Indices

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Indices

in Burial and Memorial in Late Antiquity

Angemeldet über:

Dar Hadith al Hassania

Indices

Thematic

abandonment 157, 213–214

of heritage and memory 421

absences

unintentional 4

acculturation

process of 686

ad mortuos 251

adulthood 11

adventus

of proconsuls 508

aesthetic 80–81, 186, 330, 346, 352, 413, 417, 419, 442, 487, 491–492, 521

of reuse 374

of varietas 521

afterlife 707, 757, 781, 800, 811, 863, 879

attitudes to the 614

beliefs on the 599, 827

annona 26

aristocracies

military 699

urban 699

arson attack 401, 412, 419

authorities 87–88, 146, 163, 190, 197, 272, 274, 280–281, 269, 352, 372–373, 409, 412, 415, 421

civic 257, 368, 376, 409

ecclesiastical 257, 260, 272, 275, 313

imperial 259, 278, 421

banques (

graveside, banquets

) (

meals, funerary

)

funerary 11–12, 148, 156, 187, 189, 206, 226

public 120

baptisms 270, 276–277

beetles 681

behaviours 781, 783, 788, 794, 803, 844

mortuary 707, 774–775, 789, 798, 801–802, 833, 838, 848

beliefs 599, 604, 630, 637, 642, 746, 788, 800–801, 811, 827–828

Christian 622, 710, 743, 800–801, 815–816, 827, 841, 847

Judaic 815

pagan 670

benefactors

civic 16

Blues

faction 511

boule 13

breach-birth baby 660

breastfeeding 613

bulls 12, 186

cadavers 681, 868

capitals (of government) 70

imperial 50, 130, 475, 695

provincial 136, 148, 403, 411, 414, 630, 667, 765

regional 873

catharsis 663

cattle 613

caves 120

celebrations 15, 249, 377

family 147

of Christian liturgy 210

of commemorative rituals 211

of the Eucharist 241

centipedes 681

child-bearing 611

childbirth 610, 680

childhood 30, 60, 611, 614, 638, 654, 656

Christianisation 4–8, 10–13, 16, 296, 313, 383, 389, 398, 621, 692–694, 699, 701, 705, 707, 709, 721, 812, 840, 848

Christianity 2, 9, 62, 85, 109, 112, 192–193, 206, 248–249, 266, 411, 615, 621, 634, 667, 692–693, 697, 711, 732, 779–780, 782, 800, 802, 811, 816, 847, 859, 878

conversion to 108–109, 113–114, 686, 747

impact of, on funerary landscape of Africa 183, 195–197

origins of 131

rise of 16, 137, 164, 169, 180, 197, 222, 228, 398

role of, in funerary representation 164

shift to 756

spread of 630, 670, 687, 706, 728, 757–758, 769, 781, 803, 827

Church 6, 9–10, 23, 89, 226, 240, 260, 685, 722, 780, 789, 792, 797, 803, 843, 861

funerals free of charge from 87

hierarchy of 684

in charge of burial of the poor (

poor, Church in charge of burial of the

) 228

intentional disturbance of burials condemned by 789

clientes 216

codex

coptic 875

Theodosianus 817

collapse 15, 293, 368, 451, 457–458, 495, 521

of Roman authority 194

social and economic 4

collegia 70, 226, 274

of the Pancratti 223

colour

clothing of black 67–69, 71–73, 81, 88

of red 68, 73

of purple 52, 56, 69–72

Tyrian 45, 71

of white 70–72, 73, 88, 172

definition 67

significance of, in death 67–81

symbolism of, in clothing 67–69, 71, 73–74, 81

commemoration 600, 657, 663, 698, 711, 798–799, 813, 856, 858, 877, 879

annual 858, 867

funerary 1–2, 16, 196, 216–218, 225, 241, 249, 364

(identity)

of Christians 697

of clerics and saints 781

liturgical 843

communities 4–5, 9, 12, 25, 31, 35, 60–61, 80–81, 90, 137, 159, 162–164, 186, 190, 194–195, 197, 205, 213, 216–217, 242, 261, 271, 280, 372, 390, 524, 599, 606, 608, 617, 638, 684, 699, 717, 719–722, 729–730, 743, 770, 781, 792–793, 796–800, 811–812, 823, 827, 844, 846

Christian 127, 137, 163, 192, 195–197, 204–205, 208, 217–218, 226, 240, 262, 265, 272, 669, 684, 708, 711, 732, 873

civic 800

Jewish 714

monastic 255, 260

patronage of saints over 16

competition

burials in 601, 605, 618, 615, 794

social 802

conclamatio 69

confession 5

conquest 85, 403

Byzantine 194

Roman 72, 146

Vandal 194

continuity 616, 632, 686, 692, 697, 711, 716, 743, 753, 812, 859, 861, 865, 880

of burial practice 597, 827

of busta burials 606

of Egyptian ideology 879

cosmology 69, 241

crowds 71–72, 85–86, 88, 90, 218

mourning 89

cults 137–138, 163, 165, 186–187, 237, 265–266, 694, 815

Christian 711

funerary 693, 865

of divided and transferred relics 262

of martyrs 279

of Hyppolytus 274

of the dead (

dead, cults of

) 186, 188, 194–196, 251, 734, 862, 865

of saints (

saints, cults of

) 775

sites 795, 877

curses 801, 860, 868

in graves 12

culture 617, 705, 709, 723, 758, 780

funerary 811, 827, 838

material 616, 709, 714, 718, 723, 753–754, 756–757, 759, 780, 783, 799, 811, 859–860

popular, of Romanitas 663

cursus honorum 15

damnatio 7, 297, 302, 369

damnatio memoriae 239, 369–371

dead (i.e. ‘the dead’) 12–13, 15, 50, 59–61, 67, 70–74, 79–81, 119, 121, 136–138, 160, 164, 177, 187, 189, 191, 195, 204–206, 212, 214–216, 237, 49–251, 257, 259, 262, 281, 383, 395, 398, 408–409, 602, 604, 606, 615, 621, 637, 640–641, 647–648, 660, 662–663, 673–674, 677, 682, 692, 697, 707, 714, 717–718, 720, 723, 728–729, 753, 758, 767–772, 775, 781, 787–788, 790, 792, 794–796, 799–801, 803, 811, 813, 815–817, 821, 826, 828, 832–833, 835, 840, 844–847, 848, 856, 862, 868–869, 880 ( see desacralisation )

commemoration of 186, 216–218, 225, 711, 733, 798, 813, 834

cult of (

cults, of the dead

) 734, 865

desacralizing of 5, 389

disposal of 641, 716, 719

dressing the 60, 70, 608–609, 674–676, 709, 873

placement of 607–608, 716

protection of 734, 841, 841

sacralizing of (i.e. holy dead) 16, 169, 248, 398, 785. 789, 793, 797

treatment of 5, 43, 45, 57, 61

death 1, 4–7, 9–10, 12, 23, 25, 45, 59–61, 69–70, 72–74, 79, 84–86, 88, 175, 179, 223, 235, 238, 239, 241, 249, 268–269, 275, 366, 369, 400, 599, 611, 637, 641, 648, 660, 662–663, 674, 680, 682, 695, 699, 707, 720, 733, 764, 769, 774, 779, 781, 787, 797, 799–800, 802–803, 811, 816, 821, 823, 826, 834, 843, 846, 856, 858, 860, 862–863, 867, 871, 879

age at 637–638, 640, 652, 657, 781

changing attitudes towards 196, 397

Christian beliefs concerning 801, 827

new beliefs about 136

polluting nature of 769, 794, 847

status in 663

elite identified in, by promiment burial sites 798

non-elite aspiring prestige in 798

symbol of 70

violent 736, 772

decapitations (

burials, decapitation

) 132, 607

intentional 657

violent 601

deceased 4, 6, 11, 45, 60–61, 70–72, 80–81, 85–86, 88, 104, 122, 126, 161, 163–164, 174, 183, 186, 190, 210, 212, 214, 223, 240, 383, 608, 611, 637, 640, 648, 650, 662, 669–671, 673–674, 677–678, 680–682, 684–685, 687, 709, 716, 718–720, 729, 733–734, 736, 738–740, 756, 759, 768, 772–774, 783–784, 792, 796–797, 814, 816–817, 821, 823, 834, 837, 844–846, 857, 861–863, 869, 872, 878

apotropaic proctection of 678, 739, 817, 826, 841, 843, 847

ethnicity of 717, 753, 800

memory of 383, 164

identity 753, 757

professional 799

status of 23, 28, 60, 84, 89, 192, 216, 640, 687, 717, 757–758, 797–798

decomposition 608, 640, 662, 673, 682, 684, 820, 847

decree

defining authorised shrines 259

deeds 1, 376

demography 1, 23–24, 599, 636

demons 13, 195

to scare away 12

depositions 59, 57, 74, 207, 223, 235, 260–261, 278, 657, 661–662, 682, 692, 701, 720, 727, 736, 738–770, 746, 768, 787–789, 792, 839

of animal body parts 773

of bodies 111

of coins 827

wrapped in fabric 609

of curses in cemeteries 860

of displaced bones 740

of grave goods 11, 811, 847

of relics 775

of sarcophagi 213

of the dead 768–769

deposits 13–14, 51, 56, 383, 416, 440, 448–449, 450, 475, 478, 516, 523, 657, 662, 673, 718, 788, 796, 845

cremation 605, 608

grave 43, 51–52, 56–58

of broken vessels and animal bones 713

desacralisation 1

intentional 390

of cemeteries 13, 16

desiccation 10, 59

destruction 14, 23, 125, 152, 179, 183, 235, 242, 296–297, 332, 335, 367–368, 374, 384, 394, 404, 411, 415, 418, 420–422, 424, 431–433, 439, 440, 443, 449, 451–453, 456, 467, 472, 521, 523, 526

ideological 390

of tombs 17, 223, 399, 411

display 45, 58, 60, 67, 70–72, 74, 81, 164, 204–205, 287, 301–302, 307, 373, 377, 390, 427, 609, 640–641, 670, 707, 760, 798, 800

aesthetic 419

civic 15, 523

colour 72, 80

ethics of 867

funerary 2, 67, 249, 835

munificence and benevolence on 240

of honorific monuments 374

of public monuments 376

of spolia 420

of statues 16, 88, 288, 302, 499

of status 7, 15, 84, 147, 190, 834, 844

disuse 2, 415, 421

of cemeteries 13

dogs 192, 213

donations 436

imperial 238, 240–241, 523

of liturgical objects 240

to church building 15

dyes 6, 17, 68, 71

edicts 678, 708

of Milan 757

elections

episcopal 266–265, 268–269, 276, 278–279, 281

elite 637, 699, 707, 712, 772, 798, 880

(ethnicity)

Germanic 760

Lombard 699

Roman 630, 674, 860

garments as status symbols for 674, 879

(identity)

Christian 712

secular 697, 780

urban 697, 797

elites 23, 189–191, 194, 209, 217, 226

increasing power of 190

secular 15–16

senatorial 48

suburban 274

urban 218

embryotomy 7, 610

epidemics 837

spread of 719

victims of 798

epigrams 250, 257, 311

epigraphy 539, 621

funerary 540, 782, 787

equines 79

erotic spells

in graves 12

ethnicity 6, 608–609, 612, 622, 642, 729, 752–753, 758, 877, 879

foreign 685, 799

relationship between, and burial 800

Eucharist 757, 800

euergetism

civic 15

imperial 336

eulogies

funeral 89, 280

love 68

exiles 256, 266, 268, 275, 277–278

cemetery 275–277, 279

exogamy 35

factiones 265, 272–273, 456

circus 273, 520

fama 60

familiae 228, 218, 240

farae 26

Lombard 27

farms 211, 214

fortified (

gsur

) 185, 189

feasting

for the saints 147, 640, 729, 746, 873

at graveside (

meals, at graveside

) 641, 678, 789

feces 284

festivals 218

around the graves of martyrs 13

public 61

flesh 70, 255

flies 682–683

necrophagous 674, 681–682, 687

flowers 640, 799

food 11–12, 26, 184

charitable distribution of 5

state-directed 26

foodstuffs supply of 437

fundi 113

rural 104

funerals 11, 70, 72, 85, 87–88, 147, 163, 217–218, 606, 649, 657, 663, 676, 713, 728, 781, 789, 791–792, 797, 799–800, 828, 847, 868, 872

by night 72, 80, 85

by day 87

expenses 865

Winter 72

(types)

Christian 86, 89

free 7, 84, 87

monastic 837

public 90

funerary archaeology 1–2, 4, 6, 17, 23, 203, 211, 383, 492, 508, 524

funerary architecture 1, 97–98, 103, 109, 111, 148, 160, 169–170, 180, 186–188, 193

funerary behaviours

Christian 10

funerary dinning 789–790, 820

funerary gifts 789, 823–825, 828, 877

funerary ideology 109

funus 59–60

gardens 120, 136, 241, 287, 674, 732, 784

funerary 119, 146–147

imperial 230

gatherings 138

commemorative 217

heretical 273

public 13, 132

gender 599, 608, 637, 652, 663, 752, 756, 758, 767, 774, 802, 814, 825, 858, 872, 879

gens 223

gift-giving 190

gifts 1, 45, 80, 190, 192, 260–261

diplomatic 121

exotic 45

from/to the gods 60

presentation of 190

goats 12, 186

gods 122, 195, 228–229, 293, 304, 313, 460

dedication to 122, 351, 376

grave-robbers 89, 412

graveside banquets (

banquets, funerary

) (

meals, funerary

) 61, 195

graveside feasting ( see feasting, at graveside ) ( see meals, at graveside )

Greens

faction 273, 444, 511–512, 527

grief 11, 16, 60, 80, 86–89

gsur (

farms, fortified

) 185

heavens 196, 238, 249, 262

helektron 73

hierarchy 529, 684, 727

ecclesiastical 29, 113–114, 207, 216–217, 262, 684, 686, 699, 701

social 8, 10

spatial 14, 204, 370

statue 313

holoserica 675

horse-riding 32

signs of 33

horses 88, 295

hygiene 27, 654, 802

lack of 30

identity 9, 33, 59–60, 67, 69, 85–86, 98, 164, 194, 196, 208, 216, 242, 260, 272–273, 369, 372, 385, 523, 622, 640, 707, 709, 717, 720–723, 729, 752–753, 756, 758, 770, 779, 797–798

collective 203, 208, 218

cultural 1–2

ethnic 81, 266, 280, 705, 879

marital 798

professional 799

religious 8–9, 195, 216–217, 729, 787, 800–801, 826, 869

social 599, 608, 640

idolatry 195

imagery 288, 466

agricultural 190

floral and faunal 137

traditional felicitas temporum 235

imagines

painted 288

immigration 612–613, 638, 685, 800

Germanic 3

immortality 15

desire to ensure 60

imperial praedia 229

incomers 3

Germanic 3

industries

cottage 284

dangerous 270

funerary 285

infanticide 610, 652

insects (carrion) 70

insects 681–682

detritivores 681

faeces of 676

fungivores 681

necrophagus 674, 681–682, 687

insigne 190

invasions 422

Avar 441

Barbarian 146

Germanic 120

Gothic 434, 446

Persian 451, 520

Slavic 433, 439, 441

investments 60, 71, 460–461, 522

decline in urban 189

monumental 298

secular civic public 523

Islam 859, 880

labels

Coptic 862

Greek 862

mummy 861–862, 867, 871

land-use 203, 205

landscapes 125, 521

funerary 8, 203–204, 769, 770, 772, 775, 820, 836

continuity of funerary 421

in Greece 792–797, 799

in Scythia 769–772, 774–775

monumental 401

rural 217

statue 14, 293, 298

urban 308, 383–384, 391, 411, 485, 488, 521

law 813, 701, 879

sepulchral 708, 717, 769, 781, 789, 817–818

legions 146

Theban 131

legionary base 122, 125, 131, 431–432

legislation

sepulchral 223, 250, 259, 399–400, 411–412

banishing heretics 273–274

punitive 273

liberti 216

life course 608, 611

lifestyle 3

differences in 641

military 36

urban 630

liturgies 13, 196, 376, 697

Armenian 12

Christian 210

Eucharistic 206

funeral 781, 800, 828, 847

stational 274

magic 81, 273, 678

manufacture 69, 467

pottery 32

marriage 2, 60

matrilocal or patrilocal 2

martyred virgins 131

meals 5–6, 12, 195, 713, 732, 856

at graveside (

feasting, at graveside

) 678

at the bereaved home 790

charitable 1

funerary (

banquets, funerary

) (

graveside banquets

) 13, 132, 170, 174

tradition of 16

stibadium 241

(types)

commemorative (

refrigeria

) 12, 170, 206, 383, 848, 871

communal, for the poor 857

eucharistic 790

medicines 68, 73, 81

memorials 1–2, 14, 16–17, 104, 120, 131, 188, 223, 297, 383–384, 400, 412–413, 439, 523–524, 783

