see Parcae. |
| Parnassus (Pol. Parnas, Parnass; adj. parnaski) |
a mountain range in central Greece, according to Greek mythology sacred, among others, to Apollo; it was also home of the Muses. HERCÂ II 10; III 94, 99, 109, 113, 123, 152, 162, 170, 181; VII 14; ECHOÂ X 77; XII 31, 38; PEÅNÂ XXII.B 130; XXII.C 1, 2. |
| Paros (Pol. adj. paryjski) |
a Greek island, famous for its marble (Parian). PEÅN XXII.B 109. |
| Parthians (Lat. Parthae) |
a major political and cultural power in ancient Iran from 247â¯BC to ADâ¯224, the enemies of Rome. ARCT VI 7; PEÅN XIX 41. |
| paryjski |
see Paros. |
| Pegasus (Pol. Pegaz, adj. pegazowy) |
a mythical winged horse. According to the myth, the Helicon stream was created when his hoof struck the ground. Pegasus was ridden by Bellerophon. HERCÂ III 81, 106, 113; V 34; ECHOÂ X 79; ARCTÂ VI 9; IX 4; PEÅNÂ XXI 3. |
| Pegaz |
see Pegasus. |
| Pelion |
a mountain in Thessaly, mentioned, among others, in VERG., Aen. 1.281â282 and 3.94. ARCTÂ VI 7. |
| Pericles (Pol. Perikles, Perykles, ca. 495â429â¯BC) |
a prominent and influential Athenian statesman and orator. HERCÂ II 12; ECHOÂ XIII 66; ARCTÂ XIII 70; PEÅNÂ VII 2; VIII 3. |
| Persenopolis (Persepolis) |
the ancient capital of the Achaemenid Empire, situated in the plains of Marvdasht in Iran. ARCTÂ IX 3; PEÅNÂ XX 2b. |
| Perseus (Pol. Perseusz) |
a Greek hero who killed Medusa. ARCTÂ VI 9; X 4. |
| Persia (Pol. adj. perski) | |
| perski |
see Persia. |
| Peter I (Pol. Piotr I, 1672â1725) |
the Russian tsar. ECHOÂ II 8; VII 101. |
| Phaebus |
see Apollo. |
| Phaenix |
see Phoenix. |
| Phaeton (Pol. Faeton, Phaetont) |
in Greek mythology, the son of the sun god Helios, who forced his father to let him drive his chariot on his own; since he was not skilled enough, the horses scurried away and Zeus, in order to save the earth from fire, struck down the young charioteer with a bolt of lightning. HERCÂ V 18, 31; ARCTÂ XII 5; XIII 5; XIV 1; PEÅNÂ XXI 7; XXII.B 29. |
| Phidias (Pol. Fidijasz, Fidiasz, Fidiasz, ca. 480âca. 430â¯BC) |
a famous Greek sculptor. HERCÂ VII 49. |
| Philistines (Lat. and Pol. Philistyni, adj. philistyÅski) |
an ancient people who lived on the south coast of Canaan in biblical times. ARCTÂ XI 4; PEÅNÂ VIII 84; XIX 34. |
| Phlegon |
one of four horses of the chariot of Helios; HERCÂ V 37; ECHOÂ X 80. |
| Phoebus |
see Apollo. |
| Phoenix (Phaenix, Pol. Feniks, Phaeniks) |
ARCTÂ XI 2â3; PEÅNÂ XII title, 1, 6, 8, 10, 15, 23, 32, 37, 46, 54, 66, 72, 79; 3, 19; XXI 4. |
| Phosphorus (Pol. Fosfor, Phosphor) |
the Morning Star. HERCÂ II 2, 5; ARCTÂ IV 13; PEÅNÂ VI 473; XIII 24. |
| Phrixus (adj. Phryxaeus) |
the son of King Boeotia and brother of Helle; they were hated by their stepmother Ino who intended to kill them. They were rescued by a miraculous ram with Golden Fleece. Later Phrixus gave the Golden Fleece to King Aeëtes in Colchis. ARCT VI 3. |
| Phryxaeus |
see Phrixus. |
| Pirithous (Pol. Pejritoos; Pirothousz) |
