Index
abstract
aspects of the systems
92, 197
concepts
, 206, 233, 313, 376
content
7
domain
06
drawings
77
knowledge
, 239
level
9, 145
nature of the discipline
8
phenomenon
97
representation
5
version of reality
7
abstraction
, 16, 18, 83, 144, 196, 201, 254, 277, 278, 301, 305, 344
achievement
9, 104, 106, 113, 238, 244, 279
achievement level
3
active
constructing
involvement
, 95
learning
63, 164, 167, 250, 256, 277, 279
participant
03
participation
50
teacher
Activity Theory
, 27–31, 33, 45
adjust
0, 83, 106, 345
adjustment
8, 89, 175, 181, 182
alternative
approach
51
framework
pedagogy
9
solution
02, 104, 106, 107, 118, 121, 122, 128–130, 291
strategy
10, 183, 185, 352, 356, 364
analogical reasoning
2, 249–251, 255, 268, 270, 273–277, 279
analogy
, 6, 8, 12, 206, 248–251, 253, 255–258, 264, 266, 270–277, 293, 299, 307, 345, 380
Analyse Results Step
11
approach
alternative
51
bottom-up
03
constructivist
design
3, 87, 88, 180, 207, 208, 256, 303, 315
educational
01, 163–165, 197
holistic
55, 292, 295
modelling
38, 149
pedagogical
, 143, 206, 237
project-based
, 49, 101, 104, 113, 115, 119, 121–123, 205, 206
traditional
8, 90
triptych
06
argument
9, 137, 151, 232, 344
argumentation
9, 36, 43, 44, 144
artefact/artifact
1, 14, 19, 21, 76, 101, 104, 120, 164, 166–168, 170, 186, 193–195, 197, 199, 210, 217–219, 223, 230, 231, 233, 237, 239–242, 244, 312, 315, 337, 345, 376
assess
6, 103, 119, 126–135, 170, 256, 288, 291, 349, 368
assessment
0, 96, 111, 115, 118, 119, 121, 122, 126, 133, 134, 168, 170, 173, 176, 178, 179, 186, 220, 241, 243–245, 321
assessment tool
6
assignment
3, 15, 82, 168, 173, 175, 177, 184, 205, 207, 211–216, 218–220, 258, 259, 271, 303, 306, 346–349, 351–362, 367–369, 378
assumption
6, 168, 169, 172, 179, 216, 230, 231, 318, 324
attitude
, 5, 84, 106, 170
ATLAS.ti
11, 212, 215, 216, 218, 355
authentic
context
9, 75
design experience
6
inquiry
learning
93
practice
1, 34
scenario
71, 174, 177
task
65, 205
authenticity
, 10, 175, 177, 179, 180, 182, 186, 313
behaviorism
behaviorist
big ideas
2–54, 56, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 167
biological
analogies
57
functions
49, 264, 271, 273, 277
mechanism
54, 260, 261
systems
41
biology
, 12, 15, 23, 52, 73, 115, 158, 251–253, 258, 259, 262, 264, 269, 270, 274, 275, 277, 278, 313, 380
biomimicry education
2, 248, 250, 256, 269, 279
biotechnical
concepts
41
design challenge
38–240
design solution
23, 241
learning
1, 223, 224, 236, 237
system
1, 223, 224, 236–238
bottom-up
approach
03
process
14
brainstorm
8, 60, 167, 184, 215, 254, 255, 260, 263, 268, 271, 274, 278
calculate
1, 64, 69, 119, 126–134, 137, 331, 361
calculation
2, 116–118, 123, 127, 137, 172, 174, 180, 181
calibration of support
48
case study
1, 20, 105, 113, 114, 123, 209, 211, 213, 214, 218–220, 286
categorization activity
5, 57
category
4, 57, 83–85, 88, 118, 121, 212, 215, 218, 240, 251, 355–357, 359–369, 379
challenge
, 6–8, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 30, 49, 52, 81, 83, 88–91, 103, 163, 167, 173, 192, 201, 224, 237, 239–241, 249, 253, 258, 259, 261, 271, 276–278, 295, 298, 301, 319–321, 377, 379–381
challenge-based learning
, 163, 167
challenged students
0
characteristic
2, 37, 53, 57, 73, 210, 233, 234, 255, 256, 268, 269, 273–276, 289, 351
characterize
9, 127, 228, 236, 237, 251, 289, 369
check questions
66
chemical
activity
9
concepts
1
education
8
mechanism
17, 335
process
7, 345
technology
2
thinking
2, 311–313, 317–319, 322–325, 327, 328, 332–337
chemical thinking framework
17–319, 324, 327, 335, 337
chemistry
concepts
3, 36, 50–54, 66–68, 73, 105, 312, 313, 317–319, 321, 335
content
7, 30, 31, 42, 45
course
7, 29
curriculum
, 27, 28, 32, 45, 49, 50, 345
education
8, 29, 31, 33, 44, 45, 321, 336, 337, 345, 347, 349, 352, 353, 369, 376
teacher
7, 50, 319, 321, 334, 335, 337, 345, 349, 353, 354
class
discussions
, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64–66, 87, 89
session
9, 320
think time
5, 61, 65, 66
classroom
control
0, 83
experience
2, 31, 39, 60, 82, 354
rituals
19
client
7, 171, 174–177, 205, 209, 213, 215, 272, 377–379
closed-ended design challenges
16, 123
coach
55, 156, 170, 173, 176, 186, 302, 378, 379
coaching