Christian 16

declamatory 729

family 195–196

inscribed 132

memorialisation 16, 43, 59, 395

memory 1, 13, 15–17, 60, 104, 127, 137–138, 162, 249, 265–266, 281, 302, 315–316, 377, 390, 421, 424, 485, 487–488, 524, 619, 719, 729, 771, 781, 787, 792, 843, 856

archaeology of 15, 287

civic 485

collective 376, 523

cultural 521, 523

cultural 796, 798, 803

of deceased 718, 733, 834

of martyrs 697

places of 520

religious (of persecution and martyrdom) 280

metropoleis 15, 493, 521, 523

migration 28, 33, 36, 685, 779

Great, period 752, 754, 759

of males for work purposes 611

selective 652

monasticism 260

mortality 28, 237, 353, 611, 615, 637, 680, 683, 798, 814, 821

seasonal 867, 680–681

mounds 97, 451, 462

conical 121

turf 125

mourning 190

competitive 89

in daylight 85

public display of 89

mules 510

mummiform bundles 867–869, 871, 874, 876, 878–879

mummified carrion 681

newborns 7

treatment of the 1

unwanted 7

oblivion 1, 287, 523

occupation 1, 70, 75, 223, 275, 293, 391, 328, 428, 432–433, 442, 444, 450, 456, 463, 470, 479, 494, 511, 513, 517, 520, 522

artisanal 517

funerary 214, 216, 218

urban 385, 447

offerings 12, 60, 188, 195, 640, 707, 734, 765, 771, 785, 847, 856, 858, 861

animal 773

botanical 11, 57

food 12, 195

food 632, 663

funerary 837, 847

graveside 640

votive 45, 61

olive press

reused as burial 727

ornaments 70, 72, 346, 352, 364, 384, 454, 491, 501, 524, 686, 709, 739, 784, 799, 801

liturgical 89

of public space 524

of roofs 123, 186

of streets 499

of tombs 399

personal 650, 709, 711, 827

padding

types of 671

pagans ( see polytheists )

pantomimes 16

papyri 10, 384, 856, 860–861, 863, 865, 870, 874

parades

funeral (

processions, funerary

) 89

parentalia 12, 186–187

parousia

day of 693

patera 291, 354

patronage 171, 222, 225, 228, 232, 238–239, 272, 274, 277

Christian 227

imperial 230, 240, 243, 523

of saints 16

of tombs and mausolea 242–43

patrones 216

penalties

about tomb violations 259

perinates 611

in graves with adults 610

persecutions 793

Christian 697

imperial 757

lack of, in cemeteries 610

persecutors

imperial 275

pests 681

pets 11, 803

pig 26, 639–640

pollution 72

physical and spiritual 212

polytheists 279

pomerium 398, 401

pompa funebris (

processions, funeral

) 820

portraits (

gravestones, portraits on

) (

sculptures, portraits

) 135, 169, 344, 377

funeral 70

imperial 238, 226, 302

of wood (

wood, portraits

) 288

possessores 97–98, 108, 112

potentiores 98

prisca religio 138

processions 1, 16, 71, 84–85, 87–91, 192

route of the 84, 511

(time)

at dawn 85

during daytime 85

(types)

consular ‘inaguration’ 84

daily 15, 86–87

funeral (

parades, funerary

) (

pompa funebris

) 7, 10–11, 13, 15, 45, 60, 84–89, 90–91, 650, 707, 711, 789, 791, 798–799, 820, 846

wedding 10

professions 70

in funerary inscriptions 684, 787

of faith 670

property 103–104, 226, 273, 400

boundaries 217

church 276

imperial 227, 229–230, 236, 243

public 227, 229–230, 243

prosphora 856–857

protection 1, 59, 149, 179, 240, 249, 314, 375, 373, 383, 512

of statues 313

of tombs 14

psalms 10, 84, 88–89

pseudo-scorpiones 681

punishments 190, 259

for clergy 400

for governors 400

quadrigae

imperial 293

quarries 14, 205, 363, 376, 385

local 524

rank 193

reburial 5

of sarcophagi 58

refrigeria (

meals, commemorative

) 61, 206, 241, 670, 678, 713, 722

rite of 732, 738

tables for 678

refuse

dumpling of 13

household 213

rescripts

imperial 250, 269

Resurrection 5–6, 89, 433, 710, 785, 793

Day of, and Judgement 249

retention

of old civic buildings 14

of older burials 13

reuse 293, 301–302, 325, 330, 332, 343–346, 351–355, 358–362, 364–365, 368–372, 374–377, 383–386, 405, 407, 409, 411, 415, 421, 427, 429, 433, 445, 455, 458, 460, 464, 467, 473, 475–476, 479, 489, 491–492, 521, 524

adaptive 411–412

aesthetic of 374

defunctionalising 326, 346, 352, 361, 370

epigraphic 287, 326, 337–346, 366

of coffins 138

of funerary spolia 420

of graves 32, 398, 407

of inscribed stones 326

of sarcophagi 13, 225

of statues 287, 325, 367, 372, 374–375

of tombs 13, 207, 395

of uninscribed/blank statue monuments 291

patterns of 375, 401, 488

types of 328

rituals 1, 13, 27, 45, 50–51, 60–61, 87–88, 120, 137, 183, 187–188, 190, 194, 196, 206, 217–218, 251, 376, 640–641, 684, 686, 710, 714, 794, 795, 800

annual 163

collective 84

commemorative/refrigeria 206, 211

funerary 1, 3–7, 10–11, 16–17, 25, 33, 36, 43, 45, 49–50, 59–61, 67, 69–71, 81, 97, 112, 121, 119, 136–137, 163, 169, 189–190, 195–196, 203, 206–207, 213, 215, 217–218, 235, 242, 250, 262, 398, 673–674, 678, 709, 717, 733, 756, 780, 783, 785, 789, 797–798, 801–802, 826, 836–837, 847–848, 856, 863, 865, 875

of curses written on bones 868

of passage at death 11, 72

places of 147

supplicatory 87

Romanisation 146, 707

routes

processional 873

funerary 662

sacrifice 187, 195, 370, 435, 792

blood 73, 790

depiction of animal 186

pagan images of 8

salvation 693, 787, 797, 803

symbols of 791

sanctity

odour of 60

of cemetery 277

of the suburbium 280

satellites 270

schism

papal 265–266, 268 270, 271, 275–276, 278–279, 281

Acacian (East-West) 266

Boniface/Eulalius 271, 278

Damascus/Ursinus 265–266

Liberius/Felix 277

Symmachian/Laurentian 276, 280

schismatics 266, 269, 274, 281

Donatist 274

sepulchrum 97–98, 229

sesterces 162

settlements 23, 26, 36, 72, 74, 77, 79, 81, 119, 125, 130–131, 148, 152, 153, 156, 164, 185, 193, 210–211, 218, 390, 395–396, 431, 445, 605, 610, 613–615, 618–619, 633–634, 641–642, 692, 699, 740, 744–745, 753–755, 759, 765–766, 774–775, 780–782, 788, 793–794, 796, 798, 802–803, 832, 834, 838, 860–861, 869–871, 874, 876

(ethnicity)

Anglo-Saxon 617, 632

Byzantine 362

Celtic 403

Gothic 764

Lombard 23

Romano-British 617

Slavic 752–753

(types)

hill fort 752, 757

monastic 873

non-urban 602

rural 125, 189, 203, 211–215, 217, 611, 615

urban 752

sewer 4, 311, 432, 529

sex 24, 25, 80, 609, 610, 612, 622, 639–640, 648, 654, 660, 673, 678, 698, 758–759, 837, 843, 871

biological 640, 652, 656, 781, 798

distribution 679

identification of 24, 36, 207, 223

indeterminate 24–25

sexual misconduct 275

shift 8, 10, 137, 196, 237, 352, 377

cultural 195, 411

power 190, 195, 197

skills

loss of 523

smells 60, 81

aromatic and pleasant 47

power of 61

social deviants 797–798

society 1, 25, 32, 35–36, 16, 50, 60, 67, 72, 108, 111, 161, 163–164, 169, 183, 222, 242–243, 255, 287, 325, 372, 612, 642, 653, 657, 670, 686, 708, 774, 779–780, 782–783, 798, 800–802, 814, 821, 838, 847

ethnic identification of 33

ethnicity 609, 614–615, 622

Greek 780, 800, 803

high-status 8, 87, 112, 146, 242

less wealthy 29, 228

mobility of 35

socially marginal 273

statues of condemned 370

relation between burial and 802–803

rural 615, 673, 771

soils 33, 43, 57, 62

acidity of many 36

geological characterisation of 33

solidii 15, 85

songs

pagan 86

spiritual 88

soul 5, 60, 169, 249, 693, 814, 816–818, 827, 841, 843

ressurrection of 710

sounds 60, 69, 81

spolia 15, 154, 297, 306, 326, 328, 346, 366–367, 370, 374, 383–391, 394–395, 397, 399–401, 403, 405–409, 411–413, 415, 417, 422, 424, 427, 429, 432–438, 440–462, 464–467, 469–481, 487–489, 491–495, 502, 510, 512–513, 517–518, 521, 523–524, 526, 528

decorative display of 390, 420

definition 383, 489

defunctionalised 346

treatment of 384, 387, 412–413, 422

(types)

architectural 346, 401, 411–413, 438, 442–443, 446–447, 449, 452, 455, 463, 472, 475, 477–479, 489, 513

epigraphic 346

funerary 388, 390, 411, 413, 420–421

imperial 422

sculptural 421, 424

spoliation 13–14, 287, 297, 316, 384–389, 391, 394, 399–400, 408, 412–413, 416–417, 429, 445, 478, 489, 495, 513, 523

act of 796

comprehensive utilitarian

comprehensive utilitarian 390

funerary 387, 407, 411, 438

motivations for 385

of sepulchral architecture 823, 827

(types)

controlled 407

opportunistic utilitarian 390

passive symbolic 385

planned 421

selective 297, 420

symbolic 384–385

utilitarian 384–385

squatters 214, 362

status 1–2, 8–9, 14, 16, 26, 28–29, 33, 61, 69, 71–72, 85, 87, 89, 102, 109, 125, 127, 136, 138, 160, 163–164, 183, 186, 188, 190–194, 196, 203, 205, 213, 217, 236, 240, 243, 395, 406, 414, 418, 420, 431, 436, 487, 599, 607, 612, 618, 630, 674, 679, 695, 707, 719, 757, 775, 782, 858, 877, 879

elite 73, 190

health 29, 223

(identity)

ecclesiastical 856

imperial 138

marital 798

in death 663

in life 640

of hospites 764

priestly 137

relationship between death and 797–801

saintly 171

social 7, 16, 23, 28, 162, 237, 242, 609, 680, 709, 733, 798, 828

high 635, 653, 676, 684, 699, 770, 879

low 197, 216, 242, 639, 684, 698, 701

of the deceased 23, 43

subserica 675–676

symbols 9, 61, 67, 80, 191, 207, 226, 272, 278, 313–314, 424

Christian 11, 134, 171–172, 195–196

colour as a cultural symbol 73

funerary 207

of authority 272

of paradise 241

pagan 45

symbolism (

colour, symbolism in clothing

) 79, 81, 179, 190

tabella picta 678

tanning 270

taxation 630

Tetrarchy 114, 146, 175, 243, 304, 474, 667, 754

tituli 242

stational liturgies in 274

topos

hagiographical 255, 262

mausoleum 158

trade 60, 185, 190–191, 195, 259, 418, 652, 674, 779, 835

caravan 191–192

long distance, in luxury goods 674

of human remains 259

of lead 715

of relics 259

of sex 4

of wine 123

traits 291

cultural 4

translations

of relics 248–249, 259

of the burial 138

trianomina

decline of 15

tributes

floral 51, 61

unborn 1

undead 4, 13

urban decorum 372

urceus 291, 354

veneration 127, 135, 137, 237

for graves of saints 793

for lapidary monuments 249

for relics displayed for public 259

of ancestors 186

of emperor’s body 249

of martyrs 217, 261

of the dead 191

of the holy dead 398

villae

system of 711

violation

of tombs 400

violence 653, 657

in death 657

inter-personal 614, 654

military 837

perimortem 769

virginity

test of female 79

void

coffin-shaped 662

decay in a 606

warfare 3, 123

warrior group 23

water castelli 424

water mills 517

way station 311

wedding 60

witchcraft 678

worship 770, 798

cemeteries as foci of 828

Christian 667, 793

places of 799

Cemetery Designs

arcosolia 8, 109, 225, 231–232, 236, 727, 731–732, 743, 745, 747, 793, 801, 813, 839

barrows 8, 120–122

definition 121

of earth 136

of masonry 120–121

bazinas 193

burials 1–2, 4–5, 7–11, 13, 16–17, 24, 27–33, 36, 43, 50–51, 58–60, 67, 69–75, 77, 79–81, 99, 101, 119–127, 129, 131–132, 134, 137, 148–149, 154, 157, 159, 163, 169, 173, 175, 180, 186, 195–197, 204–208, 210, 212–214, 217, 218, 223–225, 227–228, 233, 235, 237, 240–242, 256–257, 383, 398, 401, 413, 608, 610–611, 614–615, 632, 637, 641, 648, 652, 660–662, 669–670, 674–676, 678–679, 682–683, 695, 705, 709, 711–712, 716, 720, 722–723, 727, 729–730, 735, 739–740, 743, 745–746, 757, 766–767, 769, 773–774, 779, 780–784, 790, 792–793, 798–799, 800–801, 811, 814–815, 824–825, 836, 840, 845–846, 856, 858, 860, 865, 868–869, 872, 875–876, 871, 873, 877