in Greek mythology the king of Lapiths of Larissa in Thessaly and a friend of Theseus. PEÅNÂ XXII.B 79. |
| Pirothousz |
see Pirithous. |
| Plato (Pol. Platon, 424/423â348/347) |
a Greek philosopher. ARCTÂ XIII 70; PEÅNÂ IX 9. |
| Pleady |
see Pleiades. |
| Pleiades (Pol. Plejady, Pleady) |
one of the nearest star clusters to Earth, in Greek mythology the seven divine sisters, daughters of Pleione and companions of Diana. PEÅNÂ XX.B 75; XXII.C. 8, 7. |
| Pliny the Younger (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus; Pol. Plinijusz, 61 |
c. 113)âa Roman writer; PEÅN XXII.A 137. |
| Pluto (Pol. Pluton; adj. Plutowy, Plutonowy) |
the Roman god of the underworld (Greek Hades). HERCÂ III 44; VII 36; ECHOÂ VII 14, 74; ARCTÂ VII 7, 50; PEÅNÂ IX 68; XI 109. |
| Pola Elizyjskie |
see Elysium. |
| Poland (Lat. Polonia, adj. Polonus, Pol. Polska, adj. polski) |
HERCÂ I 2; II 9; III 73, 154; ECHOÂ VI 3, 8; VI 6, 2; XIII 6, 25, 32, 41, 47, 171, 205, 260. |
| Pollux |
the twin half-brother of Castor, divine son of Zeus and Leda, together Castor and Pollux are known as Dioscuri. HERCÂ II 3; PEÅNÂ VI 443; VI 472. |
| Polonia |
see Poland. |
| Polykleitos (Lat. Polycletus, 5th BC) |
one of the most important and esteemed ancient Greek sculptors. ARCTÂ VI 7. |
| Pomona |
a Roman goddess of fruit trees, gardens, and orchards. PEÅNÂ VI 390; XXII.A 96. |
| Pompeius |
see Pompey. |
| Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, 106â148â¯BC) |
one of the greatest Roman generals and a leading statesman of the late republic. PEÅNÂ XIV 83. |
| Pont |
see Black Sea. |
| Pontus Euxinus |
see Black Sea. |
| Porsenna |
an Etruscan king whom Scaevola unsuccessfully tried to kill. PEÅNÂ XIV 114. |
| Prometheus |
in Greek mythology a Titan who gave fire to humans; for this act he was sentenced to be chained to the Caucasus Mountains and tortured, from which Heracles freed him. PEÅNÂ XIV 115; XXII.B 80. |
| Proserpina (Pol. Prozerpina) |
goddess of the underworld. ARCTÂ VII 6; PEÅNÂ XXII.D 51. |
| Pyrgoteles |
one of the most renowned gem-engravers of ancient Greece in the latter half of 4th century BC, placed by Alexander the Great himself on a level with Apelles as a painter and Lysippos as a sculptor in bronze (see PLINY, NH 7.37.125). PEÅN XIII 30. |
| Rhodope (adj. Rhodopeius) |
a mountain range in Thrace, Rhodopes or Rhodope Mountains in southern Bulgaria and partially in northern Greece. Cf. VERGIL, Georg. 4.461: âRhodopeiae arcesâ (âcastles of Rodopeâ) and CLAUDIAN, III Cons. Hon. 113: âRhodopeia saxaâ (ârocks of Rodope Mountainsâ). PEÅNÂ XIII 80. |
| Roma |
see Rome. |
| Rome (Lat. Roma; adj. Romanus) |
the capital of the ancient Roman Empire and of modern Italy. HERCÂ II 10, 13, 14; ARCTÂ II 3; IX 4, 8; PEÅNÂ XIV 92; XX 27â28, 30. |
| Rossia (adj. Rossiacus, Pol. Rossyja; adj. rossyjski, roski, rosski) |
