Figures
1.1 Chalice and paten associated with the “Reyna mora,” fourteenth century, being studied by Treasury Project team members Jitske Jasperse (left) and Verónica Carla Abenza Soria (right). Catedral Primada de Toledo 5
1.2a–e Shrine of St. Eugene, c.1156, silver, filigree, rock crystal on a wooden core. Catedral Primada de Toledo 11–13
1.3 Shrine of Sts. Sigismund and His Children, c.1160, gilt silver. Abbey of St.-Maurice d’Agaune 15
1.4a–c Silk veil (almaizar), eleventh–twelfth century (?), wrapped around relic bundles within the Shrine of St. Eugene. Details of Arabic inscription in silk and metal threads. Catedral Primada de Toledo 18–19
1.5 Virgin of the Treasury (now displayed in the sacristy), detail of gilded silver veil, crown of gold filigree with gems, mid twelfth century. Catedral Primada de Toledo 20
1.6 Ivory case with sliding lid (for set of scales?), eleventh–thirteenth centuries. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles 22
1.7 Enamel casket from Limoges with Crucifixion scene, early thirteenth century, oblique view showing projecting heads on long front plaque. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles inv. 03/1064 23
1.8a–b Byzantine relief plaque with narrative scenes from the life of Christ, steatite (soapstone), twelfth century (?). Detail of the Annunciation. 26.5 × 18.5 × 0.8 cm. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles 24–25
1.9 Rock crystal flask, ninth century, Abbasid (?), with silver plug. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Ochavo, inv. 03/70 28
1.10 Rock crystal flask, ninth–tenth centuries, Abbasid (?). Catedral Primada de Toledo, Ochavo, inv. 03/70 29
1.11 Candelabrum reliquary with nine rock crystal containers for relics, metalwork structure early fifteenth century with later base (?), 68.5 × 25.2 × 24.5 cm. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Ochavo, inv. 03/70 31
1.12 Detail, rock crystal containers, candelabrum reliquary, early fifteenth century (?). Catedral Primada de Toledo, Ochavo, inv. 03/70 33
1.13 Rock crystal flask, Germanic, twelfth century (?). Catedral Primada de Toledo, Ochavo, inv. 03/70 36
1.14a–b Rock crystal container, Roman (?), and detail of extractable branch. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Ochavo, inv. 03/70 38–39
1.15 Detail of male figures supporting extractable branches, candelabrum reliquary, early fifteenth century (?). Catedral Primada de Toledo, Ochavo, inv. 03/70 40
1.16 All Saints Reliquary, made in Limoges c.1200 (?). Seven mismatched rock crystal containers, gilded copper, filigree, gems. 29 cm high. From Abbey of Grandmont, now at Church of Saint-Martial, Arnac-La-Poste 41
1.17 Jan Grevembroch, Drawing of a Reliquary in the Church of Santa Maria dei Servi, Venice, from Varie Venete curiosità sacre e profane, ms 1751, Venice, BCVe, ms Gradenigo-Dolfin, 65, II, pl. XXV 42
2.1 “Parma Ildefonsus,” Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, MS Parm. 1650, folio 4r. 112 parchment folios, 23.0 × 15.5 cm, produced at Cluny c.1090 67
2.2a–b Toledo Cathedral, west façade, central portal, c.1340. Tympanum over central door, and detail of the Virgin giving a chasuble, with a pallium attached to it, to St. Ildefonsus 69
2.3 Archival notes and pictogram of an axe on the back of document ACT, Z.1.G.1.1., referring to the 1138 division of temporalities between the canons and the archbishop of Toledo 75
2.4 “Toledo Ildefonsus,” BNE ms 10087, folio 23r, Ildefonsus arguing with the Jews. 112 small parchment folios (18 × 13) produced at Toledo c.1215. Inscription in red ink: “Leccio ·IIa” 86