(types)

ad sanctos 164, 169, 248–249, 251, 398, 669, 764

collective 718–719, 721

decapitation 7, 603, 620, 650

multiple 57, 230, 236, 634, 698, 736, 788, 797, 837, 843

monumental family 136, 249

antithetical 797

by night 85

(ethnicity)

of Anglo-Saxons 616

of Copts 872

of Franks 687

of Germani 2–4, 754

of Jews 207, 226, 714

of Lombards 35

of Romano-British 622

(forms)

by cremation (

graves, cremations

) 47, 51–52, 57, 121, 124–126, 131, 599–602, 604–606, 609, 617, 640, 633

busta 605–606, 635

furnished 125

by inhumation (

inhumations

) 45, 49–51, 57, 84, 104, 108, 111, 130, 134, 136, 197, 215, 417, 600–609, 617–618, 638, 640, 647, 650

furnished 4, 6, 121

unfurnished 6, 707, 758

with decapitation 7, 603, 620, 650

in chambers 121, 669, 727, 743, 769, 783, 870

in amphorae (

amphorae, burials

) 735, 774, 783, 796–797, 833, 875–877

in cists (

cists

) 136, 619, 795

in coffins 127, 130–131, 134, 138, 601, 603–604, 635, 744, 816

in hypogea 125, 224

in pits 772, 813, 866, 869, 874, 877, 879

in rock-cut caves 871

in sarcophagi 49, 61, 673, 681, 683, 835

under tiles (alla cappuccina) 699, 755

under mounds (

tumuli

) 710, 755

under vaults 57, 133, 668–70, 771

showing orientation 127, 131–132

sub divo 718, 733

using plaster 10, 47, 56–57, 61

(identity)

with prone posture 7

imperial 235

of bishops 8, 158, 179, 225

of Christians 127, 196, 249, 424, 619, 621, 693, 695, 707, 729, 759, 769, 873, 877

of elite 8, 15, 160, 241, 630, 680, 701, 713, 781, 861, 871

of imperial slaves 227

of martyrs 9, 135, 153, 250, 255

of Muslims (

cemeteries, of Muslims

) 875, 880

of non-Christians 619, 821

of non-elite 706

(location)

of pagans 112, 163, 621, 667, 827, 878

of saints 8, 250

amongst houses 735–740

extramural 84, 642

in churches 13, 179, 701, 781, 785, 848, 837, 871, 873, 879

in proximity of churches 770, 827

in villas 27, 104, 119, 122, 169, 208, 212, 215, 217, 223

intramural 634, 642, 692, 770–772, 775

near houses 7

rural 51–52, 56, 203, 212, 217, 603, 606, 608

orientation

suburban 280

(position)

urban 8, 32, 51, 84, 238, 249, 259, 602, 605, 612, 620, 744, 866, 870, 875, 877–878

in crouched position 607, 633, 755

in prone position 603, 607, 620, 633–634

in supine position 599, 607, 619, 633, 662–663, 673, 684, 772, 736, 774, 788, 800, 821

with arms at the side 736

with arms over chest/abdomen 788

with flexed arms 607, 619

with hand across the pelvic 745

of relics

with hands crossed 743, 607

privileged

within coffins (

coffins, supine within

) 662

reuse of 260

scattered 32, 205–206, 212, 699, 710

secondary 698, 710

superimposition of 32, 205–206, 212

typology 756, 873

catacombs 2, 49, 61, 173, 222, 224–226, 228, 240–243, 249, 272, 274, 685, 707, 727, 731, 743, 793, 862, 873

art of 97

Christian 2, 49, 61, 173, 222, 224–226, 228, 240–243, 249, 272, 274, 685, 707, 727, 731, 743, 793, 862, 873

Roman 9

cellae 101, 104, 108, 112, 122–123, 155, 163, 214, 233, 237, 302–303

closed 138

cylindrical 101, 104, 108, 112, 122–123, 155, 163, 214, 233, 237, 302–303

dichorae 109

memoria 233

septichora 109, 156–157

superius 131–132, 154, 210, 214, 217

tetrachora 157, 159–160

trichora 108, 111

cemeteries 113

absence of perinates in 1–3, 7, 9–10, 13, 17, 23–27, 29, 33, 37, 72, 102, 109, 126, 130, 136, 147–148, 151, 153–154, 157, 163–164, 180, 187, 194, 197, 203–204, 207–208, 210, 213, 216–218, 222, 225–226, 243, 259, 266–265, 272–274, 276–281, 302, 384, 390–391, 394, 398, 400, 406, 408, 417, 431, 436, 438, 449, 465, 473, 539, 542, 603–607, 609–610, 612–615, 618–622, 630, 632–633, 636–637, 640, 647, 650, 654, 669–670, 678, 692–694, 701, 708, 723, 729–730, 733–734, 741, 744–746, 753–754, 756, 758, 766–768, 773, 781, 800–802, 811, 815, 820, 823, 834, 843, 860, 862, 865, 868–871, 874, 877–878

as foci of worship 610

(types)

of children in 880, 828

ad sanctos 694, 746

confessional 6, 9

family 121

(ethnicity)

hospital 7

monumental 185

of Anglo-Saxons 134, 597, 617, 632

of Barbarians 773

of Germani 9

of Greeks 801

of Jews 4, 9, 207, 226

(forms)

of Lombards 25–26, 33, 35

of Romano-British 601, 611, 652

by inhumation 618, 620, 641, 759

catacomb 274

covered (

coemeteria subteglatae

) 169, 240–241, 697

flat 119, 138, 833

open 137

rock-cut 793

(identity)

sub divo 227, 237, 242, 711, 730, 743

walled 124, 604

of Christians 9, 99, 101, 109, 113, 148, 155, 207, 218, 226, 228, 610, 621, 667, 694, 701, 873, 879

of elite 9

of martyrs 265, 271, 279

of monks 861, 866, 872

of Muslims (

cemeteries, Islamic

) 747, 876

landscape of

of neonates 4, 7

managed

of Romans 617, 632, 693, 710, 713

organised 147

(location) 602–603, 635, 650, 662, 792

extramural 136, 268, 274–275, 396–397, 601, 769, 772, 774–775, 866

in churches 25, 139, 134, 179, 195, 817

in hill-fort 755

in hilltop 618

in inner fortresses 149

in roadside 124

in villa 213

near basilicas 770

rural 4, 98, 104, 164, 211, 217, 602, 611

sacralisation of

suburban 203, 216, 218, 265–266, 275, 279, 694, 695, 701, 775, 794, 796

types of

urban 98–99, 103, 111, 137, 164, 203, 211, 218, 600–602, 607–608, 611, 615–616, 642–643, 693, 701, 771, 790, 798

cenotaphs 398

cists (

burials, in cists

) 7

of stone (

stone, cists

) 123, 137, 230, 249–250, 604

lined in stones 12, 606, 608, 619, 650, 710–771, 783, 787–789, 790, 792–793, 795, 798–799, 801–803, 833

coemeteria subteglatae (

cemeteries, covered

) 12, 111, 129–130, 135, 207–208, 711, 773

coffers 785, 833–834

of stone (

stone, coffers

) 240, 697

columbaria/colombaria 11, 225

columbarium

Roman 12, 111, 129–130, 135, 207

crypts (

cryptae

) 224, 228, 240, 424

burial 678, 792

holding services in 57, 59, 101, 114, 129, 164, 176, 206, 231, 272, 769–771, 793, 796, 874, 877–878

painted 108, 169, 251

vaulted 130

cryptae (

crypts

) 792

cymiterio 133, 792

enclosures 239

funerary 101, 122, 124–126, 136, 164, 175–176, 197, 206, 216, 218, 243, 276, 361, 363, 415, 430, 600, 604, 617, 619–620, 637, 670, 772, 783, 813, 816, 821, 823

ditched 601–604, 620, 633, 635

hedged 632

walled 204–205, 207, 209–211, 214, 216, 218, 604, 633, 635–637, 641, 791–792

formae 104, 108, 111, 208–209, 213, 240, 730–731

graves 1–3, 5–7, 9–13, 16, 26, 28, 31, 35–36, 58, 71, 80–81, 89–90, 99, 101, 108, 111, 126, 129, 132–133, 138, 147–151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 169, 197, 203, 206–210, 212–214, 216–218, 223–226, 235, 238, 242, 396–397, 399, 402, 407–408, 431, 440, 462, 601, 603, 605–606, 610, 612, 616–618, 622, 634, 635, 637, 640, 648–650, 660, 662–663, 669, 673–674, 679, 681–684, 686–687, 692, 697, 699, 701, 706–709, 711, 713–714, 718–719, 721, 736, 754–756, 758–759, 760, 766–767, 770–771, 773, 780–782, 787–790, 792–793, 797–798, 800, 803, 811, 814–815, 818, 820, 822–824, 826, 836–838, 835, 840, 846, 848, 866, 873–874, 876

bench 223

(ethnicity)

of Franks 4

of Germani 4

of Jews 5, 9

of Lombards 33

(forms)

by cremation (

cremations

) (

burials, cremations

) 813

by inhumation (

inhumations

) 108, 207–209, 652, 813

furnished 136

unfurnished 11

chambers 710, 714, 716

earth-cut 606, 635, 695, 747

fossa 222, 236, 240, 243

hypogeal (

hypogea/ipogei

) 710, 716

in amphorae 207–208, 216

in cists 127, 132, 135, 207, 619, 710–711, 772, 833

in pits (

inhumations, pits

) 662, 707, 711, 715, 720, 754, 773–774, 783, 797, 800, 816–818, 820–821, 827, 834, 866, 868, 870–878

in rock-cut caves 727, 744–745, 747, 871

lined in bricks 673

lined in stones 618–620, 636, 650, 673, 711, 727, 735, 741, 743–746, 747, 813, 818, 833, 878

line in tiles (alla cappuccina) 713, 715–717, 743, 772, 818, 833

sub divo 727, 729

tile-capped (

tile capped, graves

) 12, 215

with niche 717, 773–774

(types)

dug 121, 126, 138

flat 121

mass graves 4, 601, 633, 772, 796

multiple graves (

inhumations, multiple

) (

interments, multiple

) 713

single graves (

inhumations, single

) 600, 633, 713, 800, 833

soil cut 58

(identity)

of adults and children 133

of Christians 11, 678, 745, 801, 827

of infants and children 12

of martyrs 13, 228, 239, 240–241, 697, 701, 817

of Muslims 5

of soldiers 709, 799

of women 711

(location)

in basilicas 670

in church 7, 29

in enclosures 620

in rural areas 608–609, 802

in temples 796

in urban areas 802

near basilicas 772, 775

near churches 770

marginal 32

painted 152

reuse of 633, 698, 716–718, 789

typologies 210

without grave goods 604, 634, 712, 757–758

graveyards 25

hypogea/ipogei 8, 125, 138, 153, 207, 222, 224, 226, 243, 710, 727–730, 732, 743, 747, 769, 771, 877–878

mausolea with 153

painted 772

rock-cut 225, 833, 838, 847, 876

underground 242

vaulted 137

koimētēria 811, 828

definition 826

loculi 101, 111, 125, 225–226

covered with marble slabs 225

rock-cut 130

underground 111

mausolea 1, 8–9, 12–13, 15–16, 57, 61, 98, 101, 103–104, 111, 113, 119–120, 122–123, 127, 135–138, 146–147, 146–155, 158–161, 163–164, 169, 175, 179–181, 183, 185–188, 190–197, 204, 206–208, 212–214, 216–217, 223–225, 228–230, 236–237, 240, 242–243, 251, 255, 257, 259, 287, 383, 389–390, 407, 447, 474, 481, 600, 635, 636, 641, 694, 699, 711, 877

ad sanctos 164

cessation of 15

decline in/of 189, 197

definition 97–98, 119–120, 146–147

design of 8, 180

(forms)

apsidal 151, 155–156, 160, 236

in Sopianae-Marusinac type 151, 156

in temple type 183–184, 186, 189, 191, 600, 606, 619, 635–636

of central plan 99, 109, 216, 237

of circular plan 233, 235

of cruciform plan 170, 229

of octagonal plan 154, 158

of rectangular plan 101, 132–133, 135, 154–155, 160, 163, 170

of square plan 108, 112

of triconch plan 148, 157, 233, 235–237, 243

Roman 619

plastered 744

tetrastyle 186

tower 183, 185–186

single-naved, cross-naved 153

with arcades 188

temple 183–184, 186, 191

with benches 876

with drum 183

with hypogea 153

with single-cella 101, 104

with two-storey 154

rotunda 175

(identity)

of Christians 171

of pagans 137, 163

(location)

attached to basilicas 236

in villa 104–111, 113–114, 149, 156, 158, 170, 213, 233, 235

intramural 259

rural 97–98, 148, 163, 214, 251, 111–112

suburban 111, 387

spoliation of 387

(types)

family 98, 109, 224–225, 134, 169–170, 242, 250, 262, 701

imperial 9, 131, 169–170, 175–177, 180, 222, 228, 230, 233, 249

monumental 222, 697

private 235, 237, 255–256, 259

types of

in Italy 173–177, 179–180

in Pannonia 153–159, 163

monumentum

family 104, 109, 111–112

of pentagonal plan 103

necropoleis/necropolises 12–13, 23, 25, 103, 203–204, 216, 224, 250, 257, 360, 384, 386, 400, 416–418, 420, 424, 464, 667, 706, 713, 715–716, 720, 722, 732, 792, 826, 832–833, 834–835, 838, 862, 878

destruction or continuity of 420

(location) 12–13, 23, 25, 103, 203–204, 216, 224, 250, 257, 360, 384, 386, 400, 416–418, 420, 424, 464, 667, 706, 713, 715–716, 720, 722, 732, 792, 826, 832–833, 834–835, 838, 862, 878

extramural 169, 421

rural 212, 218, 848

suburban 411–412

urban 251, 711, 834, 848

sub divo 738

ossuaries

definition 788

of limestone (

limestone, ossuary

) 56

pantheons 9, 111, 174, 237

family 102

plots

burial 603, 647, 698, 799, 811, 814, 816, 821–823, 827, 833, 650

of pagans 827

organised 635

ditched 633, 641

reused 820

rotundas 131, 138, 179, 230, 235, 242, 250

with central-plan 157

with dome 8–9, 169–170, 172–176, 180–181, 230, 233, 238

with pronaos 237

with two-storey 175

tombs 2, 5, 8, 10, 12–16, 23, 29, 32, 45, 60, 89, 97, 109, 111–112, 119, 121, 125, 146–151, 170, 179, 184–186, 189–190, 195, 203–207, 209, 212, 214–218, 222–224, 226–227, 231–233, 236, 242, 248, 250, 255–257, 259–260, 274, 276, 383–384–385, 387, 389–391, 394–395, 398–401, 407, 405, 409, 411–413, 415, 421–422, 424, 436, 447, 470, 523, 600, 603, 607, 620, 650, 660, 662

decapitation 600, 603, 607, 620, 650, 660, 662

family 8, 132, 171, 224, 228, 232, 242, 250–251

(forms)

a cupa 713, 732

alla cappucinna 734

(forms)

by inhumation 102

house 147, 411, 416–417, 871–873

painted 873

in chamber 11, 790, 792, 797–798, 801–803, 814

painted 797

Roman 798, 816

in pits 213

in rock-cut caves 210, 418, 743, 833–834, 847, 872–873

in shafts 222, 225

lined in stones 744–747

of apsidal plan 236

of central-plan 243

of masonry 206, 214

of rectangular plan 229, 235, 242

of stone slabs 735–736

ossuary 733

pedestal 411

sub divo 730, 732

subterranean vaulted 257

tegula 210, 214–215

temple 8–9, 122, 147, 186, 223, 228, 235, 237, 242, 411, 418, 813–814, 816, 820

rectangular 229, 235, 242

circular/round 230, 237, 242

with front porch 230

with peristasis 231

arcaded 192

cruciform 229

peripteral 185–186

tower 49, 123, 137, 147, 411, 421, 458

tumulus 228

with altar 120, 122, 411, 418

with dome 8, 98, 179

with vaults 46, 49, 771–772, 775, 816, 823, 862

painted 771

with dromos 767

with multiple burials 733, 747, 878

(identity)

