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Critical Thinking and Reasoning
Theory, Development, Instruction, and Assessment
The Partnership for 21st Century Skills states that critical thinking encompasses skills that students and professionals will need to succeed in their careers, school, and life. The demand for critical thinkers will increase in the future to meet the demands of world-wide problems. Educators need to show students how to eliminate errors, such as biases in their reasoning, and to be effective decision makers. To do this, teachers and leaders in schools and businesses need to provide an atmosphere conducive to developing critical thinking skills and dispositions.
Meeting this challenge is the goal of the chapters collected in Critical Thinking and Reasoning. This book begins with experts laying out their best current understanding of the skills and attitudes critical thinking requires. Next, the relationship between critical thinking and the psychology of development and learning is explored to understand better how to develop critical thinkers from childhood to adulthood.
But how can we best teach for critical thinking? How can we incorporate into the classroom the challenges presented in the workplace? This book provides several extensive examples of current practices from the elementary level through the secondary level to the university level of how to stimulate critical thinking skills and dispositions.
Meeting this challenge is the goal of the chapters collected in Critical Thinking and Reasoning. This book begins with experts laying out their best current understanding of the skills and attitudes critical thinking requires. Next, the relationship between critical thinking and the psychology of development and learning is explored to understand better how to develop critical thinkers from childhood to adulthood.
But how can we best teach for critical thinking? How can we incorporate into the classroom the challenges presented in the workplace? This book provides several extensive examples of current practices from the elementary level through the secondary level to the university level of how to stimulate critical thinking skills and dispositions.
Daniel Fasko, Jr., Ph.D. (1983), is Professor Emeritus of Educational Foundations, Leadership, and Policy at Bowling Green State University. He teaches courses in Educational Psychology, and Life-Span Development, and has published articles, chapters, and books in critical thinking and creativity.
Frank Fair, Ph. D. (1971), is Distinguished Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Sam Houston State University. He started one of the first Critical Thinking courses, and he, with several co-authors, has written books on improving thinking in business and educational contexts.
Frank Fair, Ph. D. (1971), is Distinguished Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Sam Houston State University. He started one of the first Critical Thinking courses, and he, with several co-authors, has written books on improving thinking in business and educational contexts.
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Figures and Tables
Notes on Contributors
Introduction
âDaniel Fasko, Jr. and Frank Fair
1 Seven Philosophical Conceptions of Critical Thinking: Themes, Variations, Implications
âDavid Hitchcock
2 Inquiry: Teaching for Reasoned Judgment
âSharon Bailin and Mark Battersby
3 Focusing the Relational Lens on Critical Thinking: How Can Relational Reasoning Support Critical and Analytic Thinking?
âDenis Dumas and Yixiao Dong
4 Commentary: Theories of Critical Thinking from a Philosopher of Education
âBarbara J. Thayer-Bacon
5 The Semantic Retrieval Model and Divergent Thinking as Critical to Understanding Logical Reasoning in Children
âHenry Markovits and Pier-Luc de Chantal
6 Adolescent Reasoning and Rationality
âDavid Moshman
7 Critical Thinking and Learning in Adults: A Case Study in Transformative Learning on White Supremacy and White Racial Identity
âStephen Brookfield
8 Commentary: Perspectives on Development and Learning with a Connection to Philosophy for Children
âSteven Trickey
9 Critical Thinking in the Elementary School: Practical Guidance for Building a Culture of Thinking
âPaul Cleghorn
10 The Good Thinkerâs Tool Kit: How to Engage Critical Thinking and Reasoning in Secondary Education
âAmber Strong Makaiau
11 Equipping Students for Success in College and Beyond: Placing Critical Thinking Instruction at the Heart of a General Education Program
âAmanda L. Hiner
12 Commentary: Critical Thinking â Effusively Touted, But so Rarely Pursued
âM. Neil Browne
13 Observations from a Long-term Effort to Assess and Improve Critical Thinking
âAda Haynes and Barry Stein
14 Assessing Critical Thinking: Challenges, Opportunities, and Empirical Evidence
âHeather A. Butler
15 What the Data Tell Us about Human Reasoning
âPeter A. Facione, Noreen C. Facione and Carol Ann Gittens
16 Commentary: Thinking Critically about Critical-Thinking Assessment
âDonald Hatcher and Kevin Possin
Epilogue
âFrank Fair and Daniel Fasko, Jr.
Index
Acknowledgements
List of Figures and Tables
Notes on Contributors
Introduction
âDaniel Fasko, Jr. and Frank Fair
PART 1: Theories of Critical Thinking
1 Seven Philosophical Conceptions of Critical Thinking: Themes, Variations, Implications
âDavid Hitchcock
2 Inquiry: Teaching for Reasoned Judgment
âSharon Bailin and Mark Battersby
3 Focusing the Relational Lens on Critical Thinking: How Can Relational Reasoning Support Critical and Analytic Thinking?
âDenis Dumas and Yixiao Dong
4 Commentary: Theories of Critical Thinking from a Philosopher of Education
âBarbara J. Thayer-Bacon
PART 2: Development and Learning
5 The Semantic Retrieval Model and Divergent Thinking as Critical to Understanding Logical Reasoning in Children
âHenry Markovits and Pier-Luc de Chantal
6 Adolescent Reasoning and Rationality
âDavid Moshman
7 Critical Thinking and Learning in Adults: A Case Study in Transformative Learning on White Supremacy and White Racial Identity
âStephen Brookfield
8 Commentary: Perspectives on Development and Learning with a Connection to Philosophy for Children
âSteven Trickey
PART 3: Curriculum and Instruction
9 Critical Thinking in the Elementary School: Practical Guidance for Building a Culture of Thinking
âPaul Cleghorn
10 The Good Thinkerâs Tool Kit: How to Engage Critical Thinking and Reasoning in Secondary Education
âAmber Strong Makaiau
11 Equipping Students for Success in College and Beyond: Placing Critical Thinking Instruction at the Heart of a General Education Program
âAmanda L. Hiner
12 Commentary: Critical Thinking â Effusively Touted, But so Rarely Pursued
âM. Neil Browne
PART 4: Assessment
13 Observations from a Long-term Effort to Assess and Improve Critical Thinking
âAda Haynes and Barry Stein
14 Assessing Critical Thinking: Challenges, Opportunities, and Empirical Evidence
âHeather A. Butler
15 What the Data Tell Us about Human Reasoning
âPeter A. Facione, Noreen C. Facione and Carol Ann Gittens
16 Commentary: Thinking Critically about Critical-Thinking Assessment
âDonald Hatcher and Kevin Possin
Epilogue
âFrank Fair and Daniel Fasko, Jr.
Index
For undergraduate and graduate students, teachers, academicians, practitioners, and researchers interested in promoting the acquisition of reasoning, critical thinking skills and dispositions in the fields of education, philosophy, and psychology.