HERCÂ II 12; III 123, 125, 197; V 54; VII 57; ECHOÂ II 8; III 7, 1; VII title, 45, 54, 90; VIII 84, 110; IX 85; XI 8.1, 4, and 8; 11, 5; XII 123, 170; ARCT title, V 3; VII title, 12, 20; XIII 44. |
| rosski |
see Rossia. |
| Rossowie |
see Ruthenian. |
| rossyjski |
see Rossia. |
| Roxolania (adj. roxolaÅski) |
the lands of the Ruthenians; Ukraine; Rusâ. HERCÂ II 8, 9; III 92, 195; ECHOÂ II 2, 6, 10; VII 71; XI 6, 4 and 8; 9, 6; XII 26; XIII 233; ARCT title; II 2; IV 62, 67, 81; VI 9; VIII 2, 3, 4; XI 3; XII 5, 6, 7, 8; PEÅNÂ IV 1; VI 488; XXII.B 26; XXII.C 2, 7; XXII.D 55. |
| Roxolanian |
see Ruthenian. |
| Roxolanian Commonwealth (Pol. Rzeczpospolita RoxolaÅska) |
ARCTÂ XI, 3. |
| Roxolanin, Roxolanie |
see Ruthenian. |
| Ruthenian (Lat. Rutenus, Roxolanus; Pol. Roxolanin, plur. Roxolanie; Rossowie; Roxolanians |
Ukrainians or Belarussians). The Roxolani were a Sarmatian tribe living between the Dniester and the Don Rivers. They were mentioned by the ancient Greek and Roman historians and geographers (Strabo, Ptolemy, Tacitus, Ammianus Marcellinus, and others). In the 16th century the Roxolani were identified with the eastern Slavs, inhabitants of Poland-Lithuania. The term Roksolanin (plur. Roksolani, Roksolanie) was first used in Polish literature in the 16th century. ECHOÂ XII 50; ARCTÂ VII 69; XI 6, 4; 9, 6; XII 50; HERCÂ II 9 and 10; III 195; PEÅNÂ XVI 131. |
| Rzeczpospolita RoxolaÅska |
see Roxolanian Commonwealth. |
| Sagunt (Lat. Saguntum) |
a municipality in Sapain, from 214â¯BC a Roman municipium; in 75â¯BC a battle was fought at Segunt between the armies of Sertorius and Pompey. PEÅN XIV 83. |
| Samson (in Javorsâkyjâs works: Sampson) |
the last of the judges of the ancient Israelites, blessed by God with immense strength (Jdg 14). HERCÂ II 4; PEÅNÂ XIX 81. |
| Sarbiewski Maciej Kazimierz (Sarbievius, 1595â1640) |
a neo-Latin Polish poet, scholar, and Jesuit called Horatius Sarmaticus (the Sarmatian Horace = the Polish Horace). Author of four influential books of odes (1625). ARCTÂ XI 1; PEÅNÂ XIV 87. |
| Saturn (Pol. adj. saturnowy) |
the Roman god of prosperity, agriculture, and periodic renewal. He was also associated with melancholy. His reign was described as the golden age. ECHOÂ VIII 1, 73; XII 103 and 113; PEÅNÂ XXII.D 33. |
| Scaevola (Gaius Mucius Cordus or Scaevola, 5th century BC) |
ancient young Roman hero, probably mythical, from the period of the earliest republic, who failed in a mission to kill the Etruscan king Lars Porsenna and after being captured, he declared to Porsenna that he was the first of 300 such young Roman volunteers ready to assassinate the king. He then thrust his right hand into a sacrificial fire and held it there without giving any indication of pain. This became a symbol of courage and determination, and Mucius received his nickname Scaeviola, i.e. âleft-handedâ. PEÅNÂ X 1, 1, and 5â6; XIV 113. |
| Scipio Africanus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, Pol. Scypijon, 236â183â¯BC and/or Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus, 185â129â¯BC) |