imperial 97–98, 229, 233, 417

of Christians 747

of elite 257

of Jews 61, 207

of martyrs 195, 205, 249, 259

of saints 169, 279, 669

maintenance 398

monumental 183–185, 189, 228, 242, 384, 401, 411–412, 415, 436, 811, 816, 818, 820, 827, 869, 877

mosaic-covered 109, 196

privileged 208, 210–211

reuse of 206

reused 727, 740, 823, 861

robbing of 5

rural 104

terminology 97

types of 32, 411

tumuli/tumulus (

burials, mound

) 97, 121, 146–147, 170, 183, 193, 228–229, 243, 710

definition 97

Hellenistic 416

monumental 228

private 229

Burial Forms

bisoma (

sarcophagi, monolithic double

) 670, 678, 683

coffins 6, 122–123, 125, 130, 147, 599, 606–607, 609, 618–619, 648–649, 660, 661–662, 720, 769, 783, 820–821, 823, 846, 866, 876, 879

decorated 122, 124

for infants and children 636–637, 662

inhumations in (

inhumation, in coffins

) 603, 608, 619, 632–633, 635, 650, 661, 663, 755, 772–773, 816, 827, 877

nailed 612

(material)

lined in lead (

lead-lined, coffins

) 47, 50–51, 56–58, 61, 72, 127, 134–135

of ceramic (

ceramic, coffins

) 871

of gold (

gold, coffins

) 85

of lead (

lead, coffins

) 4, 47, 49, 111, 603, 640, 846

decorated 606

rural distribution 606

of marble (

marble, coffins

) 124

of stone (

stone, coffins

) 72, 121, 127, 129–130, 132, 135, 603–604, 606, 673

lined in lead 673

rural distribution 606

of timber (

timber, coffins

) 618, 633, 650

of wood (

wooden, coffins

) 4, 58, 72, 131, 135, 600–601, 603, 606, 613, 620, 632–633, 673, 744, 755–756, 771–772, 783, 813, 820–821, 846, 862, 867, 869, 873, 875–877

lime-packed 633

lined in lead 606

painted 866

reuse of 138

cremations 3, 51, 119, 124–126, 210, 249, 398, 599–602, 604–606, 616, 620, 632–637, 640, 650, 669, 670, 721, 757–759, 788, 812, 816, 823

coexistence of, and inhumations 813

end of 617, 670, 710, 692, 816

pits 126

unfurnished 757

urns (

urns, for cremations

) 50, 605, 641, 813

hyposoria 814, 816, 824

inhumations 3, 32, 45, 49, 58, 72, 75, 84, 102, 108, 119, 124–126, 131–134, 138, 195, 207, 209–210, 213, 215–216, 127, 398, 600, 601–609, 616–618, 632, 634–635, 638, 640–641, 647, 650, 652, 673, 669, 701, 710–711, 720–721, 745, 755, 758, 812–813, 815–817, 821, 827

as dominant burial practice 622, 637, 640, 755

(forms)

extended 599, 604, 607, 617, 619, 633, 673, 774, 788, 800

in cluster 755

in coffins 134, 608, 827

in pits 662, 707, 711, 715, 720, 754, 773–774, 783, 797, 800, 816–818, 820–821, 827, 834, 866, 868, 870–878

in silos 213

in stone cists 130

in wooden boxes 755

multiple (

graves, multiple

) (

interments, multiple

) 111, 755, 814, 816

single 10, 620, 719, 755

in supine position ( see burials, in supine position )

(location)

around extramural churches 817

fronting roads 641

on former monuments 641

on temples, mausolea, wall enclosures 641

oriented 127, 129–130, 134–135

shift from cremation to 10, 16, 249, 398, 614, 670, 757, 758–759, 772, 813, 816

unfurnished 634, 757

interments 4, 7, 119, 121, 124, 134–135, 599, 600, 604, 608, 615, 636, 641, 673, 682, 740, 782, 785, 799–798, 802, 811, 813, 816–817, 823, 837, 847, 868

as places of worship 799

forms 782–785

multiple (

graves, multiple

) (

inhumations, multiple

) 788, 800

single 833, 837–838

(identity)

of children 637, 823

of Christians 800, 827

of elite 793

intramural 770

re-use of earlier 634

superimposed layers of 838–839

osteothekai (

urns, cinerary, of stone

) 813, 821

plague-pits 796

sarcophagi 4, 13, 46, 58, 108, 111, 114, 147, 170, 175–176, 180, 216, 223, 229–231, 236, 239, 249, 251, 256, 383, 386, 395, 399, 411–412, 415, 418, 436, 447, 637, 640, 667, 673, 675, 677–678, 680–684, 686, 693, 698, 716, 743, 755, 792, 813, 823, 833

cost of 163

cremations and inhumations in 669

epitaphs on 816

imperial 235

monumental 230, 236, 416

(material)

lined in lead 56, 59, 70

of lead (

lead, sarcophagi

) 111

of limestone (

limestone, sarcophagi

) 710–711

of marble (

marble, sarcophagi

) 49, 112, 163, 171–172, 235, 240, 256, 710, 783

porphyry 233

of stone (

stone, sarcophagi

) 49, 51–52, 57–59, 131, 210, 606, 636–637, 670–671, 673, 732, 880

of wood (

wood, sarcophagi

) 111

(types)

decorated 49, 108, 133, 147, 163, 196, 236

monolithic double (

bisoma

) 670, 683–684

relief 669–670

sculpted 783, 802

undecorated 670

reuse of 13, 224, 417

urns

cinerary 813

for cremation (

cremations, urns

) 605, 641

of glass (

glass, cremation urn

) 121

stone chests used as containers for 755

(material)

of lead (

lead, urns

) 56

of terracotta (

terracotta, lamps

) (

ollae

) 223

Dress and Hairstyle

aprons 872

bandages 59, 71

of linen (

linen, bandages

) 49

textile 10, 46, 57

bands

of linen (

linen, bands

) 878–879

beard 873

trimmed 679

chlamydes 345

white 88

clavi 52, 674, 878

purple 70

cloak 70

of wool (

wool, cloak

) 71

clothes 10, 12, 70–71, 88, 608, 637, 674–677, 682, 699, 709, 729, 756, 787, 790, 798, 856, 867–869, 873, 875, 878

black 73

of gold (

gold, cloth of

) 85

of silk (

silk, clothes

) 10, 49

recycled 71

coat

Gallic 70

costume

pre-nuptial 88

cuffs

red trim in, as apotropaic 676

dalmatica

of linen from Egypt (

linen, dalmatica from Egypt

) 675

damask

of silk (

silk, bandages

) 10, 56

dress (

garments

) 2–4, 10–11, 68, 70, 72, 75, 80–81, 88, 192, 438, 685

ceremonial 71

funerary 11, 70–72, 81

military 190

mourning 73, 86, 88

personal 70, 73

fabrics 609, 674, 684, 730, 758, 772

of gold (

gold, fabric

) 235

of half-silk 675

of linen (

linen, fabrics

) 677, 868

of silk (

silk, fabrics

) 674, 675, 678

threads of 755

faience

turquoise 77

fibres 71

animal 70

plant 70

flax fabric 71

footwear 608–609, 790, 843

of gold, items (

gold, footwear items

) 770

nailed 601, 603, 605–608, 613, 620, 650

worn by the corpse 649

garments (

dress

) 46, 57, 60, 71, 85, 89, 345, 674–676, 774, 835, 843, 868

torn-up 875

white satin 869

hair 3, 49, 51, 87, 192, 288, 679, 736, 798, 868

braided 192, 679

curled 190

long 679

loose 88

sculpted 313

short 679

straight 190

styling 662

hairnets 843, 868

hairstyles 3, 192

headdresses 190

keira 856

mantles 712, 868

saffron-coloured 869

ribbons

as decorative elements 675

of gold (

gold, ribbons

) 675

robes 85

sackcloth 88

saga (traditional mourning garments) 88

sheet

of linen (

linen, sheet

) 89

under 85

shrouds 10, 46, 57–58, 71, 608, 663, 677, 736, 755, 772, 787, 813, 820, 856, 861, 865, 867, 871–873, 875, 878, 880

of linen (

linen, shrouds

) 89, 861

painted 861

textile 772, 846

wall hanging reused as 869

socks 868

spindle whorls 843, 867

of wool (

wool, tapestry wooven bands

) 867–868

tabby

purple-dyed, of wool 56

textiles 49–51, 57–59, 61, 70–72, 79, 85

Akhmim 868

Antinoopolis 869

Byzantine 868

Coptic 859–861, 868, 873

for covering 874

funerary 675

of gold (

gold, textiles

) 674

of silk (

silk, textiles

) 674, 676

tiraz 873

Tyrian purple-dyed 70

threads 721

Byzantine 747

of gold (

gold, threads

) 49, 56, 60, 71, 640, 674–675, 729, 770, 790

twisted wrap 674–675

togas 70, 88, 345, 499

tunic 70, 190, 675, 868, 872, 875

embroidered 878

for children 676

for male 52

of damask silk (

silk, damask, tunic

) 640

of silk (

silk, tunic

) 674–676, 869

of wool (

wool, tunic

) 70

twisted cord

amuletic 675

under tunic

of wool (

wool, under-tunic

) 674, 676

vestments 114

clerical 790

gilded 799

weave 674, 865

linen tabby 677

wrappings 10, 81, 608, 846, 861, 867

salt between 871, 878

textile 56, 59–61

Objects

amphorae 12, 123, 125, 215, 449, 450, 455, 470, 475, 526–528, 710, 740, 744, 746, 769, 772, 790, 871

burials (

burials, in amphorae

) 694, 734–735, 774, 783, 796–797, 833, 875–877

enchytrismoi in (

enchytrismoi, in

) 711, 733

funerary 207–208

amulets 85

animal 112

anklets 72, 79, 649

ark

box-shaped 669

artefacts 4, 9, 13, 49, 56, 68–69, 71–72, 74, 287–288, 297, 332, 336–337, 351, 362, 364, 372, 375–376, 469

colour symbolism in artefacts 81

of burials 69, 81

of oblivion 287

arm-rings

of metal (

metal, arm-rings

) 836

armbands 840, 843

assemblages 613, 637–638, 670, 780, 799, 821, 823, 827

closed burial 833, 837–838, 843

grave (

grave goods

) 608, 611–612, 678, 735, 738, 772, 789, 798, 801, 803, 814, 821, 823, 834, 836, 845, 847–848, 869

bag 649

bangles 867

baskets 867, 873

battle axe 36

beads 11, 67, 74, 77, 81, 772, 774

coloured 72, 77

black 11, 75, 77, 79–81

blue 11, 75, 77, 79–81

brown 70, 75, 77

green 77, 79

grey 75, 77

melon 77, 79

orange 75, 77, 79–80

pink 75, 77

purple 75, 77, 79–81

red 77, 79–80

white 79

yellow 75, 77, 79–80

(material)

of amber (

amber, beads

) 75, 80, 662, 774

of bone (

bone, beads

) 80

of coral (

coral, beads

) 80, 774

of glass (

glass, beads

) 68, 72–73, 77, 79–80, 649, 662, 736, 771, 774, 823, 826, 836

blue 826

green 662, 826

of gold-in-glass 75, 80

of jet (

jet, beads

) 71, 662

apotropaic 73, 79

of wood (

wood, beads

) 75

unworn 75, 77, 79–80

worn 75, 77, 79–80

beakers 186, 800, 847

(types)

handmade 799

Nene Valley Colour Coated 637

Oxforshire styled 649

of glass (

glass, beakers

) 11, 716, 720, 757–758

bells

apotropaic 12

of metal (

metal, bells

) 12

belts 10–11, 72, 608, 716, 790, 843, 845–846

as grave goods 845

bonding legs 10, 845

cingulum militiae 716

military 756–758

quoit-brooch style 617

of copper-alloy (

copper-alloy, belts

) 826

belt buckles 6, 716, 744, 746, 756, 770, 826–827, 843, 845–846

(types)

of Hawkes type IVA 601

of Syracuse class 838

of iron (

iron, belt buckles

) 771

of silver, double-loop (

silver, double-loop belt buckles

) 771

biers 10, 45, 61, 84–90, 130, 606, 783, 785, 823, 837, 845–846, 874–875

gilded 85

of wood (

wood, biers

) 846

bonds

of iron (

iron, bonds

) 256

boots

hobnailed 632

bottles 736

feeding (

tettina

) 637

of glass (

glass, bottles

) 678

unguent 678

bowls 188, 455, 526

for libation 186

for offering 135

hanging 136

terra sigillata Hispanica 212

boxes 649, 662

for cremation 606

of stone (

stone, boxes

) 877

of wood (

wood, boxes

) 755

bracelets 11, 72, 80

bracelets 609, 709, 712, 756, 774, 790, 825

of bronze (

bronze, bracelets

) 774

of copper alloy (

copper alloy, bracelets

) 650, 823

of iron (

iron, bracelets

) 774, 823

of silver (

silver, bracelets

) 774

placed beside the body 609, 649

brooches 72

brooches 608, 649–650, 709, 756, 711, 825

(types)

crossbow 756

disc 687

of the so-called zwiebelknopffibel type 771

of bronze (

bronze, brooches

) 773

of silver (

silver, brooches

) 712

buckles 11, 134, 711, 716, 790, 800, 824, 839, 845

(types)

of Schulze-Dörrlamm’s Class A9 845

of bronze (

bronze, buckles

) 799

of iron (

iron, buckles

) 779

bullae

cylindrical 840

bundle of reeds 190

burners

incense 847

buttons 11

candelabras

of gold (

gold, candelabras

) 238

of silver (

silver, candelabras

) 238

candles 86, 88

in churches 792

votive 769

carcasses

animal 7

boar 125

pig 69

casing

body plaster 51, 56–59

caskets 223, 256, 821

of lead (

lead, casket

) 673

of stone (

stone, casket

) 816

of wood (

wood, caskets

) 235, 846

toilet (

toilet, casket

) 846

cauldron 186

censers 10

chairs 84, 114

cross-legged 190

folding 190

chalcedony cameo

apotropaic 824

chalice 196

chariot 360

chests

of stone (

stone, chests

) 755

chisel 343

clamps

holes 343

of metal (

metal, clamps

) 306, 328, 418

coins 11, 112, 156, 158, 191, 225–227, 311, 404, 406, 431–432, 435–438, 441–443, 445–446, 448, 454–455, 459, 462–465, 467–468, 470, 479, 496, 501, 507, 511, 517–518, 526–529, 604, 609, 616, 650, 660, 662, 686, 709, 756, 765, 765, 774, 789, 836

apotropaic 12

in rituals 609, 739, 792, 801, 826–827, 840

nummi 824

of bronze (

bronze, coins

) 434, 212, 826

combs 756, 843, 867

associated with graves of old women 612

of bone (

bone, combs

) 601, 650, 660, 662, 771, 773–774

placed inside graves 756, 773–774

near the skull of the deceased 773

of wood (

wood, combs

) 846

with Arabic inscriptions 873

containers 11–12, 57–58, 60, 81, 663, 755, 783, 816, 821

amphora 210, 213

burial 43, 72, 811, 813, 816

disposal 772

(function)