1, 169, 171, 174, 176, 187
code
15, 325–327, 337, 355
coding group
12
coding scheme
9, 135
cognitive
apprenticeship
7, 171
conflict
, 15, 21, 22, 78, 378
demand
27, 230, 231, 236–239, 241, 242
cognitivism
5
collaboration
1–13, 76, 77, 79, 84, 85, 87, 92–95, 106, 119, 120, 123, 170, 171, 193, 196, 198, 205, 213, 219, 231, 270, 286, 287, 295–297, 301–303, 306, 379
collaborative
learning
7, 101, 113, 170, 205, 208, 285
work
2, 121, 123, 196, 302
collect
57, 316
collective knowledge building
7
communication
2, 76, 102, 104, 135, 158, 165–167, 171, 177, 179, 204, 205, 209, 228–230, 234, 250, 271, 285–288, 290, 291, 295, 296, 298–301, 303, 306, 308, 351, 375, 381
Communication-Lab, C-Lab
2, 286, 290, 295, 296, 298, 302, 303
Communication Design for Innovation (CDI)
285, 86, 296–298, 301–303, 308
community of learners
Community of Practice
71, 286, 297, 301
company
, 173–175, 177, 180, 204, 205, 308
competence
0, 77, 92, 94, 104, 120, 143, 144, 205, 345, 346, 348, 377
complex
classes
48
concept maps
1
elements
4
learning
47
network
85
complexity
issues
4
reduction
3
computer engineering
15
concept
biotechnical
41
chemical
1
chemistry
3, 36, 50–54, 66–68, 73, 105, 312, 313, 317–319, 321, 335
engineering
16, 121, 135, 163, 166, 171, 186, 187, 231, 378, 379
learning
–5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 22, 23, 75, 78–81, 83, 85, 86, 90, 94, 95, 105, 123, 135, 138, 149, 158, 205, 207, 208, 211, 219, 368, 369, 375–381
map
, 50, 66–69, 71–73, 96, 377
mapping
, 67, 69, 96
mathematical
36, 138, 140, 144–146, 152
physics
2, 95
science
, 23, 52, 53, 105, 110, 111, 223, 227, 232, 237, 239, 241, 312, 313, 316, 335
scientific
, 11, 22, 79, 110, 111, 163, 165, 378
STEM
239, 41
concept-context
9, 206, 211
conception
, 5, 7, 22, 41, 67, 78, 82, 87, 90, 147, 148, 197, 239, 349
conceptual
change
, 49, 67, 78, 378
conflict
8
framework
8, 85, 86, 89, 287
learning
, 5, 9–11, 21, 51, 78, 79, 90, 93, 95, 96, 158, 223, 224, 239, 240, 381
performance
8, 86, 90
schema
, 35, 38–43, 146, 147
understanding
22, 73, 77–79, 83, 89, 90, 96, 136–138, 142–146, 149, 157, 165, 166, 223–225, 228, 230, 234–239, 242, 244, 245, 379
conceptualization
, 42, 45
conceptualize
45, 148, 194, 314
conflict
, 9, 15, 21, 22, 78, 206–208, 292, 378
connection
, 28, 30, 45, 49, 53, 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 67, 69–73, 75, 77, 106, 144, 152, 193, 196, 199, 219, 236, 249, 250, 253, 275–277, 290, 308, 347
construct
, 4, 9, 31, 38, 40, 42, 59, 127, 145, 174, 175, 180, 206, 208, 224, 240, 300, 312, 313, 315
construction kit
1
constructive feedback
5
constructivism
, 77
constructivist
approach
learning
, 4, 171
nature
8
consumer product
9, 32, 33
content knowledge
9, 20, 23, 81, 84, 110, 119, 123, 237, 336, 379
context-based unit
0
context-free
6
contextualization
99
contextualize
99, 299, 316
control group
05, 111
convergent thinking
37, 291, 293, 303, 351
corrective information
52, 356, 363, 365
correlate
59
correlation
3, 96
Create Design Step
3, 54, 57, 60, 64
creation
0, 76, 77, 87, 89, 95, 123, 167, 169, 171, 231, 244, 253, 263, 264, 271, 277, 290, 291, 293, 295, 337
creative thinking
01, 113, 287
creativity
7, 119, 123, 204, 205, 250, 269, 273, 298, 299, 301, 344, 346
criteria
9, 50, 92, 96, 104, 106, 119, 126–133, 166, 178, 180, 182–185, 209–211, 228, 231, 232, 289, 292, 320
critical
comment
4, 95
role
5
critical thinking
6, 101, 119, 166, 187, 205, 224, 227, 231
cross-cutting concepts
1
curricula
7, 28, 45, 49, 75, 104, 163, 164, 192, 235, 236
curriculum
content
7, 29, 42
overload
9
unit
8–32, 37, 38, 45, 51, 105
data
analysis
3, 243, 323, 355
collection
1, 79, 244, 257, 321–323, 353, 354
processing
8
decision making
7, 89, 127, 130, 166, 182, 184, 187, 227, 234, 279, 299, 302, 359
decontextualization
6
decontextualize
8
design
activity
–6, 12–15, 19, 20, 23, 24, 87, 94, 120, 164, 231, 312, 313, 316, 318–321, 335, 337, 344–348, 352, 353, 369, 375–381
approach
9, 83, 87, 88, 180, 207, 208, 256, 303, 315, 369
canvasses
19, 322, 323, 326
context
3, 78, 83, 90, 179, 234, 248, 313, 315, 317, 337
creation
7, 89, 95
challenge
–8, 11, 15, 17, 19, 21–23, 52, 77, 78, 87, 94, 95, 205, 237–241, 249, 250, 253, 259, 276, 313, 320, 321, 334, 377, 379–381
cycle