2.5 “Parma Ildefonsus,” Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, MS Parm. 1650, folios 21v–22r, Ildefonsus arguing with the Jews. Text in lower half of folio 21v: Conflictvs Hildefvnsi Toletanae civitatis episcopi· contra infideles ivdaeos 87
2.6 “Toledo Ildefonsus,” BNE ms 10087, folio 110r. Mary holds a book (presumably Ildefonsus’ De virginitate) while she gives a “chasuble” to Ildefonsus who kneels at her feet, dressed as a Cluniac monk. In the margins, a Romance description, added fifteenth century: “Sant Ylefonso. Commo rrecibe la casulla de la mano | de la Virgen María madre de dios.” 91
2.7 Shrine of St. Eugene, c.1156. Silver relief plaques, filigree, cabochons, and rock crystal on wooden core. Scenes of the saint’s passion and other motifs in repoussé. Catedral Primada de Toledo 97
2.8 ACT, X.12.B.1.1. 1 April 1277, Toledo. Upper part of an original parchment (770 × 525 mm). Three sets of inverted ABC s cut in half, with the 1277 inventory below 113
2.9 ACT, A.7.E.1.4. 1 September 1279. Chirograph. Half of a parchment with a contract cut off from an identical copy by dividing an inverted alphabet (ABCDEFGHJKLMNOPQRSTVY) placed between the two 113
2.10 AHN, Clero, c. 3022/5bis, 14 February 1285, Soria. Royal privilege. King Sancho IV designates as his burial place the presbytery of Toledo Cathedral, where his ancestor, Alfonso VII, is also entombed 132
2.11 Full page woodcut (by Juan de Borgoña?) in Enrique de Amusco’s Compendium totius sacre scripture diuinum Apiarium nuncupatum, 3 vols. [Toledo]: Arnao Guillén de Brocar, 1519, vol. I, f. 26v. BNE, R / 9025. A preacher speaks from the pulpit towards a segregated audience: women sitting on the floor, men standing in the open transept, canons on a bench placed across the open choir, and male figures in the choir’s lateral tribunes. Above, a wheel with small bells to summon the canons 137
2.12 BNE ms 7395, f. 90r (olim 37r). Drawing by Andrés Marcos Burriel (1719–1762), or assistant, of the seals of Pedro Pérez Bonet, canon of Toledo, and Per Simón, merchant of Calatayud, attached to the contract of 1 September 1279, Toledo (ACT A.7.E.1.4) 169
2.13 The “Toledo Cope.” Gold embroidered opus anglicanum, produced in England, c.1320–1330 238
3.1 Inventory of the Sacristy of Toledo Cathedral, ACT, Inv. 25, 1503, made for Cardinal Cisneros. Reliquaries section, fol. 5r, listing reliquaries, with donors in the margins and later annotations 272
3.2 Detail of AHN, Clero, Secular 7217, no. 2, fol. 25v, showing temporary loans from the sacristy of Toledo Cathedral in the 1350s 280
3.3 Detail of AHN, Clero, Secular 7217, no. 5, fol. 1r (Inv. Gonzalo 1339), the inventory of Treasurer Gonzalo Ruiz, with later additions recording loans to Archbishop Gil de Albornoz 286
3.4 ACT, X.12.B.1.18 (Inv. Gil 1339). Notarial copy of an inventory of objects borrowed by Archbishop Gil de Albornoz, 3 June 1339 290
3.5 Detail of ACT, X.12.B.1.2, fol. 24r (Inv. Bernat 1343), Bernat Çaffont’s inventory of 1343, showing the copy of Archbishop Gil de Albornoz’s first “carta.” Words in the left margin refer to the alphabetized version of this inventory 295
3.6 ACT, X.12.B.1.2a, flyleaf (Inv. Miguel 1343×51), alphabetized index to Miguel García’s inventario mayor 296
3.7 Detail of ACT, X.12.B.1.2, fol. 8r (Inv. Bernat 1343), Bernat Çaffont’s inventory of 1343, recording caskets and objects stored in a cupboard painted with figures of Sts. Peter and Paul. Letters in the left margin refer to the alphabetized version of this inventory 297
3.8 Reliquary cross from Toledo Cathedral. An inscription on the base translates as “This lignum domini belonged to blessed Louis, king of France. Here in Toledo, Archbishop Don Juan [of Aragon] had it placed in this cross, which he had made in Barcelona in the year of our Lord 1326.” The stem and base were made in Toledo in the fifteenth century 308