for cosmetics 823

for cremation 51, 606

for food 11

for kohl 847

for parfume 847

for storage 43

for the rite of enchytrismos 733, 735

(material)

lead-lined burial (

burials, lead-lined containers

) 51

of ceramic (

ceramic, containers

) 744

of silver (

silver, containers

) 256

of stone (

stone, containers

) 51, 818

of terracotta (

terracotta, containers

) 734

counters 71

cover

of glass (

glass, cover

) 58

crosses 9, 11, 309, 457, 501, 711, 743, 745, 756–757, 770, 772, 800, 803, 826–827, 872

apotropaic 12, 313–314, 790–791, 795

on gates 314

on statuary 313

on statue bases 314

pendant 12, 790

carved 746, 787

of gold (

gold, crosses

) 771

painted 784, 874

pectoral 840

sewn onto (

clothing, crosses sewn onto

) 790

sign of, performed over the corpse 795, 843

crutch 656

cups 192, 758, 789, 823, 825, 847, 875

cyathus 353

diadem 88

dishes 711, 873

African sigillata 716, 720

of glass (

glass, dishes

) 868

dolia 213, 215, 821

earrings 11, 709, 712, 718, 738, 743–744, 756, 774, 790, 843

of bronze (

bronze, earrings

) 772

of gold (

gold, earrings

) 49, 814, 823–824

of metal (

metal, earrings

) 836

of silver (

silver, earrings

) 745

engolpion ( see cross, of gold ) 771

epistomia

of gold (

gold, epistomia

) 814

eulogiae

pilgrim 840

ewers 847

fasces 190

fibulae 11, 656, 680, 697, 735, 739, 790

crossbow 824

of bronze (

crossbow fibulae, of bronze

) 28

of Syracuse and balgota type 735

figurines 225

of pagan deities 227

finger rings 11, 743, 746, 790, 836, 843

amuletic 840

metal (

metal, finger rings

) 836

fixing cast

of iron (

iron, fixing cast

) 256

flasks 192, 847

flowers 1, 6, 52, 72, 229

garlands 11, 57

Sabaean 45

flutes 85

footwear

hobnailed 70

game counters 877

garlands (

flower, garlands

) 59, 122, 434, 440

girdles

of leather (

leather, girdles

) 871

gladius 657

glass

mosaic (

mosaic, of glass

) 158

of gold (

gold, glass

) 227, 880

grave goods 1–4, 6–7, 9–11, 16, 23, 26–28, 33, 51, 71–72, 81, 104, 108, 125, 134–135, 138, 222, 235, 403, 597, 600, 601, 603, 605–609, 611, 617, 619, 622, 632–634, 636–638, 640, 649, 663, 673, 687, 695, 699, 705–706, 708–710, 713, 715–718, 720–721, 727, 729, 730, 735, 744, 753–754, 757–758, 766, 774, 789, 797, 799, 801, 811, 814, 824–828, 835, 845–846, 867, 871, 873

absence of, in burials 11, 203, 223, 606, 616, 618, 620–621, 634, 639, 650, 678, 692, 697–698, 707, 712, 745, 757–758

as age indicator 612

as ethnic indicator 609, 622, 699, 773

as gender indicator 758, 879

as identity indicator 622, 712, 758–759

as status indicator 601, 639, 758

cremated 125

decline of, depositions 692, 756–757

high quality 46, 52, 57

(material)

of ceramic (

ceramic, grave goods

) 823

of gold (

gold, grave goods

) 701

hairpins 11, 649, 736, 756, 790, 824–825

of bronze (

bronze, hairpins

) 774

of wood (

wood, hairpins

) 843

hobnails 11

of iron (

iron, hobnails

) 650

hook 769

intaglio

of stone, as grave good (

stone, intaglio, as grave good

) 636

items 60, 77, 85, 224–226, 528

clothing 85

cosmetic 11

domestic 71

of display 79

of personal adornment 75, 135

jar 440

of oil 11

jewellery (

jewels

) 11, 71, 73, 80, 609, 632, 635, 687, 756, 760, 787, 789, 823, 825, 836–837, 843, 846, 872–873, 878–879

of bronze (

bronze, jewellery

) 801

of glass (

glass, jewellery

) 73

of metal (

metal, jewellery

) 836, 838

worn and unworn 635

jewels (

jewellery

) 60, 85

jugs 711, 735, 738–739, 789, 823, 847

Campidanese 716, 720

kit

medical 799

kitchen implements 11

knife 134

ivory-handled folding 638

ladles

metal (

metal, ladles

) 867

lamps 11–12, 85, 88, 440, 455, 693, 711, 716–717, 740, 774, 785, 789, 791–792, 799, 801–802, 838, 877

apotropaic 847

candlestick 839

function 791–792

hand-held, of terracotta (

terracotta, hand-held lamps

) 791

of ceramic (

ceramic, lamps

) 825, 836–837

of terracotta (

terracotta, lamps

) 11

oil 732, 823, 825, 836, 847

stands 847

votive 251

with Christian symbols 729, 732

with Jewish symbols 729

lekythoi 789

funerary 796

libation tube

of bronze (

bronze, libation tube

) 236

lids 122, 210, 236, 256, 526

(material)

of bricks (

brick, lids

) 772

of limestone (

limestone, lids

) 773

of plaster 746

of stone (

stone, lids

) 51, 212, 773

of tiles (

tile, lids

) 772

of cists 773

of graves 743, 745

of sarcophagi 670, 684, 833

of tombs 746

lucernae 771

medical kit 799

mensae 12, 157, 187, 206, 212, 713, 733

mirrors 11, 802

of silver-alloy (

silver-alloy, mirrors

) 9, 757

mugs 711

nails 618, 744

apotropaic 609, 678

busta 606

coffin 648, 661, 673, 755, 771, 773, 813, 820–821, 877

of iron (

iron, nails

) 606, 633, 678, 771–773, 783, 846

shoe 608

necklaces 11, 80, 609, 709, 744–745, 867

bead 72

of amber (

amber, necklaces

) 712

of glass beads 736, 739

with pendants 709

needles 867

of bone (

bone, needles

) 650

ollae (

terracotta, urns

) 223

orchards 136

ostraca 861, 863, 867, 870

pall

embroidered with gold (

gold, pall embroidered with

) 85

pantern 125

pegs

of wood (

wood, pegs

) 821

philakterium/phylakterion

of silver (

silver, philakterium

) 772

apotropaic 823

pileus (liberty cap) 86

pins 650, 736, 824, 843, 867

of bronze (

bronze, pins

) 736

stylus-type 756

pitchers 746, 789, 801

plate

of metal (

metal, plate

) 342

portraits

of wood, painted (

wood, portraits

) 288

pots 603, 649, 799, 876

cooking 43

newborns buried in 774, 876

smashed over graves 790

pottery 104, 197, 206, 209, 311, 440, 448, 450, 461, 463, 467, 475, 604, 743–744, 746, 752–753, 758, 823, 862, 869, 878

commemorative use 663, 868

grave goods 608–609, 663, 709, 756, 773–774, 790, 836, 848, 871, 873

manufacturing 32, 208, 812

Sântana de Mureș-Chernyakhov 773

relics 4, 8, 30–32, 61, 126, 137, 177, 255–256, 259–262, 697, 770, 789

burial of 260

cult of 248, 255

deposition of 251, 775

exhumed 249

holy 789, 817

law prohibiting the partition and purchase of 259

privately-owned 262

transferred 248–250, 259, 262

reliquary 256

festive reception of 251

rings 601, 743, 744, 746, 774, 790, 843

amuletic 840

gilded 814

of bronze (

bronze, rings

) 774

of copper-alloy (

copper-alloy, rings

) 823, 845

of gold (

gold, rings

) 712, 774

of iron (

iron, rings

) 823

of metal (

metal, rings

) 836

of silver (

silver, rings

) 712, 774, 814

rivets

of iron (

iron, rivets

) 774

Sajur 843

rod 256

scarabs 840

sceptre 191

seals 840

sella 190

shoe insoles 71

shoes 11, 608, 660, 873

cork-soled 604

deposition of, as grave offering 678

hobnailed 662

of leather (

leather, shoes

) 678

symbolic and practical significance 608

signaculum 735

spears 125, 190

spear head

iron-socketed (

iron, socketed spear head

) 634

spiked bat 36

spindles

of wood (

wood, spindles

) 867

spindle whorls 11

staff (

thyrsi

) 190, 192, 227, 353

imperial 240

stamps

of brick (

brick, stamps

) 232, 431, 435, 478

straps

of leather (

leather, straps

) 846

swords 268, 657, 799

sica 657

tabs

of metal (

metal, tabs

) 292

of stone (

stone, tabs

) 111

tettina (

bottles, feeding

) 673

tintinnabulum

of bronze (

bronze, tintinnabulum

) 735–736

three wing arrow 36

thyrsi (

staff

)

crossed 353

tools 125, 521

of stone (

stone, tools

) 43

ritual 10

torches 45, 72, 85, 88

light of 80

toys 11, 637, 803

rattle 736

unguents/unguentaria 11–12, 45, 49, 60–61, 70, 450, 785, 789, 803

embalming 49

of glass (

glass, unguents/unguentaria

) 649, 678, 772, 789, 822–823, 826

perfumed 43, 59

vehicle

wheeled 125

vessels 77, 131, 136, 190, 192, 466, 634, 738–739, 785, 789, 801–802, 868

decorated 123

deposits of broken (

deposits, of broken vessels

) 713

glazed 876

(function)

for accessory 650

for cooking 753, 790

for cremation, of glass (

glass, cremation vessels

) 56

for drinking 11, 803

for serving 790

for storage 11, 821

for utility 709

(material)

of ceramic (

ceramic, vessels

) 43, 606, 608–609, 720, 789, 823, 836, 871, 873

of glass (

glass, vessels

) 12, 49, 79, 440, 637, 720, 774, 789, 823, 836–839, 847, 872–873, 877

of metal (

metal, vessels

) 125

of terracotta (

terracotta, vessels

) 11

smashed over graves 12

vials

of glass (

glass, vials

) 677

ware

of silver (

silver, ware

) 124

wax tapers 90

weapons 3, 36, 657, 709, 774, 800

buried with 33, 699

injuries related to 657

of iron (

iron, weapons

) 799

Materials and Organic Substances

adobe 212

acacia 878

alabaster 171

alkanols 43

aloemedin 676

amber 49, 73, 79

beads (

beads, of amber

) 75, 80, 662, 774

angiosperms 52

aromatics 45

ashes 61, 87–88, 206, 260

ashlars 109, 326, 356–357, 359–360, 362, 370, 385, 417, 419, 439, 441, 463–464

reused 512

spoliated 401, 412

balms

mummy 43, 61

treatment of the body with 45

balsams 45

basalt 175, 185

bay leaves 11, 56–57, 71

bile 69

birch

white, tree branches 69

bone

beads (

beads, of bone

) 80

combs (

combs, of bone

) 601, 650, 660, 662, 771, 773–774

needles (

needles, of bone

) 650

bricks 102, 111, 173, 176, 230, 235, 384–385, 422, 432, 457, 460, 467, 476, 478, 489, 492, 494, 503, 509, 527–528, 694, 698, 746, 783, 792

arcades (

arcades, of brick

) 492

baked 256

cists of, masonry 792

graves of, masonry 813

lids (

lids, of bricks

) 772

lining graves 673

lining pits 772, 871

red 172, 175

reused 173–174, 233, 385, 467, 471

stamps (

stamps, of brick

) 232, 431, 435, 478

tombs of, masonry 818

vaults (

vaults, of brick

) 513

bronze 11, 297, 376, 472, 790

bracelets (

bracelets, of bronze

) 774

brooches (

brooches, of bronze

) 773

buckles (

buckles, of bronze

) 799

coins (

coins, of bronze

) 256, 434, 735, 826

crossbow fibulae (

crossbow fibulae, of bronze

) 28

earrings (

earrings, of bronze

) 772

fence (

fence, of bronze

) 179

hairpins (

hairpins, of bronze

) 774

jewellery (

jewellery, of bronze

) 801

libation tube (

libation tube, of bronze

) 236

pins (

pins, of bronze

) 736

quadriga of elephants (

quadriga of elephants, of bronze

) 438

rings (

rings, of bronze

) 774

statues (

statues, of bronze

) 289, 311, 344–345, 376, 499

tintinnabulum (

tintinnabulum, of bronze

) 735

buckthorn species

(Rhamnus sp.) 676

carboxylic acids 43

carnelian 80

cassia 59

caster oil 878

ceramic

grave goods (

grave goods, of ceramic

) 823

lamps (

lamps, of ceramic

) 825, 836–837

vessels (

vessels, of ceramic

) 43

chrysophanol 676

cinnamon 45, 56, 59

conifers 49

copper-alloy

belts (

betls, of copper-alloy

) 826

bracelets (

braceltes, of copper-alloy

) 650, 823

rings (

rings, of copper-alloy

) 823, 845

coral

beads (

beads, of coral

) 80, 774

creams 59

diterpenic 56

diterpenoids 52, 57

dock 676

dyes 6, 17, 68, 71

expensive 674

purple 71

red and purple, in clothes as apotropaic 676

Tyrian purple 71

dyestuffs 70

earth pigments (

umbra

) 677–678

emeralds 73, 80

essences

Hebrew 45

exudates 49–51

aromatic 58, 60

Boswellia spp. 49

Pinacae and Liquidambar orientalis 56

resinous plant 45, 47, 52, 57, 59, 61–62

as a mark of status, as votive offerings 61

ritual use of plant 50

faecal material 43

fat

animal 43

fibres 878, 674

in subserica 676

of silk (

silk, fibres

) 675

plant 872

fir

(Abies sp.) 57, 673

wood shavings of 10, 57

flowers 57, 229

fresh 45

images of 229

Sabaean 45

seasonal 72

fragrances

ephemeral 59

sweet 256

fragrant 45

natural, products 45

frankincense 10, 45, 49, 60

Boswellia spp. 49, 52, 57

garnets 73

gemstones 73

glass 58, 74, 80, 225, 454, 637, 698, 709, 716, 744, 756, 790

artefacts 756, 790

beads (

beads, of glass

) 77, 79, 649, 662, 736, 771, 774, 823, 826, 836

beakers (

beakers, of glass

) 11, 716, 720, 757–758

belt buckles with, inlays 826

bottles (

bottles, of glass

) 678

cover (

cover, of glass

) 58

cremation urn (

urn, cremation, of glass

) 121

cremation vessels (

vessels, cremation, of glass

) 56

dishes (

dishes, of glass

) 868

dress ornaments (

dress ornaments, of glass

) 72

goblet (

goblet, of glass

) 791

gold (

glass, of gold

) 880

jewellery (

jewellery, of glass

) 73

mosaic (

mosaic, of glass

) 158

patera (

patera, of glass

) 861

pendants (

pendants, of glass

) 840

plates (

plates, of glass

) 847

recycled green and blue bottle 77, 527

sealed, cover (

cover, sealed, of glass

) 58

tableware (

tableware, of glass

) 732

unguents/unguentaria (

unguents, of glass

) 649, 678, 772, 789, 822–823, 826

vessels (

vesels, of glass

) 11, 49, 79, 440, 637, 713, 720, 774, 789, 803, 823, 836–839, 847, 868, 872–873, 877