7, 30, 103, 166, 255, 279, 319
drawings
3, 274, 274, 312, 315, 316, 320–322, 326, 332, 334–336
elements
0, 168, 169, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 181, 182, 185, 186
features
0, 73
goals
, 52, 54, 57, 60, 359
ideas
3, 249, 254–256, 262, 264, 267, 268, 271, 273–277, 313, 316, 320, 330
language
29
learning
, 119, 164, 230, 303
methodology
2, 15, 105, 169, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 232, 234, 235, 249, 255, 286, 302, 307
mind-set
93
phase
2, 196, 253–255, 257, 269, 271, 272, 277, 279
project
, 6, 11, 19, 20, 49, 106, 108, 120, 123, 186, 204, 208, 210–212, 214, 311, 313, 316, 319–321, 335, 345, 353, 361, 378, 381
requirements
4, 233, 266, 268, 320
scope
86
setting
02, 376
solution
0, 13, 78, 89, 103, 104, 168, 182, 183, 185, 230, 237, 238, 241, 248, 251, 253–255, 275, 279, 291, 315, 316, 320, 330, 331
specification
03, 106, 174, 176
strategy
91
task
, 13, 42, 50, 83, 85, 106, 135, 136, 158, 166, 170, 177, 187, 232
team
3, 213, 254, 321, 322, 327, 335, 336, 378
thinking
2, 76, 110, 166, 253, 256, 285–287, 290–292, 294, 295, 296, 301, 302, 308, 351, 378
design-based biotechnical learning (DBBL)
11, 2, 223, 224, 236–240
design-based learning (DBL)
3, 4, 7–12, 14, 49, 50, 66, 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 113–115, 119, 120–123, 163–165, 167, 171, 179, 186, 193, 197, 198, 201, 204, 286, 287, 290, 293, 296, 298, 299, 302, 308, 344, 346, 347, 378–381
design brief
1, 204, 208–220, 254, 255, 258, 261, 264, 268, 354, 378
design brief criteria
assessable
10
exclusive
10
valid
09
vital
10
designer
, 18, 19, 29, 31, 81, 101, 104, 111, 167, 208, 209, 211, 214, 217–219, 224, 232, 233, 237, 249, 254, 256, 257, 262, 269, 271, 278, 279, 287, 292–296, 298–302, 308, 344, 345, 351
desired
functions
17–219
properties
, 36, 39
diagnosis
48, 349, 355, 366
diagnostic questions
66
disciplinary
ideas
1
knowledge
, 23, 81, 163, 165, 166, 169, 171, 187, 227, 232, 379
nature of science
1
discipline
, 14–18, 21, 23, 24, 43, 44, 50, 51, 76, 166–169, 173, 204, 209, 224–227, 229, 230, 232, 234–236, 244, 249, 250, 286, 290, 293, 297, 298, 316, 318, 378–380
discourse
6
direct concept
5, 95
directive control
3, 90, 94
divergent thinking
7, 237
documentation
08, 109, 113, 120, 121, 130, 131, 133, 134
domain
, 7, 9, 14, 15, 18, 21, 28, 34, 49, 73, 76, 81, 87, 88, 91, 93, 94, 135, 139, 142, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176, 206, 229, 288, 289, 291, 377
domain-specific
, 169, 173
drawing
3, 123, 131, 133, 130, 255, 261, 262, 264, 268, 269, 270, 271–275, 277, 278, 312, 315, 316, 319–322, 326, 327, 330, 332–336, 379
encouragement
, 57, 59, 85, 101, 103, 106, 111, 123, 152, 167, 170, 171, 177, 180, 255, 269, 274, 278, 287, 352, 356, 364–366 369, 379
education research
9, 80, 92, 93, 95, 206
educational
approach
01, 163–165, 197
practice
0, 93
strategy
7
educator
, 27, 104, 136, 147, 157, 225, 228, 232, 234, 236, 238, 245
electrical engineering
0, 171, 172, 175–177, 186
electronics engineering
15, 118, 120
embedded scaffolding
47, 348
empirical findings
8, 35, 163, 165, 192, 196, 248, 311
engineer
38, 165, 293
engineering
competition
8, 79
concept
16, 121, 135, 163, 166, 171, 182, 186, 187, 231, 378, 379
design
0, 49, 50, 52, 101–105, 113, 164–170, 173, 176, 182, 186, 187, 223, 224, 227, 231, 232, 311, 313, 334, 345, 350, 352–354, 361
education
, 10, 122, 163–165, 167, 168, 179, 182, 225, 226
experience
2, 106, 353
practices
1, 171, 227
epistemic theory
ethical
6, 166, 253, 256, 278
ethics
6, 272, 275
Evaluate Outcomes Step
3, 57, 60
evaluation
1, 36–39, 77, 79, 93, 118, 119, 121, 128–130, 133, 167, 245, 253, 257, 266, 270, 292, 302, 351, 352, 365
evidence
3, 22, 33, 50, 67, 73, 163–165, 224, 227, 300, 312, 314–317, 319, 323, 325–327, 332–334
experienced
3, 18, 27, 30, 81, 114, 183, 192, 198, 207–209, 211, 212, 225, 270, 286, 295, 296, 301, 302, 305, 344, 352
experimental
design
8, 111, 299
trials
8, 63
expert
, 80, 92, 94, 120, 144, 152, 157, 166–169, 171, 174–177, 205, 288, 292, 378, 379
expert designer
1, 279
explain
, 28, 34, 44, 45, 50, 67, 78, 79, 83, 88, 103, 110–112, 116, 146, 148, 151, 156, 183, 207, 212, 219, 239, 250, 251, 255, 259–262, 264, 266, 267, 271, 272, 274, 302, 303, 316, 320, 326, 329, 330, 345, 350, 354, 356, 358–366, 368