Roman statesmen and military leaders in the Second (Major) and Third (Aemilianus) Punic War. They were famous because of their virtue and patronage (especially Aemilianus) of writers and philosophers. HERCÂ II 46; III 150; ECHOÂ IX 49, XIII 66; PEÅNÂ VIII 3; XIV 83. |
| Scylla |
a sea monster who, with her sister Charybdis, attempted to sink ships sailing in the Strait of Messina. ECHOÂ V 2, 1; 2, 4; IX 86; ARCTÂ VII 24; PEÅNÂ XIX 1, 4. |
| Scypijon |
see Scipio Africanus. |
| Seneca the Younger (Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger, Pol. Seneka, ca. 4â¯BCâADâ¯65) |
a Roman writer and philosopher, a tutor of Nero. He was the symbol of a good advisor. HERCÂ II 13; PEÅNÂ XXII.A 134. |
| Senuseret III (Sesostris, ruled 1878â1839â¯BC) |
the pharaoh of the 13th dynasty. He was known for his military successes. PEÅNÂ XXII.B 49. |
| Septentriones (Triones, Pol. Septemtryjony, Tryjony) |
Ursa Maior. In early modern poetry the synonym of the northern regions or countries (e.g. Lithuania, Muscovy, Poland, Ruthenia, Sweden, etc.). HERCÂ III 192; ECHOÂ XII 46; ARCTÂ XIII 48; PEÅNÂ XXII.A 107. |
| Sesostris |
see Senuseret III. |
| Siren (Lat. Siren, Syren, Pol. syrena) |
a Greek mythological creature that lived on coastal islands, with the legs and wings of a bird and the torso and head of a woman. The singing of Sirens (not to be confused with mermaids) lured sailors to destruction through the sweetness of their song. ECHOÂ IX 13; PEÅNÂ V 2, 3; VIII 39; XIX title, 1, 13, 15, 23, 28, 54; 3, 3, 17, 27; 4; XXII.C 7, 7. |
| Sisyphus (Pol. Syzyf; Javorsâkyjâs version: Zyzykus, Zyzys) |
a mythical king of Ephyra (Corinth). For cheating death he was condemned by Jupiter to roll a boulder up a steep hill of the Caucasus Mountains for eternity. HERCÂ VI 29; ARCTÂ XIV 7. |
| Solon (c. 630 |
c. 560â¯BC)âan Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet, listed as one of the Seven Sages or Wise Men of ancient Greece. ARCT XIII 69. |
| Sophia Alexeevna (1657â1704) |
a princess, the regent and co-ruler of Russia; the sister of Peter I; ECHO II 8; VII 101. |
| Stagryras |
see Aristotle. |
| StambuÅ |
see Istanbul. |
| Steropes (Pol. Sterop) |
one of the Cyclops in Vulcanâs smithy. PEÅNÂ XI 110. |
| Styg |
see Styx. |
| Styx (adj. Stygius; Pol. Styks, Styg, Styga, adj. stygijski) |
the main river in Hades (the underworld). HERCÂ VII 36; ARCTÂ III 2, 7; VII 6; X 20, 45, 50; PEÅNÂ VIII 50; XX 25; XXII.C 18, 7. |
| Sydon |
an ancient Phoenician city (today in Lebanon) famous for the Cedrus libani (1â¯Chr 22.1â4). See also Tyre. PEÅN XX 2 b. |
| Syracuse |
a historic city on the island of Sicily, founded in 734 or 733â¯BC by ancient Corinthians, in the 3rd century BC, one of the most important capitals of the Hellenistic kingdoms. PEÅN XIV 83 |
| syrena |
see Siren. |
| Syrtis (Pol. Syrtes; Syrty) |
