Figures
2.1 Les Grands Traits de l’organisation de l’espace français 43
2.2 Le Treillage d’Europe 55
5.1 Chantilly, Musée Condé 489, fol. 1r 109
6.1 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 5055A, fol. 46r, detail. Marginal note, reading “error” 115
6.2 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 5055A, fol. 52r. Interlinear addition of a cross 116
8.1 Cambridge, Sidney Sussex 43, fol. 142r. Balliol 164
8.2 Cambridge, Sidney Sussex 43, fol. 144v. Pyket hym 165
8.3 Cambridge, Sidney Sussex 43, fol. 146r. De nos enemys 166
8.4 Cambridge, Sidney Sussex 43, fol. 148v. Les XII Peres 167
8.5 Cambridge, Sidney Sussex 43, fol. 149r. Les XII Peres; Ses enemys 168
9.1 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 802, fol. 81v. Faussemblant and Contreinte Atenance approach Malebouche 176
9.2 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 802, fol. 83r. The confession of Malebouche 177
9.3 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 25526, fol. 79r. Faussemblant arrives at court wearing coloured clothing 178
9.4 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 25526, fol. 87r. Amor talks to Faussemblant who is dressed as a Dominican friar 179
9.5 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 25526, fol. 92r. Faussemblant and Contreinte Atenance approach Malebouche 180
9.6 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 25526, fol. 94r. Faussemblant, dressed as a Franciscan friar, confesses Malebouche 181
9.7 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 25526, fol. 94v. Faussemblant and Contreinte Atenance talk to La Vieille 182
9.8 New York, Morgan Library, M.503, fol. 83v. The confession of Malebouche 185
9.9 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 25526, fol. 86r. Marginal image of wild man 192
9.10 London, British Library, Royal 19 D I, fol. 98v. Two Tibetans warm themselves in front of a fire 193
10.1 Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal 3516, fols. 164v–165r 204
10.2 Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal 3516, fol. 179r 206
10.3 Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal 3516, fol. 179v 208
10.4 Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal 3516, fol. 4r 212
10.5 Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal 3516, fol. 211r 214
10.6 Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal 3516, fol. 200v 215
11.1 Rouen, Bibliothèque municipale 1044 (O. 004), fol. 48v. Ovide moralisé, France, 14th century 233
11.2 Rouen, Bibliothèque municipale 1044 (O. 004), fol. 48v, detail. Ovide moralisé, France, 14th century 234
11.3 Rouen, Bibliothèque municipale 1044 (O. 004), fol. 48v, detail. Ovide moralisé, France, 14th century 235
12.1 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, cod. 2554, fol. 27r. Bible moralisée, ca. 1220–25. Leviticus 1.5, 10, 14; 2.1, 13, 15; flour signifies martyrdom, oil baptism, wine charity, pigeons simplicity, lambs sweetness, calves chastity (a, upper left). Leviticus 1.6; martyrdom (b, upper right). Leviticus 1.6, 9; those cleansed by confession and washed by baptism (c, lower left). Leviticus 1.9; good Christians offering bodies and souls to God (d, lower right) 242
12.2 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, cod. 2554, fol. 33r. Bible moralisée, ca. 1220–25. Numbers 17.10–11; Christ, restored to Holy Church by God, is joyfully received by apostles (a, upper left). Numbers 19.1–3; Jews take Christ before Pilate (b, upper right). Numbers 19.5; Jews crucify Christ (c, lower left). Numbers 19.9; renewing and healing powers of Christ, Peter, Paul, and all friends of God (d, lower right) 244
12.3 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 9561, fol. 78v. Bible moralisée de Naples. Naples, ca. 1350 or later. Leviticus 1.3–13; saint losing the clothing of the world through martyrdom (left), saint fleeing worldly sin through martyrdom (centre), worthy man cleansed through confession and penance (right) 246
12.4 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 9561, fol. 93r. Bible moralisée de Naples. Naples, ca. 1350 or later. Numbers 19.1–10; Jews who deliver Christ to Pontius Pilate (left), Jews who take Christ and put him on the cross (centre), Saints Peter, Paul, and Lawrence, and all good friends of God, who cure people of mortal sins (right) 248
12.5 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, cod. 2554, fol. 27r, detail. Bible moralisée, ca. 1220–25. Leviticus 1.5, 10, 14; 2.1, 13, 15; flour signifies martyrdom, oil baptism, wine charity, pigeons simplicity, lambs sweetness, calves chastity 251
12.6 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 9561, fol. 24r. Bible moralisée de Naples. Naples, ca. 1350 or later. Genesis 37.28–35; angel appears to Peter and apostles (left), Jews who bloody Christ’s flesh (centre), Christians who mourn Christ’s death (right) 254
12.7 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, cod. 1179, fol. 125v, detail. Bible moralisée, ca. 1225. Jews and bad philosophers consult devil 259
13.1 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 60, fol. 97r. Hector’s tomb, perhaps stroked in a circular motion 267
13.2 Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. Lat. 1505, fol. 128v. Hector’s tomb 278
13.3 Outline of fols. 31v to 35r of Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. Lat. 1505. Horizontal lines represent text and grey colouring represents images. This segment of the Troie corresponds to vv. 4131–614 in ed. Constans (vol. 1), recounting the raptus of Helen of Troy 280
13.4 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 60, fol. 59r. Vigorous rubbing on scene of Helen’s raptus 282
13.5 Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. Lat. 1505, fol. 62r. Violent erasure of Agamemnon 285
13.6 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 60, fol. 89v. Burning corpses 286
13.7 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 60, fol. 119v. Ajax Telamon and Paris duel 288
Tables
2.1 The Contents of fr. 795 47
3.1 Examples of V3 position in subordinate complement clauses, coded as indirect reported speech (IRS), direct reported speech (DRS), narrator intervention (narr), solemn statement (promise) 65
3.2 Distribution of V3, V2 orders in HAC textual tradition:
3.3 Distribution of V3, V2 orders in HAC textual tradition:
3.4 Distribution of V3, V2 orders in HAC textual tradition:
3.5 Distribution of V3, V2 orders in HAC textual tradition:
3.6 o/ou ens in HAC 68
3.7 Criteria for the analysis of ou ens in embedded clauses 68
3.8 Syntactic Types 1 and 2 69
3.9 Presence(+)/Absence(−) Type 1 trait in MSS P (
3.10 Examples of ou ens Type 2 70
3.11 Uses of ou ens/ou dedens 70
3.12 Uses of ou ens/ou dedens 71
3.13 Uses of ou ens/ou dedens 71
3.14 Type 1:
3.15 Type 2 72