3.9 Virgin of the Treasury (now displayed in the sacristy), mid twelfth century. Silver over a wooden core. 81 × 30.5 × 42 cm. Catedral Primada de Toledo 311
3.10 Puerta del Reloj, detail of the intrados, c.1270/80s, Catedral Primada de Toledo. Representation of a “reliquary-cupboard” like those in Toledo’s sacristy 315
3.11 León Cathedral, cupboard, late fourteenth century? 316
4.1 Bible of Saint Louis (Biblia de San Luis), c.1226–1234. Vol. III, fols. 3v–4r. Facsimile. Catedral Primada de Toledo 332
4.2 The creation of the cosmos. First folio of the Bible of Saint Louis (Biblia de San Luis), c.1226–1234, Catedral Primada de Toledo 333
4.3 The creation of the codex. Final folio of the Bible of Saint Louis (Biblia de San Luis), c.1226–1234, MS M.240, fol. 8r 335
4.4 Bible moralisée, 1220s. Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, MS 1179, fol. 246r. Final folio, with depictions of a king holding a moralized Bible (roundel 7) and a lay artisan working on the manuscript (roundel 8) 336
4.5 Bible of Saint Louis (Biblia de San Luis), vol. III, fol. 3v. Details: roundels 1 and 2. Facsimile. Catedral Primada de Toledo 343
4.6 Prayer book of Fernando and Sancha, 1055. Santiago de Compostela, Biblioteca Universitaria, ms. 609, fol. 6v 346
4.7 Scepter of Dagobert. Bernard de Montfaucon, Les monumens de la monarchie françoise, vol. 1 (Paris: Julien-Michel Gandouin and Pierre-François Giffart, 1729), plate III, detail 348
4.8 Genealogical chart showing the relationships among King Louis IX of France, King Alfonso X of León-Castile, and their children 352
4.9 Reference to the Bible of Saint Louis in the inventory of c.1425–1434. ACT, X.12.B.1.17a, fol. 5r (detail) 354
4.10 Illumination of Cantiga 1. Cantigas de Santa Maria, El Escorial, RBME T-I-1, fol. 6r. 1: Annunciation. 2: Nativity. 3: Annunciation to Shepherds. 4: Epiphany. 5: Mary Magdalene reporting the Resurrection to Mary. 6: Ascension of Christ. 7: Pentecost. 8: Coronation of the Virgin 360
4.11 Detail of illumination of Cantiga 299 (scene 6). Cantigas de Santa Maria, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Banco Rari 20, fol. 100r 363
4.12 Ivory triptych Virgin, 1260s–1270s, Real Monasterio de Santa Clara, Allariz 365
4.13 Illumination of Cantiga 257. Cantigas de Santa Maria, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Banco Rari 20, fol. 56r 366
4.14a–b Interior and exterior of the tablas alfonsíes. 56 × 140 × 3 cm. Catedral de Sevilla 368
4.15 Illumination of Cantiga 235. Cantigas de Santa Maria, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Banco Rari 20, fol. 92r. 1: Alfonso’s illness in Montpellier (1275). 2: Alfonso greeted on his return to Castile. 3: Unfinished scene. 4: Execution of Simón Ruiz de los Cameros (1277). 5: Alfonso healed on Easter in Valladolid (1278). 6: Alfonso venerating a statue of the Virgin 372
4.16 Illumination of Cantiga 209. Cantigas de Santa Maria, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Banco Rari 20, fol. 119v 374
4.17a–b Details of illuminations of Cantiga 209 (scene 5) and Cantiga 257 (scene 1). Cantigas de Santa Maria, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Banco Rari 20, fols. 119v, 56r 376
4.18a–b Prologues and beginning of Cantiga 1. Cantigas de Santa Maria, El Escorial, RBME T-I-1, fols. 4v–5r 378–379
4.19 Crown from the tomb of Sancho IV (r. 1284–1295), thirteenth century. Photo staged with the king’s funerary bedding. Catedral Primada de Toledo 384
4.20 Facsimile of the Bible of Saint Louis, examined by tourists in Toledo Cathedral, October 2022 387
5.1a–b Reliquary Casket with Christ in Majesty. Limoges enamel, c.1200–1210, oak, h. 19 × w. 16 × d. 8.2 cm. 1.8 kilos. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 03/1063 401