explicit
instruction
8
teaching strategies
4, 85, 87, 89, 90
exploration
, 12, 49, 52, 78, 81, 83, 87, 174, 184, 186, 248, 256, 293, 299, 300, 315
explore
0, 12, 49, 54, 67, 77, 78, 80, 87, 105, 111, 117, 163, 167, 169, 179, 181, 211, 213, 218, 248, 279, 296, 298, 301, 312, 313, 315, 319, 334, 337, 344, 352, 377
facilitate
7, 73, 77, 78, 80, 88, 89, 163, 168, 171, 182, 194, 198, 234, 245, 303, 321, 360
facilitator
78
feedback
constructive
5
formative
70, 177
process
5
student
4, 94, 169, 347, 379
summative
70
teacher
, 84, 85
field notes
6, 322
finding
, 23, 27, 28, 36, 39, 41, 42, 78, 82, 93, 102, 105, 122, 123, 136, 141, 172, 183, 186, 197, 210, 267, 270, 272–276, 286, 291, 300, 313, 324, 327, 332–335, 350, 355, 357
FITS model
8–91, 93
formal
education
2, 381
learning
06
formalism
9
formative
assessment
70, 179, 244, 321
feedback
70, 177
Formative Assessment Scale
0, 115, 118, 119, 121, 122, 126, 134
framework
0, 11, 29–31, 78, 80, 83, 85, 86, 89, 90, 92, 96, 115, 121, 136, 143, 145, 169, 172, 178, 182, 186, 192, 206, 208, 224, 235, 237, 249, 254, 267, 268, 286–289, 306, 307, 311, 315, 317–319, 324, 327, 335, 337, 345, 346
function
, 9, 11, 35, 37, 44, 52, 127, 133, 137, 139, 141–147, 149, 150, 153, 155, 156, 171, 180, 194, 196, 198, 199, 201, 210, 213, 216–219, 224, 229, 230, 233, 243, 251, 254, 256–261, 263, 264, 266, 268, 271–275, 277, 302, 363, 364, 376
function-structure
10, 213, 277
Generate Reasons Step
8, 60
generalization
9, 21, 197, 293
generalize results
3, 56, 59, 61, 63, 66
graph
9, 63, 140, 145–148, 155–157, 169, 179, 326
group
0, 32, 36, 44, 57, 67, 81, 82, 87, 90–92, 104, 105, 109–111, 116, 136, 155, 167, 169, 170, 172 ,176, 178, 179, 181–185, 193, 196–201, 212, 214–219, 235, 256, 268, 285, 316, 347, 349, 352, 358, 360, 363, 368, 370, 379
group member
09, 214, 360
guidance
9, 82, 88–91, 195, 231, 350, 351
guide
0, 23, 29, 39, 64, 103, 107, 149, 184, 201, 235, 238, 251, 264, 273, 319, 354, 357, 368, 379
guided discussion
7, 89
guided inquiry
8, 62
guidelines
7, 31, 90, 94, 96, 184, 370
guiding questions
08, 109
habit of mind
24, 286, 301, 302, 307
hands-on experiences
64, 239, 353
higher education
4, 163, 167, 169, 225, 347, 352, 353
high school
0, 50, 52, 101, 105, 113–115, 118–121, 140, 144, 145, 147, 151, 152, 154–156, 204, 349
high-quality data
5, 195, 322
holistic
approach
55, 292, 295
perspective
25
identification
10, 288
identify
6, 53, 59, 63, 78, 101–103, 106, 113, 117, 167, 193, 197, 199, 251, 258, 270, 288, 311, 324, 337, 335, 380
ill-defined problem
34
implementation
0, 28, 42, 87–89, 93, 94, 105, 106, 110, 115, 121, 172, 206, 219, 344
implicit
3, 86
improve
1, 29, 53, 58, 75, 80, 94, 102, 106, 121, 123, 136, 195, 201, 211, 220, 227, 236, 248, 249, 250, 270–272, 277, 330, 347, 351, 356, 360, 366, 368, 370, 379
improvement
2, 274
inauthentic experiments
9
incidental learning
83
in-depth knowledge
, 16–18, 32, 33
individual
, 12, 55, 61, 65, 92, 94, 170, 176, 178, 179, 184, 193, 214, 224, 229–231, 233, 239, 268, 296, 348, 352, 359, 375
industrial
company
design
20, 123, 166, 214, 249, 253, 256, 257, 302, 353
industry
2, 168, 170, 174, 177, 209
informal
education
81
learning
3, 206, 220, 381
information sources
9, 42
informed decision making
7
innovation
1–33, 77, 123, 205, 279, 285–287, 290, 296–299, 301, 302, 306, 308
innovative
curriculum
9
product
3
solution
01, 165
inquiry
, 34, 58, 62, 76, 77, 101, 102, 106, 110, 111, 128, 164–166, 169, 197, 205, 208, 226, 227, 291, 305, 307, 376, 377
instruction
verbal
30, 349, 352
written
13, 214
instructional
design
0, 31, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 186
dialogue
0
modules
07
instructor
8, 141, 256, 378
interact
5, 57–59, 62, 65, 85, 91, 120, 177, 194, 199, 289
interaction
, 8, 18, 45, 55, 70, 71, 76, 77, 81–85, 171, 270, 288, 291, 306, 329, 348–351, 358, 369
interactive
2, 169, 172, 176, 179, 230, 231, 244
interdisciplinary
domains
8
research
8
interview
3, 42, 67, 82, 106, 172, 179, 180, 182–186, 288, 303, 305, 308, 317, 321–329, 331–334, 336–337, 346, 352–355, 367, 369
intuitive notions
1, 39, 140, 145, 376
iteration
0, 12, 67, 77, 79, 94, 95, 106, 121, 164, 166, 173, 179–182, 186, 239, 240, 241, 244, 286, 291, 301, 307, 315, 348
