Vitoria on International Law and the Schmittian Critique of the Liberal Order

Leonor Durão Barroso; André Azevedo Alves

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Chapter 8 Vitoria on International Law and the Schmittian Critique of the Liberal Order

In: Carl Schmitt and Francisco de Vitoria

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Leonor Durão Barroso

Leonor Durão Barroso
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André Azevedo Alves

André Azevedo Alves
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Type:: Chapter

Pages:: 176–204

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004757448_009

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Abstract

This chapter analyses Vitoria’s views on the natives in America and how Schmitt’s interpretation of the Dominican’s position fits into his broader critique of modern international law. We argue that Vitoria cannot be read simply as a liberal internationalist, nor, as Schmitt suggests, as lacking the neutrality and ahistoricism required for application in a context of sovereign, equal states. The first section examines Vitoria’s international thought and his rules for relations between peoples. Next, we consider Schmitt’s interpretation and argue for the possibility, within Vitoria’s framework, to apply his ideas beyond the respublica Christiana. In this sense, the theologian remains relevant even to our times. A subsequent section highlights Vitoria’s role in the defence of religious liberty. Finally, we consider the extent to which he can be read as a proponent of liberal internationalism and suggest how his theory might inform current understandings of universal values in international relations.

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Carl Schmitt and Francisco de Vitoria

The Paradox of Universalism in International Law

Series: Legal History Library, Volume: 84/31 and Studies in the History of International Law, Volume: 84/31

Cover Carl Schmitt and Francisco de Vitoria

E-Book ISBN:: 9789004757448

Publisher:: Brill | Nijhoff

Print Publication Date:: 12 Mar 2026

Subjects
- History
- International Relations
  - International Relations

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Chapter 8 Vitoria on International Law and the Schmittian Critique of the Liberal Order

Abstract

Citation Info

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Carl Schmitt and Francisco de Vitoria

The Paradox of Universalism in International Law

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