5.2 Reliquary package found in the Casket with Christ in Majesty, now stored in the Ochavo Chapel. Catedral Primada de Toledo, inv. 02/1063.1 402
5.3a–b Reliquary Casket with the Crucifixion. Limoges, c.1200 (?), h. 20.5 × w. 21.1 × d. 9.5 cm. 2.5 kilos. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 03/1064 404
5.4 Later replacement of the wooden door on the back of the Crucifixion Casket, as indicated by the new keyhole opened in the enamelwork plaque. This door is chestnut rather than the oak used for the original casket. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 03/1064 405
5.5 Casket with Crucifixion, underside with projecting metal tube. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 03/1064 405
5.6 Casket with Crucifixion, detail of Christ and angels, three-dimensional heads. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 03/1064 406
5.7a–b Casket with Crucifixion, unidentified standing saints. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 03/1064 414–415
5.8 St. Thomas, Limoges enamelwork, figure from large dismantled frontal or shrine. Museo Catedralicio de Ourense 416
5.9 Casket with Crucifixion, lined with red satin. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 03/1064 420
5.10 Casket with Crucifixion, detail of door with original and replacement keyholes. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 03/1064 421
5.11 Casket of St. Valerie, Limoges enamelwork, with medieval relic bundles and twentieth-century newspaper scrap. Museo Catedralicio de Ourense 424
5.12 Matilda, wife of the earl of Hertford, praying for her son. Stained-glass panel s. VII, 8, c.1213–1220. Canterbury Cathedral, Trinity Chapel 425
5.13 Matilda, wife of the earl of Hertford, retrieving relics. Stained-glass panel s. VII, 7, c.1213–1220. Canterbury Cathedral, Trinity Chapel 426
5.14a–b Cantiga 257 showing King Alfonso X with his relics. Cantigas de Santa Maria, 1280–1284, 45.0 × 31.4 cm. Florence, BNCF, Banco Rari 20, fol. 56r 428–429
5.15a–b Segment of an ivory crozier shaft. Detail showing an angel who carries in his right hand a small building-like structure on a staff. Northern Spain, late twelfth century. The Cloisters Collection 1981, inv. no. 1981.1 433–434
5.16 Vitrine displaying Toledo Cathedral’s Limoges reliquary caskets, a crozier head from Limoges, and four ivory boxes. Installed in 2014 at the Museo de Tapices y Textiles 436
6.1a–c “Siculo-Arabic” ivory rectangular case with flat lid, decorated with paintings. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles 445
6.2 “Siculo-Arabic” ivory rectangular caskets, with flat or truncated-pyramidal lids, traces of painted decoration. Museo Catedralicio de Ourense 448
6.3 Locations of “Siculo-Arabic” ivories on the Iberian Peninsula, distributed around the northern pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela. Pins indicate church treasuries holding “Siculo-Arabic” ivories (red indicates former locations for now-lost objects). Purple cameras indicate private or public collections 450
6.4a–c Solid ivory box with sliding lid. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles 451–452
6.5 Solid ivory box with sliding lid. Abbey of Klosterneuburg 454
6.6a–b Solid ivory rectangular box at the Museo Catedralicio de Ourense and matching sliding lid at the Museo Arqueológico Nacional in Madrid 456–457
6.7 Rectangular box made of bone, truncated-pyramidal lid, painted. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles 459
6.8 Tusk hanging in Toledo Cathedral 463
6.9 Ivory Virgin and Child sculpture. Catedral Primada de Toledo 464
6.10 Carved ivory plaque with scenes from the life of Christ. Catedral Primada de Toledo 465