investigate
0–12, 19, 20, 36, 42, 76, 78, 80, 81, 90, 94, 96, 101, 103, 115, 136, 154, 167, 172, 174, 180–182, 186, 187, 197, 200, 201, 207, 248, 286, 312, 314, 315, 337, 357
investigation
2, 27, 29, 30, 34, 53, 59, 60, 63, 64, 88, 111, 165, 186, 193, 207, 227, 231, 337
invisible
1, 96, 192, 194, 195, 197–199, 201, 306
judgement
66, 182, 358
junior high school
05, 113
key
aspect
1
characteristic
3
component
3
concept
9, 50–52, 54–62, 64–66
strategy
2
knowledge
–9, 11, 15–23, 28, 29, 32, 33, 39, 45, 49, 53, 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 75–78, 81, 84, 85–96, 103, 104, 106, 110–112, 119, 120, 123, 163–171, 187, 192, 193–196, 198, 199, 201, 206–209 211–213, 218–220, 223–232, 234, 235, 237–239, 244, 249, 251, 256, 271, 277–279, 286, 288, 291, 293, 298, 302, 305, 312, 318, 325, 329, 330, 334, 336, 344, 345, 347, 353, 364, 378, 379
lab work
70, 313, 329
laboratory skills
8, 75
learning
active
63, 164, 167, 250, 256, 277, 279
approach
1, 49, 163, 164, 167, 197, 198, 201, 378
authentic
93, 308
challenge-based
, 164, 167
conceptual
, 5, 9–11, 21, 51, 78, 79, 85, 90, 93, 95, 96, 158, 223, 224, 239, 240, 381
constructivist
, 4, 171
collaborative
7, 101, 113, 170, 205, 208, 285
design-based
3, 4, 7–12, 14, 49, 50, 66, 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 113–115, 119, 120–123, 163–165, 167, 171, 179, 186, 193, 197, 198, 201, 204, 286, 287, 290, 293, 296, 298, 299, 302, 308, 344, 346, 347, 378–381
formal
06
incidental
3
informal
3, 206, 220, 381,
modelling based
58
peer based
06
problem-based
7, 101, 102, 104, 163, 164, 171, 346
social
85, 306
transdisciplinary
86, 297, 298, 302, 308
triple-loop
96, 302
situated
71
learning
cycle
, 52–58, 60–62, 64–66, 73, 186, 297, 298
environment
9, 82, 83, 94, 121, 166, 168–172, 212, 250, 256
goal
7, 62, 147, 207, 208, 313, 314, 350, 380
scenario
71, 226
skill
1–93
learning by design (LBD)
7, 8, 79, 164, 206–208, 211, 220, 315, 376, 377
lecture
, 49, 86, 88–91, 170, 378
lesson activity
13
living labs
86
literacy
5, 193, 195, 205, 208, 224, 226, 227, 234, 235, 241
macrostructure
2
macroscopic
concept
9, 70
level
3, 49, 57
phenomena
8, 31, 73
macro-micro properties
9
maker education
81
map
, 16, 17, 50, 66–73, 96, 150, 152, 194, 214, 274, 292, 300, 377
mathematical modelling
0, 135–137, 142, 145, 146, 149, 157, 158
mathematics
, 10, 14, 17, 20, 22, 23, 103, 104, 135–150, 153, 156–158, 223, 226, 228, 234, 235, 242, 252, 344, 376
matter
, 15, 16, 27, 28, 33, 34, 44, 50, 51, 55, 57, 62, 65, 66, 148, 195, 197, 201, 296, 313, 325, 328, 330, 331, 347
meaningful learning
3, 113
mechanical engineering
18, 120, 121 171, 172, 184
mechatronics engineering
0, 105, 114, 115, 119, 121, 122
mesostructured
6, 45
metacognition
9
metacognitive
9
method
0, 12, 23, 80, 82, 96, 102, 103, 105, 106, 120, 123, 137–140, 143–145, 153, 155, 163–165, 167, 168, 170, 172, 179, 182, 207, 209, 211, 215, 225–228, 230–235, 244, 253, 256, 264, 299, 302, 307, 319, 346, 348, 350, 352
microstructure
, 33, 36, 45
micro-macro
, 28, 31–34, 36, 37, 42, 44, 45, 236
microscopic
concept
9, 70,
connection
0, 71
explanation
3
language
8
level
0, 57, 69
model
8, 31, 44
structure
, 33, 36, 45
middle school
0, 49, 52, 79, 101, 105, 121, 164
minds-on experiences
39
misconception
5, 21, 147, 156, 158, 206, 219, 239, 311, 318
mixed method
0, 211
model
2, 28, 31, 44, 88–91, 93, 303, 378
modelling approach
38, 149
modelling based learning
58
monodiscipline
8
motivation
2, 73, 75, 94, 101, 171, 176, 277, 306, 346
multidisciplinary
curriculum units
2
knowledge
, 379
multifaceted
3, 165, 313
multiple choice test
, 82, 93, 96
naïve
, 51, 230
nature
functional
94
physical
94
nature of design
4, 15, 94, 230, 346
nature of matter
7, 51, 57
nature of science
5, 16, 51
need-to-know
31, 237, 238, 240, 242, 244
needs
, 15, 17, 23, 29, 31, 33, 42, 76, 94, 102, 106, 111, 113, 119, 122, 123, 127, 136, 140, 147, 164, 165, 167, 193, 200, 209, 210, 217, 230, 232, 234, 238, 239, 252, 254, 274, 292, 295, 296, 302, 305, 311, 315, 331, 344–346, 349–351, 361, 362
noticing
2, 13, 311–319, 321–337, 379
notion
, 6, 21, 23, 27–29, 31, 33, 38, 39, 42, 137, 140, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 153, 155, 156, 312, 376, 377, 379