vials (

vials, of glass

) 677

gold 49, 58, 71, 73, 80, 399

brocade (

brocade, of gold

) 699

candelabras (

candelabras, of gold

) 238

cloth of (

cloth, of gold

) 85

coffins (

coffins, of gold

) 85

colour 75, 77, 81

cross (

cross, of gold

) 172, 771

earrings (

earrings, of gold

) 49, 814, 823–824

fabric (

fabric, of gold

) 235

footwear items (

footwear, of gold

) 770

glass (

glass, of gold

) 226, 880

grave goods (

grave goods, of gold

) 699, 772

pall embroidered with (

pall, embroidered with gold

) 85

ribbons (

ribbons, of gold

) 675

rings (

rings, of gold

) 712, 774

stars (mosac, wall in mausolea, depicting gold stars) 172

textiles (

textiles, of gold

) 674

threads (

threads, of gold

) 49, 56, 60, 71, 640, 674–675, 729, 770, 790

gold-in-glass

beads (

beads, of gold-in-glass

) 80

granite 451, 453

grey 451

red, sarcophagus 235, 362

gum-resins 47, 51–52, 57–58, 61

Boswellia spp. 49, 52, 56–57, 61

gums 51, 57–58

gypsum 49, 671, 678, 687

bodies encased in 673, 682, 880

textile impressions in 71, 134

harvests

Cilician 59

Indian 45

hopanes 43

incense (

burners, incense

) 12, 45, 47, 58, 60, 304, 785

burning of 88, 70

Palestinian 59

iron 11, 790

belt buckles (

belt buckles, of iron

) 771

bonds (

bonds, of iron

) 256

bracelets (

bracelets, of iron

) 774, 823

buckles (

buckles, of iron

) 799

fixing cast (

fixing cast, of iron

) 256

hobnails (

hobnails, of iron

) 650

nails (

nails, of iron

) 12, 606, 633, 678, 771–773, 783, 846

rings (

rings, of iron

) 823

rivets (

rivets, of iron

) 774

smelting 517

socketed spear head (

spear head, iron-socketed

) 634

weapons (

weapons, of iron

) 799

iron-oxide 74

ivory 49

Munich 16

jet

beads (

beads,of jet

) 71, 662

items 79

juniper berries 871

lead 60, 256

box (

box, of lead

) 121

caskets (

caskets, of lead

) 673

coffins (

coffins, of lead

) 603, 606, 632, 640, 846

lined (

coffins, lined in lead

) 47, 50–51, 56–58, 61, 72, 127, 134–135, 606, 619, 673

redeposited 56

sarcophagi (

sarcophagi, of lead

) 111, 783

tanks (

tanks, of lead

) 134

trade of 715

urns (

urns, of lead

) 56

leather 284

girdles (

girdles, of leather

) 872

shoes (

shoes, of leather

) 678

straps (

straps, of leather

) 846

libations 12, 457

bowls 186

channels 186

limestone 185, 256, 356, 358, 364, 405, 430, 451, 477, 503, 506, 526, 529, 619, 713, 727, 730, 769, 801–802, 863

bases (

bases, of limestone

) 326, 330, 345, 356, 359, 361, 364, 373–374, 529

blocks 363, 457

formae covered with, slab 102, 111

lids (

lids, of limestone

) 773

ossuary (

ossuary, of limestone

) 56

pavements (

pavements, of limestone

) 498

pedestals (

pedestals, of limestone

) 334

sarcophagi (

sarcophagi, of limestone

) 710–711

sidewalks (

sidewalks, of stone

) 503

slabs, covering graves 718, 736, 744–745

stylobate 502

linen 71, 85, 88–89, 743, 867–868, 872, 878

bandages (

bandages, of linen

) 49

bands (

bands, of linen

) 878–879

dalmatica from Egypt (

dalmatica, of linen from Egypt

) 675

fabric (

fabric, of linen

) 677, 868

household style 71

sheet (

sheet, of linen

) 89

shrouds (

shrouds, of linen

) 85, 89, 861

tabby weaves (

weaves, tabby linen

) 677

tunic (

tunic, of linen

) 675

lipids 51

Liquidambar orientalis (

storax

) 56–57, 61

liquids 59

aqueous 47

Hebrew 59

madder root

(Rubiacea sp.) 675

marble 49, 176–177, 206, 223, 225, 230, 233, 238, 256, 280, 292–293, 298, 325–326, 328, 330–332, 337, 343–345, 356, 358, 361–362, 365, 369–370, 374, 384–385, 394, 399–400, 405, 433, 435–436, 440, 442–443, 445, 451, 456, 472, 476, 478, 481, 488, 497, 503, 506, 523, 529

(types)

blue-white 451

coloured 235, 443

greco scritto 336

grey 503

Pentelic 329, 336, 353, 355, 363

polychrome 353

porphyry 8, 158, 177, 179, 232–233, 235

Proconnesian 256, 352, 354–355, 364, 359

purple-white 256

white 158, 235, 336, 441, 443, 449

altars (

altars, of marble

) 438

coffins (

coffins, of marble

) 124

inscribed, slabs 712

inscriptions (

inscriptions, of marble

) 670

plaques (

plaques, of marble

) 385, 280, 292

sarcophagi (

sarcophagi, of marble

) 49, 112, 163, 171–172, 235, 240, 256, 710, 783

stelae (

stelae, of marble

) 877

mastic/terebinth 49, 52, 60

Pistacia spp. 49

matter

decay of 57

fragrant 256

inorganic 51

organic 43, 47, 51, 58

metal 119

arm-rings (

arm-rings, of metal

) 836

bells ( see bells, of metal ) 12

clamps (

clamps, of metal

) 306, 328, 417

earrings (

earrings, of metal

) 836

finger-rings (

finger-rings, of metal

) 836

jewellery (

jewellery, of metal

) 836, 838

ladles (

madles, of metal

) 867

plate (

plate, of metal

) 342

rings (

rings, of metal

) 836

statues (

statues, of metal

) 344–345

tabs (

tabs, of metal

) 292

vessels (

vessels, of metal

) 72, 125

mudbrick

benches (

benches, of mudbrick

) 861

murex

purple-dyed decoration 52, 60

myrrh 45, 49, 52, 57–58, 878

African Commiphora spp. 49

Commiphora spp. 52

Myrtle twigs 10, 57

natural wax 43

oils 49, 52, 59–60, 684, 687

fragrant 823, 847

of acacia 878

of caster 878

of pine 878

perfumed 45, 61

plant 46, 57

pouring, over dead 677, 682, 785, 823, 847, 878

shrouds treated with 677, 683

ointments 45, 59–60

oxidation 52

pearl 80

perfumes 45, 70, 88

definiton 59

from the East 59

petrolum

product 43

phenolics 52, 56

Pinaceae 56

resins 50, 56–57, 60–61

pine 878

Pinus sylvestris (

Scots pine

) 50

Pistacia spp. 56

extracts from Liquidambar orientalis 61

genus 49, 52

mastic 49

plant(s) 43, 45, 47, 51, 57, 336

C3 26, 35

evergreen 10

oil 43

potted 10

resinous 61–62

pollen 49

Commiphora spp. 49

polymerisation 52

pottery 26, 213, 310, 438

pozzonala mines 225

abandoned 227

pyre 45, 124, 604–605

coffins on 606

quartz 69

residues 47, 51–52, 56, 58

organic 49–50, 62

visible 43, 49, 57

white 56, 59

resins 51, 56, 58–59, 61, 677, 684

angiosperms 52

aromatic 47, 640, 677, 682, 687

balsamic 52, 57, 677

conifer spieces 49, 52

conifer trees (Cupressaceae sp., Pinaceae sp.) 677

fossil diterpeniod 49

gum 677

mastic 10, 52

pine 10

Pistacia spp. 49–50, 56, 59, 61, 677

rhein 676

rhizomes 676

rhubarb roots (Rheum sp.) 676

rosemary 878

rubies 73

saffron 59

Corycian 45

salt 10, 869, 871–872, 878, 880

salted products 102

sandarac (

Tetraclinis articulata

) 49, 57, 61

sandstone 293

Scots pine (

Pinus sylvestris

) 50

sediments 43, 57, 62

shale 73

items 79

shells 11–12, 790

silk 10, 45, 60, 71, 85, 674, 677, 868

block damask (

vestis scutulata

) 674

clothes (

clothes, of silk

) 10, 49

damask (

damask, of silk

) 10, 56, 675, 677

tunic (

tunic, of damask silk

) 640

tunic (

tunic, of silk

) 674–676, 869

(types)

Bambyx mori 674

Chinise juan 674, 676

skutulatus 674–675

silt 71, 301, 521

accumulation of 297

silver

bracelets (

bracelets, of silver

) 774

brooch (

brooch, of silver

) 712

candelabras (

candelabras, of silver

) 238

containers (

containers, of silver

) 256

double-loop belt buckles (

belt buckles, of silver, double-loop

) 771

earrings (

earring, of silver

)

of silver (

silver, earrings

) 745

Mediterranean, ware (

ware, Mediterranean, of silver

) 124

philakterium (

philakterium, of silver

) 772

rings (

rings, of silver

) 712, 774, 814

silver-alloy

mirrors (

mirrors, of silver alloy

) 9, 757

sorrel

(Rumex sp.) 676

spices 45, 60

spikenard

fragrant oil of 61

stanols 43

sterols 43

stone 11, 29, 60, 68, 80, 104, 108, 119, 121, 123, 134, 154, 173, 191, 196, 206, 209, 213–214, 256, 293, 325–326, 330–332, 335, 343–344, 345–346, 353, 355–358, 360, 364–365, 368, 370, 374, 376, 385, 387–388, 390, 397, 399–400, 403–405, 407, 411, 413, 422, 433, 436, 441–442, 446, 460–461, 463–465, 467, 472–473, 476, 478, 481, 489, 491–492, 496–497, 509, 518, 524, 606, 632, 694, 747, 757, 787–788, 790, 821, 823, 859–860, 874, 877

as inscribed 325–326, 328, 337, 346, 356, 362–363, 365–366, 373, 743

as moulded 126, 354, 358

as new-cut 491, 506, 521

as reused 346, 372–373, 401, 406, 408, 462, 521

benches (

benches, of stone

) 793

boxes (

boxes, of stone

) 877

casket (

casket, of stone

) 816

chests (

chests, of stone

) 755

cinerary urns (

cinerary urns, of stone

) 813

cists (

cists, of stone

) 12, 111, 129–130, 207, 772–773, 785, 833–834

coffins (

coffins, of stone

) 72, 121, 125, 127, 129–130, 132–133, 135, 138, 603–604, 606, 632, 673

containers (

conteniers, of stone

) 51

grave markers (

grave markers, of stone

) 744

intaglio, as grave good (

intaglio of stone, as grave good

) 636

lids (

lids, of stone

) 212

lining graves (

graves, lined in stones

) 618–620, 636, 650, 673, 711, 727, 735, 741, 743–746, 747, 813, 818, 833, 878

packing, for coffins 618, 650, 662

pillars (

pillars, of stone

) 179

reliefs (

reliefs, of stone

) 191–192, 194, 204

roof tiles (

tiles, roof, of stone

) 135

sarcophagi (

sarcophagi, of stone

) 49, 51–52, 56–59, 131, 210, 212, 606, 636–637, 670–671, 673, 732, 684, 880

statues (

statues, of stone

) 188, 311

stelae (

stelae, of stone

) 861

tools (

tools, of stone

) 43

tables, for feasting rituals (

tables, of stone for feasting rituals

) 729

storax (

Liquidambar orientalis

) 10, 56–57, 60

substances

aromatic (

substances, scented

) 45

scented (

substanes, aromatic

) 45

sugars 51–52

gum 51

terpenes 51, 62

terpenoids 43, 51, 62

terracotta 223, 476

containers (

containers, of terracotta

) 734

hand-held, lamps (

hand-held lamps, of terracotta

) 791

lamps (

lamps, of terracotta

) 11

urns (

urns, of terracotta

) (

ollae

) 223

vessels (

vessels, of terracotta

) 11

Tetraclinis articulata (

sandarac

) 49, 57, 61

textile

mineral-replaced 51–52, 56

tiles 225, 435, 449, 456, 469, 746, 773, 788

capped, graves (

graves, tile-capped

) 12

covering cists 783

covering tombs 650, 745–746, 772, 818

funerary bed of reused 636

gabled, alla capuccina 698, 711, 743, 818, 821

graves built of 833

imbrices 772

lids (

lids, of tiles

) 772

marble roof (

roof, of marble tiles

) 223

pavements (

pavements, of tiles

) 129

stone, roof (

stone, roof tiles

) 135

stylized 123

tegulae 650

vault (

vault, of tiles

) 57, 124

timber

coffins (

coffins, of timber

) 618, 633, 650

lines vault 637

shoring (

shoring, of timber

) 648

topos

hagiographic 255, 262

mausoleum 158

travertine 176, 229–230, 424, 439, 449, 466, 475, 481

triterpenic compounds 52, 56

triterpenoids 52, 56

tuff rock 225

twigs

myrtle 673–674

Tyrian purple 45

umbra (

earth pigments

) 677–678

vestis scutulata (

silk, block damask

) 674

wax esters 43

wood 45, 212, 466, 681

beads (

beads, of wood

) 75

biers (

biers, of wood

) 846

box (

box, of wood

) 755

bridge (

bridge, of wood

) 466

carvings 196

caskets (

casket, of wood

) 235, 846

chapels (

chapels, of wood

) 130

coffins (

coffins, of wood

) 4, 51–52, 58, 72, 131, 135, 600–601, 603, 606, 613, 620, 632–633, 673, 744, 755–756, 771–772, 783, 813, 820–821, 846, 862, 867, 869, 873, 875–877

combs (

combs, of wood

) 846, 867

hairpins (

hairpins, of wood

) 843

house (

house, of wood

) 699

markers (

markers, of wood

) 866

objects (

objects, of wood

) 755

pegs (

pegs, of wood

) 821

portraits of (

portraits, of wood

) 288

portraits painted (

portraits of wood, painted

) 861, 877

sarcophagi (

sarcophagi, of wood

) 111

shavings 59, 673, 681, 684, 687, 880

spindles (

spindles, of wood

) 867

stand (

stand, of wood

) 785

steles (

steles, of wood

) 216

wool 879

cloak (

cloak, of wool

) 71

dyed, decorative elements 868

purple 674–675

murex 674

purple-dye, tabby (

tabby, purple-dyed, of wool

) 56

tapestry (

tapestry, of wool

) 867

tunic (

tunic, of wool

) 70

under-tunic (

under-tunic, of wool

) 674, 676

Body

arms 607, 656, 754, 789

(position in graves)

across the lower abdomen 662, 788, 821

bent onto pelvis 607, 736

crossed over the chest 607, 720, 746, 755, 788

flexed 607, 800

straight 607

streched along the sides 716, 720, 736, 746, 755, 774, 821

tied 788

blood 69

red (colour) synonymous with 73

bodies 10, 127, 137, 217, 248, 250, 260, 262, 268, 272, 394

decapitated 4, 13

deposition of 111

encased in plaster 673, 677

position (in graves) 607–608, 620

uncorrupted, of the saints 61

unwanted 218

veneration of entact 248

with mutilated limbs 7

bone biomass 30

bones 5–6, 13, 33, 58, 69, 80, 223, 255, 601, 608, 613, 618, 660–661, 679, 713, 719–720, 734, 736, 771–772, 781, 788, 796, 803, 836, 838–839, 869, 874

animal 12, 206

placed in graves 773, 790

displaced 661, 718, 736, 788

as relics 789

dispositon of 661, 663

human 3, 5, 23

lower arm 56

of the hands and feet 36

respecting the, of the dead 13

removal of, as apotropaic device 789

brain

human 68

corpses 7, 16, 81, 124, 225, 257, 608, 640, 649, 662, 697–698, 744, 772, 783, 787–789, 803, 816, 846, 868–869