6.11 Ivory comb with traces of painted vinescrolls, from the monastery of San Salvador de Celanova. Museo Catedralicio de Ourense 471
6.12 Carved ivory crozier decorated with engraved circles filled with colored mastics, from the monastery of San Salvador de Celanova. Museo Catedralicio de Ourense 473
6.13 Detail, Archivo Histórico Nacional, Clero, c. 3022/5bis, 14 February 1285, Soria 476
6.14 “Siculo-Arabic” ivory cylindrical box, decorated with paintings. Toledo Cathedral (now lost) 479
6.15 Cylindrical ivory box, geometric openwork patterns. Toledo Cathedral (now lost) 481
6.16 Bone or ivory plaque, encrusted. Toledo Cathedral (now lost) 483
6.17 Ebony pen box with ivory encrusted plaque. Doha Museum of Islamic Art 483
7.1 Estuche (container), front view, held in the sacristy, Catedral Primada de Toledo. Brass, 11 × 9 × 2.5 cm 492
7.2 So-called Sephardic Spice Tower, London, Victoria and Albert Museum. Accession number 2090-1855. Copper, Limoges 1200–1326. 15 cm × 5.6 cm base diameter 495
7.3 Plates from the Tesorillo de Briviesca (Burgos), Museo de Burgos. Silver 496
7.4 Tefillin Bag, New York, The Jewish Museum. Accession number 1996-73. Velvet with embroidered metallic thread and silk. Morocco, 1903/4. 29.2 cm × 21.6 cm 497
7.5 Open view of Estuche, held in the sacristy, Catedral Primada de Toledo 501
7.6 Lid of Estuche, held in the sacristy, Catedral Primada de Toledo, with Yitzhak Caro engraved in Hebrew letters 503
7.7 Rear view of Estuche, held in the sacristy, Catedral Primada de Toledo 507
8.1a–c Chasuble, transformed into a cope, made of silk and metal threads. Decorated with a motif of lions and birds, and two epigraphic bands (8.1b). Detail of selvedges used for repairs (8.1c). Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 1893 520–521
8.2a–d Funerary cushion from the tomb of King Sancho IV of Castile (r. 1284–1295). Details of front (8.2a), back (8.2b), and side views with cord, and detail of metal threads and feathers from the filling (8.2 c–d). Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 1057 526–527
8.3a–b Quilted bedding from the tomb of King Sancho IV of Castile. Front and back. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 1990 528–529
8.4a–c Detail of the area where the quilt’s textiles are stitched together (8.4a). Details of the complex decoration and weave of the central textile (8.4b–c). Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 1990 530–531
8.5a–b Chasuble of Archbishop Sancho II of Aragon (1266–1275). Front and back, showing the direction of the tapestry-weave textile. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 1498 535
8.6a–d Details of the tapestry-weave textile (8.6a, c–d) and orphrey (8.6b) of the chasuble of Archbishop Sancho II of Aragon (1266–1275). Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 1498 536–539
8.7a–c Tapestry weave standard of Abu Saʿid ʿUthman (r. 1310–1331). Details of a circle containing Kufic inscription (8.7a) and lower section with inscriptions in white and red silk on metal thread ground; details in green silk (8.7b–c). Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles 543–545
8.8a–c Painted banner dedicated to Abu al-Hasan Ali (r. 1331–1348) (8.8.a); details of the painted Kufic inscription in the upper section and a medallion (8.8b–c). Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles 548–549
9.1 Chasuble of Sancho II of Aragon, archbishop of Toledo (1266–1275). Tapestry woven of silk and metal threads, view of back. Nasrid, before 1267. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 1498 565
9.2 Tomb of Queen Catalina de Lancaster. Detail representing pearl embroidery on the burial pillow. Alabaster, c.1419. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Capilla de los Reyes Nuevos 568