novice
designer
1, 209, 218, 249
student
11, 218
objective
7, 19, 27, 54, 84, 102, 108, 113, 173, 205, 209, 210, 224, 264, 336
observation
, 16, 18, 53, 60, 82, 106, 110, 113, 172, 179–186, 198, 207, 256, 257, 259, 268, 278, 320, 323, 326, 327, 333, 335, 369, 378
observational world
8
observe
7, 89, 150, 151, 182, 207, 285, 291, 300, 301, 332, 370, 376
open-ended
design challenges
73
format
7
nature
3
problems
2
questionnaire
2
outcome
, 6, 7, 21, 49, 53, 55, 57, 60–62, 65, 79–82, 85, 87, 90, 91, 94, 102, 121, 182, 224, 231–235, 237–239, 241, 244, 245, 257, 293, 294, 302, 306, 329, 334, 360, 361, 366, 368, 378, 381
out-of-the-box
79
paradigm shift
2, 163, 234, 235, 245
participant
9, 67, 82, 94, 103, 256, 287, 297, 321, 353
participate
49, 256, 321
pattern
7, 33, 37, 44, 45, 53, 59, 63, 149, 184, 185, 234, 248, 251, 253, 256, 257, 259, 268, 278, 288, 294, 295, 323, 325, 327, 329, 332
pedagogical
approach
, 143, 206, 237
intervention
10
pedagogical content knowledge (PCK)
19, 3, 336, 379
pedagogy
0, 136, 137, 140, 142, 143, 146, 148, 186, 187, 225, 226, 245, 308, 378
peer
, 77, 82, 84, 120, 168, 170, 171, 207, 231, 352, 378
peer based learning
06
peer-to-peer
74, 177–179
performance
assessment
1, 92
scale
0, 107, 122
perspective
, 32, 57, 58, 60, 95, 165–167, 169, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 209, 230, 231, 236, 250, 290, 291, 295, 303, 306, 314, 325, 346, 354, 356, 365, 366
phenomenon/phenomena
, 6, 7, 16, 21, 28, 31, 73, 76, 95, 119, 128, 135, 136, 146, 151, 196–198, 237, 335
phenomenological
3
physical
language
3
nature
94
properties
17
sciences
1, 228, 230
structures
94, 210, 251
transformations
0
physics lecture
8
pilot study
17, 321
portfolio
04, 106, 108, 109
post-test
9, 70, 80
practical work
9
practice
, 10, 12, 13, 15, 22, 28, 29, 31–34, 36, 44, 51, 66, 76, 77, 79–81, 93, 106, 110, 113, 157, 163, 166, 169–171, 179, 196, 206, 218, 223, 224, 226, 227, 232, 233–237, 244, 245, 249, 251, 262, 264, 272, 277, 285–288, 291, 293, 296–303, 312, 313, 317, 321, 344, 345, 347, 352, 353, 368, 369, 377, 379–381
practitioner
9, 81, 94, 232, 236, 237, 251, 254
preconception
, 7, 22
predict
4, 44, 85, 87, 151, 156, 207, 289
prediction
5
preparation
8, 59, 63, 75, 83, 85, 92, 93, 215, 224, 233, 235, 256, 273, 322, 376
prepare
6, 61, 66, 115, 118, 119–121, 193, 225, 228, 239, 244, 245, 277, 322
presentation
, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 66, 104, 109–111, 123, 134, 170, 171, 174, 176–178, 181, 184, 198, 200, 244, 256, 257, 261, 264, 267, 271, 272, 275, 321
pre-knowledge
11–213, 218, 219
pre-test
7, 69–71
pre-university
6
prior knowledge
3, 58, 63, 81, 87, 92, 93
primary education
35, 375, 376
principle
0, 27, 28, 39, 42, 44, 56, 81, 83, 128, 139, 151, 152, 164, 166, 223, 248, 250–252, 254, 255, 258, 259, 261–263, 266–269, 271–275, 277, 290, 295
problem
–6, 10–12, 14, 19, 22, 28, 30, 31, 36, 39, 41, 42, 49, 52, 62, 66, 76–78, 83, 84, 87, 94, 101, 102, 104, 163–168, 170–172, 182, 184–187, 223, 238–240, 346
Problem Scenario
1, 223, 238–240
problem-based learning
7, 101, 102, 104, 163, 164, 171, 346
problem-owner
05, 210
problem-solving
0, 164–168, 170–172, 182, 184–187, 277, 357
procedure
7, 69, 81, 85, 91, 102, 135, 136, 139, 142–145, 157, 227, 323, 344, 347, 369
process
, 4, 6, 7, 10–17, 22, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36, 41, 42, 50–52, 67, 79, 81, 85, 219, 220, 300–302, 305, 314, 320, 324, 333, 344, 345, 348, 350, 352–354, 363, 366, 368, 368–370, 378–380
process feedback
5
process-related
1, 85
process-oriented
9
product user
1, 219, 220, 378
product-designer
9
product-oriented
9
production
9–31, 33
professional
0, 12, 29, 42, 104, 110, 113, 119, 120, 123, 163, 171, 205, 211, 245, 285, 286–288, 292, 295–297, 301–303, 306–308, 315, 319, 321, 379
professional learning community (PLC)
19, 321
professional
development
0, 42, 110, 113, 119, 123, 245, 315, 379
practice
63
project-based
approach
06
learning
9, 101, 104, 113, 115, 119, 121–123, 205
project-oriented
09
project work
04, 118, 120, 123, 170, 316
proof of principle
7, 39, 42
property
6, 9, 11, 16, 17, 20, 32–45, 50, 51, 54, 55, 57, 59, 65, 66, 92, 142–144, 149, 153, 173, 174, 194, 210, 217, 219, 233, 251, 269, 313, 317, 330