two sandy flats between Carthage and Cyrtene; the Gulf of Sidra or Sirte on the northern coast of Libya (Lat. Syrtis Maior). ARCTÂ II 3; IX 3; PEÅNÂ VII 38; VIII 39. |
| Tagus (Pol. Tag) |
a river in contemporary Spain and Portugal (Tajo, Tejo). In Latin poetry it was famous as it was abundant in gold. HERCÂ VII 6; ECHOÂ VIII 5; X 29; XI 7,3; PEÅNÂ V, 3, 5; VI 144, 481; XVIII 3, 49; XX 2 b. |
| Tantal |
see Tantalus. |
| Tantalus (Pol. Tantal) |
the King of Lydia condemned by Jupiter to eternal thirst in Tartarus (âTantalean punishmentâ). HERCÂ II 4; VII, 31; ECHOÂ VII 10; ARCTÂ VI 8; PEÅNÂ VI 389; IX 50; XVIII 3, 45. |
| Tatra Mountains (Pol. Tatry) |
ARCTÂ VII 30. |
| Tatry |
see Tatra Mountains. |
| Tauryka |
see Crimea. |
| Temida |
see Themis. |
| Thaumaturgos |
see Gregory the Miracle-Worker. |
| Thebes (Pol. Theby, adj. thebaÅski) |
the largest and the most important city in Boeotia (Greece). In Greek mythology the site of the Theban myths of Cadmus, Oedipus, partly of Dionysus (Semele) and Heracles. The city was surrounded by the famous walls built by King Cadmus. PEÅNÂ XXII.B 126; XXII.C 5, 8; XXII.D 65. |
| Themis (Pol. Temida) |
in Greek mythology the goddess and personification of justice, divine order, and law. ARCTÂ VI 5; IX 11; XIV 7; PEÅNÂ XX 2 b; XX 3, 27. |
| Theon (adj. Theonius) |
a satirical poet mentioned by Horace (Epist. 1.18, 82). ARCTÂ IX 7. |
| Theopompos (ca. 380âca. 315â¯BC) |
an ancient historian. ARCTÂ XIII 71. |
| Theseus (Pol. Thezej, Thezeusz, Tezeusz) |
the mythical king and hero of Athens, famous for his courage and strength, he killed the Minotaur and, with the help of Ariadne, escaped from the labyrinth built by Daedalus. PEÅNÂ VI 342; IX 76; XXII.B 5, 79. |
| Thetis (Pol. Tetyda) |
the goddess of seas and oceans. The mother of Achilles. PEÅNÂ XXII.C 7, 2. |
| Thrace (Lat. Thracia, Pol. Tracja, Thracja, adj. thracki) |
an ancient region adjacent to the south-west shore of the Black Sea. In early modern texts, it was a synonym for the Ottoman Empire. ECHOÂ II 10; VII 1, 50, 63, 75, 81, 92, 96, 103; IX 100; X 123; XI 11, 4, and 7. |
| Tiphys (Pol. and Javorsâkyjâs Lat. Typhis) |
the helmsman of the Argonauts. ECHOÂ IX 5; ARCTÂ II 1. |
| Tisiphone (Pol. Tyzyfona) |
one of three Furies who punished the crime of murder. ECHOÂ II 10; ARCTÂ VII 8; PEÅNÂ XI 32; XXII.A 44. |
| Tonans |
in Lat. the thunderer, god of thunderâsee Iup(p)iter. |
| Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus; Pol. Trajan) |
a Roman emperor. PEÅNÂ XXII.A 137. |
| Triton (Pol. Tryton) |
a Greek god of the sea. ECHOÂ IX 34, 64. |
| Troia |
see Troy. |
| Troy (Lat. Troia) |
an ancient city at Hisarlik in present-day Turkey, described in Greek mythology (including the Iliad) as a powerful kingdom of the Heroic Age. PEÅNÂ XIV 85; XXII.B 53; XXII.D 5, 2. |
| Tryjony |
see Septentriones. |
| Tryton |
see Triton. |
| Tullius or Pol. Tullijusz |
see Cicero. |
| turecki |
see Turkey. |
| Turkey (Pol. Turcja, adj. turecki) |
ECHOÂ II 4; IV 3, 2; VII 80. |
| Typhis |
