1 The Kalabros River on an Ancient Temesa Painting
The theme Kala- of the name Kala-ur/ br-ia, generally associated with the IE or possibly pre-IE root *kar/ *kal- âstoneâ, âwater-carved stoneâ,1 as well as for the ancient Salentine Peninsula and the medieval land of Bruttii, occurs in the Greek and Latin sources for several other toponyms, hydronyms, and onomastics. The topic is complex when looking at the various features.2 The geographer Pausanias (2nd century C.E.) reports in his
It was a copy of an old picture. There were a stripling, Sybaris, a river, Kalabros, and a spring, Lyca. Besides, there were Hera and the city of Temesa, and in the midst was the ghost that Euthymus cast out. Horribly black in color, and exceedingly dreadful in all his appearance, he had a wolfâs skin thrown round him as a garment. The letters on the picture gave his name as Alybas.4
The forms -



Figure 8
The Table from Pylos PY An 192, in which the term ka-ra-u-ro occurs as a male first name
Courtesy of the Palace of Nestor Excavations, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati


Figure 9
The Table of Pylos PY Jn. 750, in which the term ka-ra-u-ro occurs as a male first name
Courtesy of the Palace of Nestor Excavations, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati2 The Island of Kalauria and the Cult of Poseidon
Two Linear B Tablets from Pylos, dated to the second half of the 13th century B.C.E., contain the term ka-ra-u-ro as a male proper name (Figures 8â9).9 The first interpreters of the Mycenaean documents associated the word with
3 Balkan Area between Dardania, Illyria, and Thrace
According to Strabo (App. #18),34 one of the tribes that inhabited the area of Dardania (largely the present-day Karst plateau of Kosovo) in southern Illyria on the border with Peonia, Macedonia, Thrace and Mysia identified the
4 An Etruscan Inscription from Volsinii, Orvieto
An Etruscan inscription from the city of Volsinii (Orvieto), dated to the end of the 6th century B.C.E. (Figure 10), refers to the name of an aristocrat who was the owner of a chamber tomb in the Croc
![Figure 10: The inscription from Volsinii, Orvieto, Necropoli di Crocefisso del Tufo. The name of the tombâs owner is [A]ranθia Kalaprenas](/display/book/9789004711822/inline-9789004711822_i0010.png)
![Figure 10: The inscription from Volsinii, Orvieto, Necropoli di Crocefisso del Tufo. The name of the tombâs owner is [A]ranθia Kalaprenas](/display/book/9789004711822/full-9789004711822_i0010.png)
![Figure 10: The inscription from Volsinii, Orvieto, Necropoli di Crocefisso del Tufo. The name of the tombâs owner is [A]ranθia Kalaprenas](/display/book/9789004711822/full-9789004711822_i0010.png)
Figure 10
The inscription from Volsinii, Orvieto, Necropoli di Crocefisso del Tufo. The name of the tombâs owner is [A]ran
5 Kalauria Nymph and Ganges River in India
According to De Fluviis (App. #29) by Pseudo-Plutarch (2ndâ3rd century C.E.), the Ganges River in India was the son of Indus and a nymph named Kalauria (
6 Kalauria Site near Syracuse in Sicily
Dealing with the war in Sicily between the Corinthian general Timoleon and Icetas, the tyrant of Leontini, for control of Syracuse in 339/8â¯B.C.E., Plutarch (App. # 28) reports that the decisive battle took place near
And after this, when Timoleon was on an expedition to Calauria (
Îµá¼°Ï ÎαλαύÏιαν ÏÏÏαÏεύÏανÏÎ¿Ï ), Hicetas burst into the territory of Syracuse, took much booty, wrought much wanton havoc, and was marching off past Calauria itself (ÎαλαύÏιαν ), despising Timoleon, who had but few soldiers. But Timoleon suffered him to pass on, and then pursued him with cavalry and light-armed troops. When Hicetas was aware of this, he crossed the river Damurias, and halted on the farther bank to defend himself.50
The location of
We do not know whether this place corresponds to the bay of Santa Panagia, a district northwest of Syracuse, or, on the southeastern side, to the âpromontory of the caveâ of the Mazzarona coast.54 However, both places belong to a coastal area with many bays or karst caves even flooded.55 On the other hand, the river Damurias commonly recalls the river Mulinello, one of the waterways that flow into the Megarese Port of Augusta.56