prototype
, 20, 32, 51, 102, 103, 106, 133, 165–168, 170, 173, 174, 177, 180, 183, 230, 239, 240, 244, 264, 266, 272, 291, 312, 315, 320, 322, 325, 326, 334, 344, 354, 363, 364
pupil
4, 15, 19–23, 101, 103–116, 118–123, 126–134, 193, 196–201, 219, 359
pupil-centred
01, 121
qualitative
analysis
23, 334, 355
character
5
data
0, 355
framework
2, 96
understanding
4
quality
, 8, 9, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, 75, 86, 122, 195, 209, 295, 322, 337, 338
quantitative
analysis
23
data
0
understanding
4
questionnaire
2, 211, 212, 377
questions
high level
51
low level
51, 356, 357, 362
reaction
, 49–52, 54–64, 67
real-life
7, 165, 168, 171, 175, 177, 180, 204, 207, 286
real-world practice
97
realistic
0, 135, 146, 149, 150, 153, 155, 157, 173, 180
reality
–6, 8, 15–21, 23, 104, 194, 229, 285, 286, 293, 294, 296, 300, 301, 303, 305, 306, 345, 369, 379
reasoning
abductive
36, 294
case-based
64, 346
deductive
36, 293, 294
inductive
93, 294
scientific
3, 92, 93, 276
structure-function
13
recontextualization
8, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91
recontextualize
8
recommendation
0, 92, 336
redesign
, 36, 79, 95, 102, 103, 168, 171, 172, 174, 176–178, 186, 201
reflect
, 80, 92, 103, 106, 120, 169, 177, 198, 201, 205, 228, 232, 249, 291, 305, 317, 353–355, 359–362, 366, 369
reflection
2, 15, 20, 39, 42, 56, 62, 77, 79, 84, 88, 89, 93, 110, 119, 144, 163, 169–171, 173, 176, 177, 179, 181, 196, 220, 229, 286, 291, 301, 347, 348, 357, 358, 379
reflective thinking
4, 101
reliability
04, 111, 172, 182, 303
representation
0, 45, 49, 67, 155, 169, 174, 175, 177, 179, 198, 230, 277, 288, 369
requirement
7–60, 62, 63, 214, 216, 218, 220, 225, 236, 239, 266, 268
research
approach
7, 35, 95
instrument
11
question
7, 78, 79, 208, 255, 267, 303, 319, 323, 334, 335, 346, 352, 355
researcher-influenced
13
responsibility
50, 348, 357, 362, 367, 370, 379
responsive teaching
1, 207, 220, 378
result
–11, 13, 16, 29–31, 36, 39, 40, 45, 49, 50, 53, 55–59, 61–64, 66, 67, 69–71, 78–81, 88, 91, 93, 94, 102, 219, 220, 226, 231, 235, 245, 254, 256, 267, 269, 271, 289, 295, 315, 320, 334, 346, 355, 356, 365–369, 370, 379
retention
5, 111
retrospective interview
3, 82, 317, 322–324, 332
retrospectively
23, 324, 328–331, 333, 334
role model
2, 303, 378
role-play
20
rubrics
2, 96, 170, 173, 174, 176, 178, 184
R&D
1, 204–206, 208, 210–213, 215, 217–220
scaffold
3, 52, 239, 348, 349, 351–353, 368–370
scaffolding
embedded
47, 348
hard
46
means
3, 349–352, 354, 355, 369, 379
soft
46
steps
49, 355, 356, 366, 369
verbal
3, 344, 346–348, 352, 367, 369, 379
written
69
scenario
1, 168, 171, 173, 174, 177, 223, 226, 238–240, 295
school
career
05
class
0, 11, 211, 213, 313
subject
4, 16, 23, 226, 376, 377
system
6
science
classroom
11, 313, 319, 334, 337, 347
concepts
, 23, 52, 53, 105, 110, 111, 223, 227, 232, 237, 239, 241, 312, 313, 316, 335
education
5, 79, 102, 163–165, 206, 227, 228, 232, 233, 308, 311, 312, 379
ideas
9, 313, 316
instruction
1, 174
lecture
, 88–91
scientific reasoning
2, 93, 276
scientist
0, 16, 17, 34, 51, 76, 138, 158, 225, 232, 233, 237, 288
scope
69, 173, 176, 179, 186, 263, 318, 335
secondary education
4, 27, 76, 80, 81, 90, 105, 163–165, 204, 349, 353, 375
select
9, 60–62, 64, 115, 174, 180, 239
self-check
2, 93
self-designed
1
self-development
69, 170, 173, 176, 179
self-directed
01, 123, 170
simulate
74, 292
simulation
1, 82, 87, 172–174, 180
situated learning
71
skill performance
1–93, 96
social
classes
5
context
68, 170, 174, 177–179, 193, 206, 218
constructivism
engagement
93
interaction
71, 206
practice
9, 31
sophisticated
artefact
6
design
, 83, 95
question
source of evidence
12, 315, 319, 323, 325–327, 332–338
stakeholder
71, 173, 174, 178, 218, 254, 255, 278, 289, 296, 299, 300, 303, 305, 307
STEM
disciplines
, 14, 17, 18, 21, 225, 226, 234, 236, 237
domains
4, 15, 76
education
4, 21, 23, 104, 224–226, 232, 235, 344, 346, 376
projects
4
subjects
1, 344, 376, 377
teachers
3, 195
STEAM
17, 8
stimulated recall interview
37
strategy
, 9, 11, 12, 22, 24, 31, 52, 77, 78, 83–91, 94, 96, 103, 110, 120, 135, 154, 158, 179, 180, 183, 185, 211, 223, 225, 227, 235, 237, 238, 245, 248, 255, 258–262, 264, 267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 277–279, 295, 302, 347, 349, 352, 356, 364, 366, 367, 369, 379
