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This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder.
The publication of this volume was generously sponsored by the HKBU Jao Tsung-I Academy of Sinology - Amway Development Fund.
Cover Illustration: Scroll painting, copy after Li Gonglin’s Mountain Villa (Longmian shanzhuang tu), featuring the Cave of Extending Blossoms. Collection of the Beijing Palace Museum.
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LC record available at
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download:
ISSN 2667-3770
ISBN 978-90-04-52890-1 (hardback)
ISBN 978-90-04-71183-9 (e-book)
DOI 10.1163/9789004711839
Copyright 2025 by Kin Sum Li. Published by Koninklijke Brill BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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