9.3a–b Detail, early modern repairs. Chasuble of Sancho II of Aragon, archbishop of Toledo (1266–1275). Tapestry woven in silk and metal thread. Nasrid, before 1267. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 1498 570–571
9.4a–b Almaizar (veil). Plain weave with a tapestry band in linen, silk, and metal thread. Fatimid Egypt, radiocarbon dated 1025–1159. Catedral de San Antolín, Palencia 574
9.5 Tiraz fragment. Plain weave and tapestry in linen. Fatimid Egypt, eleventh-twelfth century. Deutsches Textilmuseum Krefeld, inv. 01273 577
9.6a–b Almaizar and other relic bundles at the time of discovery in the Chapel of San Jerónimo, Catedral de San Antolín, Palencia. Linen, silk, and metal thread. Fatimid Egypt, 1025–1159 582–583
9.7 Dalmatic from the Reliquary of Santa Susana, Catedral de Santiago de Compostela. Lampas in silk and metal thread. Central Asia, fourteenth century 588
9.8 Lining from the Reliquary of Santa Susana, Catedral de Santiago de Compostela. Lampas in silk and metal thread. Central Asia, fourteenth century 589
10.1 Paten from the monastery of San Salvador de Celanova, fifteenth century. Museo Catedralicio de Ourense 606
10.2a–c Shrine of St. Eugene, c.1156, full view; detail of gilding on crest; detail of Mystic Lamb. Catedral Primada de Toledo 608–609
10.3a–c Virgin of the Treasury (now displayed in the sacristy), mid twelfth century, full view and details of crowns. Catedral Primada de Toledo 610
10.4 Shrine of St. Eugene, c.1156, detail of inscription. Catedral Primada de Toledo 613
10.5a–b Funerary cushion of King Sancho IV of Castile (r. 1284–1295), front and back. Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles, inv. 1057 615
10.6 Coin purse from the burial goods of King Sancho IV of Castile (r. 1284–1295). Catedral Primada de Toledo, Museo de Tapices y Textiles 616
10.7 Coins minted in Toledo by Queen Urraca of León-Castile (r. 1109–1126), inv. nos. 1994/50/62 and 1994/50/63. Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid 618
Graphs
10.1 Positive correlation between the gold and mercury contents in gilded objects from Toledo Cathedral compared with those affected by bromine corrosion. Paten (Ourense Cathedral); Shrine of St. Eugene (Toledo Cathedral) 605
10.2 The three compositional groups identified in the silver parts of the Shrine of St. Eugene, according to lead and copper contents 611
10.3 Silver percentages in the coins of different series (defined by mint and ruler) analyzed in this study, held by the Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid. Abbreviations: ALF = Alfonso VI; URR = Urraca; DIN = Dinero; OB = Obolo 619
Tables
2.1 The 1257 vestry 193
2.2 Chasubles in 1277 200
2.3 Entry requirements to Castilian chapters 212
2.4 Entry requirements for cathedral chapters in Toledo and the province of Compostela 216
2.5 Copes at Toledo Cathedral in 1277 218
2.6 Orphrey items in the 1277 inventory 235
2.7 1338/39 Inventory 237
3.1 Treasurers and Inventories at Toledo Cathedral, 1329–1448 282
3.2 Inv. Gonzalo 1339. Summary of sections 288
3.3 Inv. Gil 1343. Summary of sections 289
3.4 Summary of the contents of Inv. Bernat 1343 291
3.5 The inventories compared 301
5.1 Qualitative analysis of enamels at Toledo Cathedral by pXRF. Det = detected. The spectrometer description can be found in Chapter 10 of this volume 417
10.1 Compositional analyses of two Ag-Cu certified standards obtained with the Olympus Vanta XRF spectrometer used in our study (values expressed in wt.%) 603
10.2 Results of the XRF analyses carried out on a coin minted in Toledo by Queen Urraca (inventory no. 1994/50/63), Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid 618