accessories placed with 650, 775

animal 225

cleansing and purification 60, 61

crosses laid in 790

oil pured over 677

shrouded 111

sign of cross over 843

violated 101

cranial features 36

cranium 13, 49, 52, 56, 657, 720, 771, 788

embalming 10, 45, 59, 677, 860

mummification by 860–861

process 10

resurgence in 61

enthesophytes 656

eyes 67–70, 288

feces 284

feet 80, 499, 608, 634, 677, 716, 720, 772

bare 88

children placed at, of parents 637, 673, 869

femurs 49, 680, 719, 734

fluids

bodily 69

foetus

dismembered remains of 610

footbones 660, 789, 820

hands 190, 262, 275, 614, 677, 736

(position in graves)

bonded 607

crossed in the pelvis 662, 743, 745, 774

crossed on the chest 80, 607, 662

crossed over abdomen 821

heads 10, 13, 71, 80, 87, 132, 188, 190, 212

removal of, after death 7

uncovered 88

heart 734

hematopoietic 614

legs 618, 656–657, 736, 789

(positon in graves)

bended 607

bounded with belt 845

crossed 607

straight 720, 788

ribbons of gold threads placed on 675

lesions

violent 36

ligaments 656, 719–720

limbs 10, 614, 656, 772, 803, 821

mutilated 7, 797

menopause 656

molars 680, 689

mouth

coins placed in 609, 792, 814, 822, 826

erotic spells placed in 868

flint placed in 609

gold epistomia placed in 814

nails placed in 609

mummies 846, 861, 867, 871, 876–877, 880

mummification 59, 861, 878

animal 862

artificial 865

pallor 72

putrefaction

odour of 59

retinas 67

shoulder 614, 656, 683, 736, 773, 788

joint 657

skeletons 2, 4, 23–24, 26–28, 35–36, 52, 70, 75, 79, 134, 206–207, 212–213, 223, 431

redeposition of 723, 803

skin 49, 59, 79

animal, footwear 56

colour 69, 81

pallor of dead 70

post-mortem 70

skulls 7, 32, 36, 612, 660, 662, 720, 736, 7744, 46, 755–756, 788, 820, 823–824

combs deposited near 662, 773

deformed 756, 766

unguentaria deposited near 823

spine 614

stature 609, 613, 652–654

increased 26

reduction in 3

teeth 33, 36, 223, 614, 679–680, 781

abrasion 679

ante mortem, loss 614

decay 719

enamel caps of 678

roots of 679

urine 284

womb 610

wrist 80

Diseases and Health

abscesses 719

acro-osteolosys in the bones of hands and feet 36

anaemia 28, 612, 614

arthritis/osteoarthritis 27

bone enthesis (

enthesopathies

) 30

brucellosis 30

cavities

dental 27

incidence of 30

nasal 36

congenital hemopathies 30

criba cranii 32

cribra orbitalia 32, 614, 654

degenerative diseases 207

dental atrittion 611

dental calculus 28

dental development 679–680

dental loss 30

dental wear 30

disarticulated human skeletal remains 207

diseases 3, 5, 26, 28, 31, 36, 223, 613–614, 679–680, 759

degenerative 207

of joints 614, 654, 656

dental 614

infectious 28, 613, 798

metabolic 614

of upper respiratory tract 681

Perthe’s 656

sesonal 28

disfigurements 8

epiphysis

slipped femoral capital 656

fever 614

health 1–3, 6, 23, 27–29, 599, 612–613, 621, 642, 652, 654, 680, 713, 729, 781

mental 681

physical 613–614

poor 2, 26, 32, 36, 614–615

stress 653–654

hypoplasia 32

enamel 614, 679–680

root 679–680

infection 614

systemic 654

injuries 3, 36, 268

weapon 3

iron deficiency 614

leprosy 8, 28, 36, 603, 613–614, 717

dental 680

periosteal 654

malaria 28

incidence 30

obesity 207

osteoarthritis 656

osteology 3, 6, 9–10

of bone 2

osteoporosis 656

palaeopathological

abnormal 32

pathogens 612

pathologies

chronic 30

pestilence

human-bovine 28

spread of 27

plague 27, 366, 433

epidemic 103

Justinianic 27

Plasmodium Falciparum (

unicellular protozoan

) 28

porotic hyperostosis 30

pubic symphysis 611

rickets 680

Schmorl’s nodes 614, 656

sinusitis 614

soft-tissue decay 59

scrofulous 79

sexual dimorphism 23

stress

early childhood 614, 654, 680

occupational 27

physical 33

spinal 614

stress marker 30, 679–690

surgical operation 32

syphilis

congenital 680

venereal 680

systemic infection 654

TB (

tuberculosis

) 8

thalassaemia 30, 612

tibias 656, 680, 746

toothache

treatment of 79

traits

dental 2, 35

non-metrical 35, 385

trauma 601, 614, 652, 656, 759

accidental 654

cranial peri-mortem 657

peri-mortem 654, 660, 772

tuberculosis (

) 28, 613–614

unicellular protozoan (

Plasmodium Falciparum

) 28

vitamin C deficiency

affecting children in rural areas 614

vitamin D deficiency

in urban areas 614, 680

wounds

scarring of 36

Science

aDNA 3, 612, 622, 638, 650, 657, 663, 730, 746

Agilent 51

anthropogenic actions 59

biomarkers 43, 52, 61

carbon

isotopes 35

mass 26

dichloromethane methanol 51

DNA 2, 5–6, 10, 28, 33–34, 36, 62, 223

gas-chromatography

analysis 26

mass spectrometry 43, 51

gases 51, 59

helium 51

isotopes 3, 36, 62, 80–81

carbon 33, 612–613

lead 612, 673

mobility 638

nitrogen 2, 35, 612–613

oxygen 612, 638

stable 26, 33

staple, of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium 730

strontium 223, 612, 638

mDNA 3, 637–638, 642

mtDNA 822

haplotypes 821

nitrogen 26

stream of 51

phenotype analysis 33

phenyl methyl siloxane 51

radiocarbon

analysis 36, 203, 212

radiocarbon dating 600, 606, 616–622, 650, 663, 692, 699, 730–731, 734, 739, 740, 743–746, 875, 867–869, 873–874

sampling 58

environmental 2

molecular 17

solvent 51

trifluoroacetamide 51

trimethylchlorosinlane 51

trimethylsilyl derivates 51

ultrasonication 51

Food

barley 26

bread 790

C4 cereals 613

carbohydrates consumption of 3, 27

cereals 26, 30

high quality 26, 35

low quality 26

cheese 26

collagen 36

fats 49

animal 57

fish 2, 196, 613, 639, 769, 784, 790

consumption of 3

(types)

cod 639

eel 639

flounder 639

gadid 639

plaice 639

foods

raw 31

fruit

disposed of, within cemetety 790

honey 45, 73, 789

legumes 30

meat 3, 30, 186

animal 26

bull 186

consumption of 26

disposed of, within cemetety 790

goat 186

milk 26

consumption of 31

millet 26, 613, 639

panicum 26

pork

consumption 639

protein

animal 26, 36

roots 30

seeds 12, 790

tubers 30

vegetables

disposed of, within cemetety 790

wheat 26

wine 789, 847, 861

Diet

diet 2, 6, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35–36, 223, 606, 612–613, 637–639, 680, 687, 719, 729–730, 767, 781, 802, 878, 606, 612–613, 637–639, 680, 687, 719, 729–730, 767, 781, 802, 878

household 639

lack of iron in 30

meat rich 3

nutritional 3, 30

terrestrial 639

urban 613

intake

poor nutritional 30

malnutrition 27, 32, 614, 680, 699, 798

nutrition

poor 3, 613

protracted, deficiency 32

protein

terrestrial animal 639

Site Features

acclamations 444–445, 511–512, 516, 520

carved 16, 516, 518

to Christian emperors and the Greens 512

to the Blues and the Greens 511

beam holes 510

cap-stone 120

capping 8

conical 123

Chi-Rho 134, 239

monograms 8, 193

painted 152

Christogram 670, 784

cippi 8, 406, 457, 465, 471, 474

funerary 304

inscribed 229, 451

epitaphs 4, 13, 16, 49, 222–226, 240–241, 475, 743, 781, 793, 798–800, 802–803, 816, 834

carved 787

painted 793

with verses 783, 787, 802

figlina 213

gameboards 71, 485

graffiti 239–241, 485, 495

grave markers 8, 137–138, 196, 206, 216, 222, 398, 411, 618, 634–635, 663, 821, 834, 860, 865–866, 879

inscribed 133, 600

of ceramic 866

of mortared stone 744

of wood 866

gravestones (

tombstones

) 13, 707, 399, 431, 442, 451, 464

portraits on 70

hovels 272, 487

huts 84, 206, 272, 699

sunken 699, 701

inscriptions 3, 6–7, 16, 136, 160–161, 164, 169, 184, 189, 191, 193–194, 196, 206–207, 225, 239, 243, 280, 292, 300, 302, 304, 306, 315, 325–326, 328–329, 334–335–337, 342–344, 351, 356, 358–360, 363, 365–366, 368–369, 370–373, 375, 377, 384, 390, 401, 408, 412, 414–415, 420, 424, 427–428, 432–433, 438–440, 442–444, 446, 448, 452–453, 457–458, 463–467, 470, 476–477, 481, 485, 487, 489, 496, 501, 507, 511, 513, 524, 670, 674, 680, 682, 684–686, 693, 697, 707, 714–715, 717, 870

Arabic 873, 875

Christian 669–670, 686

engraved 769

erased 351, 352, 354–355, 369, 373, 523

funerary 3–4, 6, 9, 147, 191, 216–217, 415, 471, 473, 543, 621, 670–671, 678–680, 687, 707, 729, 834, 843, 861

painted 769, 787, 876

honorific 126, 358, 360

monumental 293, 326, 351, 356, 358–359, 361–363, 368

of marble (

marble, inscriptions

) 670

painted 292–293, 331, 354

public 360, 523

reused as building material 346–351

superimposed 343

(location)

on sarcophagi 743

on table-like pedestals 670, 678

on walls 670, 872

inscription tablets 121

kilns

lime 416

metallurgy 32, 213

pottery 212–213, 413

menorah 9, 714

carved 207

opisthographic slabs 337, 365

pits 7, 70, 197, 207, 210, 213–214, 432, 443

for grain storage 213

plague 4

plaques 293, 302

honorific 304

inscribed 280, 293, 296

of marble (

marble, plaques

) 385, 280, 292

presses 213

rubbish tips 7, 206

stalls

market 293

stelae/stellae/steles 1, 8, 13, 191, 411–413, 415, 420, 431, 436, 438, 458, 462, 481, 766, 833–834, 862, 866–867, 870, 872–873, 876, 879

Arabic 867

Coptic 866, 869, 871–873, 876

Greek 866

(material)

of marble (

marble, stelae

) 361, 877

of stone (

stone, stelae

) 861

of wood (

wood, steles

) 216

(types)

commemorative 415

funerary 2, 13, 383, 389, 434, 437, 447, 451, 457–458, 462

gladiator 415

striations 494

tabella picta 678

tethering of animals 517

tombstones (

gravestones

) 8, 70, 386, 388–389, 399, 401–402, 428–429, 435, 451, 463–464, 467–469, 472, 612, 686, 756, 766, 780, 782, 787, 800

definition 121

inscribed 126, 621, 787, 799–800, 834

recording purchase of plots 787, 799

reused 387, 407, 471

revealing marital status 798

revealing professional identity 787, 799

revealing religious identity 787

spolia 390

wheel ruts 494, 485, 510, 513

Building Types and Function

agorai 14, 293, 298, 301, 304, 311, 452, 456, 491

inscribed bases in 295

old civic honorands on, vulnerable to scapping 302

repair of 391

amphitheatres 361, 400, 405, 421–422, 429–430, 440, 445, 465–475, 477, 480

aqueducts 422, 480

treatment of 424

areae 209–210, 216

atria 132–133, 138, 155, 206–208

balnea 212

baptisteries 29, 109, 205, 210–211, 217, 241, 432, 699, 711

basilicae 113, 154, 156, 195, 207, 233, 235, 251, 240–242, 274, 280, 418

imperially-sponsored 265

(location)

extramural 238, 241, 276

intra-mural 266, 270

(types)

civil 288

funerary 169, 217, 222, 236, 238–241, 279

martyrial 218

baths 30, 130, 205, 211, 237, 243, 287, 313, 404, 441, 447, 469, 523 ( see balnea )

bema 257

bogs 7

bouleteria 419–420, 448, 453–454, 457

bridges

of wood (

wood, bridge

) 466

caldaria 109, 210, 356, 359

capitolia 32, 297, 306, 429, 472

castles 23, 211, 485

castra 26, 28, 130

cathedral 697, 699, 870

chapels 127, 132–134, 136, 138, 147, 153, 170–171, 177, 180, 193–194, 207, 250–251, 255, 257, 259, 265, 793, 872

(types)

family 32, 138, 180

funerary 109, 120, 130, 133, 147, 169, 175, 189, 210, 796, 818, 872, 874

memorial 147

of wood (

wood, chapels

) 130

churches 2, 5, 7–8, 12, 14–16, 23–24, 29, 30–32, 84–85, 119, 126–127, 130–134, 137–138, 147, 154, 170, 173–175, 179–180, 189, 195–197, 207–208, 210–211, 214–215, 217, 238, 241, 248–249, 259, 273–274, 279, 313, 363–364, 387–388, 391, 433, 436, 450, 454–455, 487, 521, 524, 667, 669, 692, 697–698, 701, 706–707, 727, 731, 735, 744–746, 757, 769–771, 775, 779, 781–785, 792–794, 796, 798–801, 803, 812, 815, 820–821, 826–828, 833, 838, 848, 861, 871–872, 877–879

(forms)

cruciform-plan 132

octagonal 251

(location)

extramural 817–818, 827

intramural 9, 271–272

rural 210

suburban 203–204, 209, 275, 280, 697–698, 771

urban 275, 281, 697, 699, 701, 818

(types)

ad sanctos 695, 817

funerary 129, 131, 134–135, 701, 828, 869, 871, 874

Gothic 136, 209

martyrial 275, 398, 701

parish 32

Renaissance 235

Roman 265–266, 268–269, 272, 276–278, 280

Romanesque 109, 208, 214

Saxon 123, 135

circuit (walls) (

city walls

) (

fortifications

) 14, 360, 389–391, 396–397, 402–406, 408, 412–413, 415–418, 421–422, 427–430, 433–436, 438, 441, 443, 446–448, 450–451, 453–454, 456–457, 463–464, 466–473, 480, 513

Augustan 465

Byzantine 359, 403, 418, 523

Hellenistic 432

circuses 238, 241, 273

cisterns 711, 727, 731–732, 835

city walls (

fortifications

) (

circuit walls

) 9, 14, 17, 179, 204, 206, 216, 231, 249, 257, 273–275, 279, 360, 383–384, 388–387, 390, 394–397, 401, 409, 411, 417, 421, 427, 459, 513, 520, 647, 694, 711, 731, 770–771, 796

burials outside 773–774

burials within 770–772, 775

spolia in 383–384, 386–391, 394–395, 397, 401–408, 411, 413–422

cubicula 101, 108, 225

culinae 212

curiae 361, 363, 377, 403, 430

dining halls 439

dining rooms 237, 399, 790

domus 8, 23, 205, 270, 272, 480, 736

decline 15

favissae

used for storage of various materials 374

fences

of bronze (

bronze, fence

) 179

fenestella confessionis 256

fora 293, 301, 491, 735, 745, 783

inscribed bases in 295

old civic honorands on, vulnerable to scrapping 302

statue groups on 304

fortifications (

city walls

) (

circuit walls

) 2, 5, 14, 32, 360, 383–384, 386, 388, 390–391, 394–397, 399–401, 403–409, 411–413, 415–416, 420–421, 427–432, 435–436, 438–439, 440, 443–445, 448–449, 451–455, 447, 454, 457–459, 461, 466, 471, 473, 475–478, 485, 489, 511–513, 523, 694