structure properties
17, 219
structure-function reasoning
13
structure-property relation
4, 35, 38, 40–42, 317
student-based
7
student
designer
17, 218, 233, 278
feedback
4, 169, 347, 379
gestures
25, 326
outcomes
1, 49, 53, 57, 60
reasoning
11, 324
talk
3, 314, 316, 325, 326, 332–335, 357, 379
team
3, 59, 60, 63, 168, 170, 219, 259, 264, 303, 312, 315, 316, 319, 321, 323, 331, 335
thinking
2, 13, 33, 63, 87, 89, 311–319, 323–338
understanding
2, 54, 249, 319, 321, 324, 337, 349, 369, 379
work
0, 36, 38–42, 168–170, 175, 213, 321, 378
student-teacher
2, 316, 322, 336, 348, 369, 377
subject
, 11, 12, 14–16, 20, 23, 43, 49, 104, 105, 115, 196, 204, 205, 211, 212, 217, 225, 226, 234, 242, 287, 296, 313, 344, 345, 347, 349, 353, 362, 368, 376, 377
subject features
04
subject matter
5, 313, 347
subject-specific
26, 362
subsystem
1, 52, 54–56, 59–66, 108, 113, 116, 117, 127, 129, 130, 132, 133, 172–174, 289, 290
summative
assessment
18, 221, 133, 134, 173, 174, 178, 179, 244
feedback
70, 174
supervise
45, 378
supervisor
68, 182–185, 359, 360, 378
survey
1, 211–213, 256, 257, 268–276, 278
sustainable design
2, 248, 249, 251, 252, 278
symbolic
formalism
9
language
29
level
9
representation
30
system
, 11, 12, 50–52, 54, 55, 57–64, 66, 67, 69, 71, 104, 106–109, 111, 113, 114, 116, 117, 121, 123, 127–133, 153, 166, 168, 172–175, 177, 180, 182, 183, 186, 192, 194, 197–201, 229, 237, 240, 248, 251, 254, 255, 257, 259, 262, 271, 273–279, 285, 289, 290, 295, 301, 308, 316, 347, 376, 380
systematic
investigations
3
tests
7, 58, 63
systems thinking
, 104, 192, 195, 248, 252, 255, 256, 276, 278, 279, 287, 290, 303, 380
tangible
, 167, 229, 233, 273, 278, 307
target
concept
0
group
2, 172, 215
task analysis
5, 87
teacher
control
50, 355, 356, 366–369
education
3, 43, 105, 315
feedback
, 85, 352
noticing
12–317, 322, 324, 325, 334, 336, 337
role
78, 379
strategy
10, 367, 379
training
4
teacher-based
, 13, 83
teacher-centred instruction
2
teacher-dependent
9, 94
teacher-dominated
5
teacher-driven
, 85, 89
teacher-guided
9
teacher-student conversations
16, 336
teaching-learning
activities
9, 40
process
5, 41, 42,
sequences
41
team
3, 59, 60, 63, 168, 170, 213, 219, 254, 259, 264, 303, 312, 315, 316, 319, 321–323, 327, 331, 335, 336, 378
teamwork
2, 110, 123, 170, 177, 179, 198, 302
Technasium
1, 14, 204, 205, 208, 353
techno-science
4
technological
artefact
6, 210
research
04
systems
1, 104, 105, 166, 192–201
technology
discipline
09
education
2, 75, 108, 120, 193, 204, 208, 226, 227, 234, 235, 244, 245, 344, 375, 376
student
09
teacher
1, 23, 193, 195, 196, 210
test ideas
3, 55, 58, 61, 62, 65, 66
theoretical
background
, 346
framework
0, 143, 182, 186, 286, 306, 307
language
8
notions
7
understanding
35
thinking process
3, 36, 39, 207, 264, 296, 368, 370
thought experiment
0, 136, 145, 149, 153, 157
t-test
9
tool
, 11, 12, 76, 84, 96, 118–121, 130, 144, 149, 155, 163, 177, 198, 211, 220, 225, 229, 230, 236, 256, 275, 276, 278, 286, 290, 291, 348, 355, 365, 368
topic
0, 30, 45, 50, 77, 79, 94, 136, 331, 346, 361, 362, 368, 377
traditional
activities
2, 89
approach
8, 90, 226
challenge
1
course
2, 90, 95
learning
4, 95
lecture
9, 88, 90, 91
task
7
training
program
4
programme
4
transdisciplinary learning
86, 297, 298, 302, 308
trial-and-error
, 184, 185, 376, 381
triple-loop learning
96, 302
triptych approach
06
uncertainty
2, 167, 268, 287, 302, 303, 378
university
9, 36, 75, 105, 147, 163, 172, 177, 205, 249, 253, 257, 290, 308, 347, 353, 375
user
1, 17, 102, 116, 117, 165, 166, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 181, 218, 219, 220 320, 330, 378
user-friendliness
15
valid
09, 211, 217–220, 299
validate
72
validated
exam
9
task
9
test
2, 90
validity
1, 92, 173, 178, 220, 245
video
observation
23, 326, 327, 333
recording
9–42, 182, 198, 199
video-based study
13
videotape
1, 92, 110, 323
visible
9, 192, 194, 195, 197–199, 201, 259, 261, 266, 336, 376
visualize
0, 172, 254
voice recording
6, 38
whiteboarding
11, 319
workshop
10, 255–262, 264, 266, 267, 269–273, 276
zone of proximal development
3, 230, 348, 350