Figure 11
Map of ancient Syracuse
after Philipp Clüver, 17th century C.E. (Graevius 1704â1725)7 A Spurious Epigraph concerning the Lokroi Kalabroi
An inscription from the old castle of Grotteria near Locri, in present-day Calabria, contains a dedication of the Lokroi Kalabroi to Athena Parthenos in seven lines: âThe Locrenses Calabri consecrate this castle to the Sacrosanct goddess Athena Parthenos, who springs from the head of the Great Zeusâ (App. # 33). The epigraph, included in a group of seven inscriptions reported by P. Scarfò, a Basilian monk, and collected by Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1740), seems to be false.57 However, those who made may have been inspired by the Classical tradition of Vergilius, who in the Aeneid locates the âSallentinos [â¦] camposâ, occupied by the Cretan king Idomeneus, between the towns of Locris and Petelia.58 According to Varro,59 the hero sailed from Crete to Illyria and then to Locris with a group of Locrian refugees who became his allies on the sea. The king also emerged as the mythical founder of Castrum Minervae in the Salentine Peninsula, ancient Kalabria. The fortress appeared as the seat of a temple of Athena60 and as the first access of Aeneas to Italy.61
Cf. Alessio (1935) 133â151; Id. (1936) 165â189; Bertoldi (1931) 161; Ribezzo (1933) 210 n. 1; Battisti (1934) 182; Deroy (1962) 1â13; Perono Cacciafoco (2008) 13â24; Id. (2015b) 35â50. See infra Chap. V.
A concise but informative overview of the studies is provided by Zancani Montuoro (1974) 70â80.
Cf. Lepore, Mele (1983) 882. The manuscripts include ms. Riccardianus gr. 29, 15th century R:
Paus. Graec. Descr. 6. 6. 11. See Jones, Ormerod (1918); Fontenrose (1974) 119. Cf. Mele (1983) 848â888; Visentin (1992); Currie (2003) 85â102.
Lepore, Mele (1983) 882: âLa lezione
Allen (1968) 28â29; Lejeune (1987) 55; 231; Horroks (1997) 111â112; 122â123; 165â167; 170â171; Buth (2008a) 4; Id. (2008b) 217â230.
Eusth. Ad Od. 24. 304.
Giannelli (1924) 260â277; Zancani Montuoro (1974) 70â80; Lepore, Mele (1983) 882â883. In the Scholia to Lycophron (852â854), the city of Temesa appears as
PY An. 192 l. 8; PY Jn. 750 l. 7.
Syll.3 359, 1â2.
Ps.-Skyl. 52.
Dem. 49. 13.
St. Byz. 388.
St. Byz. 598. See Ventris, Chadwick (1956) 419. Cf. Gallavotti, Sacconi (1961) 15; 86; Capovilla (1961); Zancani Montuoro (1974) 70â80; Nakassis (2013), 277 n. 342.
Hdt. 3. 59. 1.
St. Byz. 388: â
Ps.-Skyl. 52.
Dem. 49.
Paus. 2. 32; Eur. Hip. 1126.
Dion. Perieg. Orb. 499.
Fest. Avien. Desc. Orb. Ter. 671.
Pharaklas (1972); Figueira (2004) n. 360. Cf. Encyclop. Britain. (
Strab. 8. 6. 14.
Wide, Kjellberg (1895) 267â326; Callmer (1953) 208â223; Stucchi (1961); Bringmann, Steuben (1995) 95â97; Hansen (1971) 115â291; Schumacher (1993); Welter (1941) 43â45; Coulton (1976) 242â243; Papadopoulos et al. (2006) 75.
St. Byz. 388; 598.
Pind. Pyth. 4. 44â45; Hdt. 4. 145.
Callim. fr. 221; Paus. 10. 5. 6; Strab. 8. 6. 14. See Unger (1877) 34â40; Wide (1893) 40â45; Waser (1884â1937) 5; Halliday (1928) 106; Vian (1944) 97â117; Schumacher (1993) 51â69.
Strab. 8. 6. 14.
Plut. Dem. 29â30.
Strab. 8. 6. 14.
Arist. fr. 8. 44. 597.
Od. 3. 167â179.
Thuc. 3. 3. 5. See Curtius (1876) 385â392; Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1896) 158â170; Schumacher (1993) 51â69.
Strab. 7. 5. 7.
Zancani Montuoro (1974) 70â80. Cf. Latham (1859) II. 34; Kiepert (1878) 275 (245), n. 2 and 452 (390); Bérard (1957) 432; Krahe (1925) 103; 112; Pugliese Carratelli (1971) 403â408. For karst phenomena in Kosovo, see Stuhlberger (2001); Onac, Constantin (2004) 682; Avdullahi, Fejza, Syla (2008) 51â56; Bajraktari (2012) 47; Avdullahi, Serjani, Fejza, Tmava (2013) 7â15.
Athen. 14. 27 Kaibel.
Jul. Poll. 4. 100. 6.
Athen. 15. 53. 20; Demetr. Sceps. ap. eund. 15. 53. 15.
Xen. Anab. 6. 1. 5.
Schol. in Iliad, Heyne, 13. 459. 4. See Zancani Montuoro (1974) 80: âLâidentificazione di questo [fiume] è, tuttavia, dubbia: si potrebbe pensare al fiume omonimo, menzionato da Apollod. II, 5, 10 nella favolosa isola oceanica di
Manoledakis (2015) 133â134; Poulianos (2013) 88.
CIEÂ 4940.
Schulze (1904) 524; 575; Zancani Montuoro (1974) 80; Cristofani (1974); 313; De Simone (1978) 387; Id. (1990) 78; Morandi Tarabella (2004) 261.
Hsch. 380. 1. fr. 20. See Colonna (2004) 76; Id. (2013) 7â22; Poccetti (2011) 168.
Ps.-Plut. De Fluv. 4. 1. 2.
Delattre (2011) 92â93 and n. 2; Beekes (2010) 1637.
Hdt. 3. 38; 4. 44.
Hecat. FGrHist I FÂ 298. Cf. Oppert (1893) 124â128.
Plut. Timol. 31. 2.
Perrin 1918. Cf. Zanusso (2017), 2234â2235.
Liv. 25. 23.
Polyb. 8. 3; Plut. Marc. 15.
Thuc. 99. 1; Sil. It. 14. 259. See Strazzulla (1899) 162.
Drögemüller (2018 [1969]) 81â90; 140â150.
Scicchitano, Monaco (2006) 187â194.
Orsi (1902) 411â434: âKalaurìa, sulla cui precisa ubicazione, malgrado i tentativi fatti, nulla di preciso ancora ne consta. Preferisco dunque pensare a qualche grossa fattoria o tenuta nel corso del Molinello (Damyrias)â.
Muratori (1740) 1817; Kaibel (1890) Falsae, n. 46; Giannelli (1924) 244â246.
Verg. Aen. 3. 399â402.
Var. Rer. Hum. 3.
Strab. 10. 4.
Dion. Hal. 1. 51; Verg. Aen. 3. 520â531.