see Tiphys. |
| Typhus or Typhon |
in Greek mythology, a monstrous serpentine giant, the progenitor (with his mate Echidna) of many famous monsters. HERCÂ II 14. |
| Tyre (Lat. Tyrus, adj. Tyrius; Pol. Tyr) |
an ancient Phoenician city, famous for its wealth and production of an expensive purple dye, made from the mucus of several species of Murex snail. It was also famous for the Cedrus libani (1â¯Chr 22.1â4). See also Sydon. ECHO II 8; 10; XIII 299; PEÅN VI 419; VIII 21; XVIII 1; XX 2 b; XXII.C 15, 8. |
| Tytan |
see Helios. |
| Tyzyfona |
see Tisiphone. |
| Ulisses |
see Ulysses. |
| Ulysses (Odysseus, Pol. Ulisses) |
the protagonist of the Odyssey. In Javorsâkyjâs works mentioned as a famous orator. The poet wrongly associated Ulysses with Athens. ARCTÂ XIII 70; PEÅNÂ VII 2; VIII 2; XIV 3; XIX 1, 3, and 4. |
| Venus (Greek Aphrodite, Pol. Wenera) |
the goddess of love and beauty, worshipped in many Greco-Roman regions, but especially in Cyprus, where (next to the later founded city of Paphos, sacred to the goddessâhence Venus Paphia) she was believed to have emerged from the sea at her birth. PEÅNÂ VII 63; VIII 39; XIV 86; XIX 1, 15, 22, 55; 5, 15, 21; XXII.B 54. |
| Vergil (Publius Vergilius Maro, Pol. Wergiliusz, Maron; 70â¯BCâADâ¯19) |
a Roman poet, author of the Aeneid. ECHOÂ XII 188. |
| Vesuvius |
a volcanic mountain on the Gulf of Naples in Campania. PEÅNÂ XIV 1, 63. |
| Volhynia (VoÅhynia; Pol. WoÅyÅ) |
a historic region of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, now in western Ukraine. ECHOÂ XIII 173. |
| Vulcan (Pol. Wulkan, adj. Wulkanija, Wulkanowy) |
the god of fire and smithery, who lived underneath Mount Etna in Sicily. He produced thunderbolts for Jupiter. ECHOÂ VII 34; VIII 14, 77; X 38; XII 93; ARCTÂ VII 3; PEÅNÂ XI 44; XVI 8; XXI 2. |
| Vulcania |
Vulcanâs island (or land) mentioned in VERG., Aen. 8.422. ARCTÂ VI 7, and 13; PEÅNÂ XIV 20, and 82. |
| Wenera |
see Venus. |
| WÅadysÅaw III Jagiellon (1424â1444) |
King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania. ECHOÂ XI 7, 8. |
| Wulkan |
see Vulcan. |
| Xerxes |
Xerxes I or Xerxes the Great, King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire 486â465â¯BC. HERC II 9. |
| Zacharyjusz |
see Zechariah. |
| Zaporoże (Pol. adj. zaporoski; Ukr. ÐапоÑÑÐ¶Ð¶Ñ |
Zaporizhzhia). ECHO title, II title, III 9, 2, VIII 114; IX 88. |
| Zechariah (Pol. Zachariasz, in Javorsâkyjâs works Zacharyjusz) |
in the Gospel of Luke a priest, husband of Elizabeth and father of John the Baptist. As he did not believe in the prophecy of the Archangel Gabriel, that his elderly wife could conceive a child, he was punished with the temporary loss of his voice. ECHOÂ II 1. |
| Zefir |
see Zephyrus. |
| Zephyrus (Favonius, Pol. Zefir) |
the gentle west wind. ECHOÂ IX 98; ARCTÂ VII 72. |
| Zoilus (Pol. Zoil; ca. 400âca. 320â¯BC) |
a Greek philosopher; a synonym for a vicious fault-finder. ARCTÂ V 3. |
| Zyzykus |
see Sisyphus. |