Archaic 442

Hellenistic 446

Theodosian and Constantinian 255–257

fortresses

auxiliary 148–149

inner 148–149, 163

legionary 148, 150, 157, 463

fountains 311, 313, 352, 356, 359, 364, 405, 417, 491, 499, 524

statue bases used as 355–356

frigidaria 328, 352, 358, 364

furnaces 260–261, 450

gates

city 84, 208, 385, 415, 421–422, 424, 427–428, 436, 444–445, 447–449, 480–481

crosses on 314

guest houses 243

gynaecum

court 674

heroa

Hellenistic and Roman 111

reuse of 13

hospitals (

xenodochium/xenodocheion

) 32

houses 16, 27, 188–189, 399, 436, 451–452, 481, 489, 701

charnel 5

mortuary 136

of wood (

wood, houses

) 699

peristyle 15

used for burials 740, 794

hypocaust 121, 133

kitchens 790

latomie 727

latrines 212, 362

lighthouses 179

mansio 634

markets 59, 288

martyria (

martyrial basilicas

) 109, 147, 151, 153, 255, 769–770, 772, 775, 793, 797, 817, 820

definition 769

rural 113

martyrial basilicas (

martyria

) 697, 701, 770

mithraeum 134

monasteries 26, 208, 215, 699, 861, 866, 871, 879

Benedictine 669

Christian cemeteries associated with 879

with oratories 873

niches 127, 170

for statues 232, 359

in catacombs 225

in hypogeia 225

in mausolea 103, 114, 173–175, 177, 230, 232–233, 235

rectangular 170–171, 174, 176 179, 235

semi-circular 172, 174–176, 179, 235, 237

in temple-tombs 229

rectangular 122, 231

semi-circular 230

nuraghi 710

nymphaea 288, 304, 311–314, 456

oratories 31, 256, 276, 280

funerary 170, 250

palace 699, 701

imperial 684, 686, 695

peristasis

in central-plan funerary structures 108

in mausolea 232–233, 235, 237

in temple-tombs 231, 242

plazas 14, 288, 291, 296, 301–302, 309, 311

podia 111, 122–123, 179, 185–186, 229–230, 231, 233, 236, 361, 431, 448, 465, 499

rectangular 229

semi-interred 232

praetoria 306

presbyteries 29, 211

proteichisma 256, 435, 477, 478–479

reception halls 114, 237

in domestic architecture 237

residence 740

restaurants

specialised in fish 639

sacella 306

sanctuaries 146, 257, 463, 793, 802, 812, 820, 828

burials in 796

Christian 803

Greek 307

private funerary 262

suburban 204

schools 16, 87, 89

civic 89

shops 311–312, 413, 488, 494, 502–503, 509–510, 512, 516–518, 520, 522–523, 526–527

cellular 288, 517, 521

shrines 45, 195, 236, 249, 251, 255–257, 259–262, 265, 257, 278, 280, 463, 618–619, 647, 769, 795, 801

ecclesiastical 797

pagan 781, 796, 816

(location)

extramural 274

intramural 250, 257, 259

(types)

catacomb 279

funerary 248

martyrial 251, 272

private 259

stadia 412, 415–416, 419, 421, 435–437, 447–448, 453, 457, 487, 491, 515

spoliation of 445

used for public execution of condemned criminals 817

stalls

market 14, 293

storehouses 213

synagogues 228

tabernae 14, 362, 432

tanks

of lead (

lead, tanks

) 134

taverns 243

temenoi 98, 175, 437, 448

quadriporticus 176

temples 12–13, 113, 136, 195, 228–229, 237, 302, 306, 363, 374, 377, 383, 385, 388, 390–391, 403, 430, 437, 487, 636, 641, 670, 732, 740, 795, 818, 860

burials amongst 730–733

for imperial cults 229

for pagan gods 233, 796

graves cut into 796

Romano-Celtic 122, 618, 633–634

statues by 304–306

tetrakionia 306, 491, 521

tetrapyla 352, 354–355, 358–359, 365, 370

theatres 289, 356, 361–362, 369–370, 377, 388, 421, 432, 436, 441, 444, 448–449, 452–454, 456, 462, 466–467, 472, 475, 478, 513, 523

suburban 416

towers 14, 260, 363, 396, 421–422, 428–430, 433, 436, 440, 443, 445, 447, 450, 456, 458, 461, 480–481

pentagonal 441, 452–453

polygonal 406, 474

rectangular 454

round 406, 465

saw-shaped 435

square 434

underground galleries 225, 228, 236, 242

vestibules 108–109, 170, 173, 177, 179, 235, 237, 435

vici 211

villa rustica 769

villa suburbana 239

villas 97, 163, 239, 257, 273

funerary structures associated with 103, 108

neonatal burials at 610

residential and productive 23, 98, 113, 123, 189, 211, 214, 222, 241, 243, 251, 274, 432

rural 744

temple-tombs belonging to 229

the end of 28

warehouses 213, 325, 373–374

of statue bases 362

water basin 235

wells 7

bodies thrown into 797

workshops 384, 407, 735, 744

for crafts 701

for knives with horn handles 744

for pottery 449, 820

for private textile of emperor 674

for sculpture 189

funerary 10

xenodochium/xenodocheion (

hospital

) 9, 32

Building Elements, Decoration and Furniture

aedicule

for statuary 124

(types)

columnated 123

towered 120

altars 8, 12, 170, 188, 204, 238, 241, 353, 386, 388–389, 400, 406, 431, 451, 453–454, 460, 464–465, 471, 474, 477, 670, 743, 769, 785, 802, 877

of marble (

marble, altars

) 438

reuse of 302

(types)

funerary 13, 388, 420, 434, 436, 457

monumental 204

pagan 137

arcades

of bricks (

bricks, arcades

) 492

arches 108, 172–173, 186, 239, 388, 422, 480

crosses on 314

cut-out 186

architraves 122, 126, 328, 361–362, 369, 377, 440, 442, 435–436, 441, 443, 449, 452–453, 478, 481

inscribed 518, 523

Ionic 442, 451

baldachino 125, 134, 206

balustrades 361, 363, 430, 489

bar counters 517

bases 127, 133, 443, 501

column 434, 457, 503

made from heterogenous elements 328–331

(material)

of limestone (

limestone, bases

) 326, 330, 345, 356, 359, 361, 364, 373–374, 529

of marble (

mable, bases

) 298, 326, 330–331, 336–337, 345, 352–355, 359, 361, 364–365, 370

of mortar (

mortar, bases

) 131

newly dedicated 288

pedestals reused as statue 331–336

recycled 368

statue 127, 287–288, 291–293, 295–296, 301, 311, 314, 325–326, 328, 331–332, 334–336, 337, 353, 355, 362, 364–365, 368, 370–371, 374, 385, 419–421, 429, 430, 438, 448, 453–455, 481, 493–495, 497–499, 440, 501, 506, 510, 513, 524–525

blank/uninscribed 288, 291–292, 303, 306–307, 315, 352

inscribed 288, 291–292, 295, 297, 306, 325, 352, 357, 359, 363–364

used as fountains 355–356

used as supports for tetrapylons 354–355

(types)

Atttic 451, 502–503, 516

composite 362

equestrian 291, 337, 342, 344, 357, 359, 501

honorific 353, 355, 358, 365, 377, 419, 513

as supports for ideal sculpture 352–354

Ionic 503

monolithic 326, 329, 332, 351–352, 354

moulded 326, 329, 331–332, 352, 354–355, 358–359, 364

tripartite 311, 325, 337, 352, 355, 357–359, 361–362, 370, 498

beds 673, 771, 866, 874

funerary

of myrtle twigs 674

of reused tiles 636

white washed 871

benches 131, 442, 451, 871, 876

graves (

graves, benches

) 223

in funerary chambers 187

of mudbrick (

mudbrick, benches

) 862

of stone (

stone, benches

) 793

bipedales 173

boards

painted 16, 288

brocade

of gold (

gold, brocade

) 699

buttresses 104, 124, 154, 156, 512

capitals 15, 360, 362, 433–434, 438, 443, 449, 469, 492, 508, 518

column 413

composite 451

Corinthian 451

impost 492, 512

Ionic 527

lapidary 358, 430

capping

conical 123–124

monolithic 8

ceilings 135

vaulted 99

cocciopesto

platform 727

colonnades

spolia 510

street 307, 311–312, 432, 454, 491–492, 494, 506, 509, 515–516, 524

columns 8, 108–109, 122, 127, 138, 170–171, 177, 186, 191, 231, 233, 235, 237–239, 302, 315, 335, 352, 358–359, 364, 384, 399, 403, 406, 417, 428, 432, 434, 438, 440–443, 449, 451, 453, 456, 465, 474–475, 491–493, 497, 502–503, 506, 508, 510, 513, 523–524

funerary 670

reused 445, 517–518, 527, 650

spoliated 494

(types)

Corinthian 123

Doric 433

engaged 123, 185

fluted and unflutted 439

honorific 306, 309, 311

in antis 236

split 515–516, 521

cornices 405, 428, 436, 441–442, 449, 452–453, 465, 512

carved with dentils 328

reused achitectural 328

couches

banqueting 175

funerary 12, 45, 187

sigma 12, 189

curtains 868

cushion covers 868

cyma 337, 452

mouldings 337, 354, 356–357

dowel

holes 291, 332

effigies 45, 337, 344, 373

standing 45, 337, 373, 344

exedrae 113, 120, 212, 403, 442

semi-circular 109

Fayum portraits (

portraits, of wood painted

) 861

fence 315

of bronze (

bronze, fence

) 179

finials

corner 123–125

fittings 669

fixtures 669

permanent 785

frescos/frescoes (

plaster, painted

) 161, 176, 189, 212, 298

friezes 185–186, 405–406, 453, 474, 465, 481

Doric-trighyph 413

weaponry 390, 456

furnishings 203, 597, 729, 757–758

grave (

furniture, grave

) 75, 205, 614, 686

liturgical 455

reused soft 867–868

scuptural 353

furniture

grave (

furnishings, grave

) 640

movable 238

relocation of statuary 353

ritual 793

tomb 186

honorands 14, 302, 370, 372, 375

civic, on fora/agorai 301–302

curial 14

lintels

arcuate 186

inscribed door 228

loculus 30

masonry 120, 123–125, 132, 136, 173–174, 193, 213, 215, 352, 360, 362–364, 375, 383–385, 406, 408, 413, 424, 432, 435–436, 454, 458, 463, 467, 478, 486–489, 491–492, 496, 509–510, 516, 523–524

ashlar 176, 419

bases (

bases, of masonry

) 131

imitating ashlar 230, 390, 442

mausolea 120, 135

mensa of (

mensa, of masonry

) 212

plinth (

plinth, of masonry

) 193

pseudo-isodomic 413, 415, 421, 439

revetted barrows (

barrows, masonry-revetted

) 120–121, 134

spoliated 415, 418

tomb 206, 214

tumulus 121

matress 868

mensae 12

of mortar (

mortar, mensae

) 212

mortar 104, 111, 134, 179, 384, 397, 405, 417, 435, 438, 440, 449, 465, 489, 494, 518, 526–527

formae coated in 102, 104, 108, 111

pavements of (

pavements, of mortar

) 131, 518

mosaics 16, 206, 216, 313, 693, 727, 745, 747, 801

domes

in mausolea 113, 171–172, 176–177, 233, 235

depicting a bearded Christ and Evangelist symbols 171

depicting Christus-Sol 171

depicting gold cross and stars 172

depicting scenes rom Old and New Testament; hunting scenes; representation of seasons 112

depicting the image of Christ; biblical scenes, 179

funerary 103, 108, 109, 707, 784

of glass and gold [tesserae] (

glass, and gold mosaic

) 158

pavements

in cemeterial basilicas 238

in churches 16, 238

in mausolea 108, 111, 158, 171, 196, 230, 235

in rural burials 212

in street porticoes 491, 496, 509–510

in tempe-tombs 229–230

in tempe-tombs

figural 196

with floral patterns 229

slab

in aboveground burial markers

with inscriptions and Christian symbols 196

in tombs 108–109, 208, 210, 214

depicting a Chrismon 208

wall

in mausolea 158, 171, 179

mouldings 185, 331–332, 335–336, 361, 415, 443, 452

architectural 358

projecting 364

opus caementicium 208

opus incertum 432

opus latericium 230, 232–233, 235

opus listatum 172–173, 175

opus mixtum 441, 476–477

opus quadratum/quattratum/quatratum 404, 406–408, 434, 465, 467, 473–474

opus vittatum 233, 406

paint 68, 315

paintings 693, 784, 801–802, 872, 879

funerary 784, 790, 798, 838, 869, 872, 873–874, 878

with everyday scenes 784

with religious symbols 784

with scenes from Bible 785

with sepulchral motifs 784

styles 157

wall (

plaster, painted

) (

fresco/frescoe

) 125, 131, 133–134, 154, 156, 230, 238

pavements

of beaten earth

in streets 503

of bricks

in mausolea 256

of limestone 496

of marble opus sectile 223, 238, 336

of marble slabs 235, 297, 326, 356, 359, 489

in mausolea 158, 233, 235

of mortar (

mortar, pavements

) 131, 518

of mosaic ( see mosaic, pavements )

of opus sectile 238, 336

of opus signinum 206–207, 212, 215

in cella memoria 210

in formae tombs 209–210

of stone 134, 256, 361, 399, 503, 507

of tiles 129

pedestals 302, 334–336, 352, 364, 374, 415, 436, 453, 508, 510, 515, 529

architectural 328, 335, 352

bases transformed into, for ideal sculpture 351

column 332, 335, 368

conversion of, into epigraphic supports 325

of limestone (

limestone, pedestals

) 334

reused as bases 332

statue bases made from architectural 331–336

pediment 123, 126, 176, 185, 230, 442

pigments 10, 59, 68

pilasters 122, 124, 127, 185, 477–478

fluted 336–337

Ionic 122

pillars

of stone (

stone, pillars

) 179

pillow 71

plaster (

casings, plaster body

) (

encased, body, with plaster

) 46–47, 51, 58, 225, 358, 454

encased in 10, 57

painted (

frescos/frescoes

) (

paintings

) 125, 235, 238

in (funerary) surface buildings 125

in churches/basilicas 131, 238

in feasting chambers 12, 189

in graves 152

in hypogeia 129, 138, 152, 156, 225

in mausolea 133–135, 137, 209, 230, 235

in rural burials 212

in sepulchral chambers 127, 146, 154

figural 134

depicting animals and birds 125

depicting robed human figures, portraits, 135

depictingscenes from the New Testament 127

floral 229, 133, 135, 138

geometric 127

of faux marble incrustation 229

still-wet 225

plinths 295, 362, 499

of masonry (

masonry, plinth

) 193

(types)

isosceles triangle 496, 498

moulded 328

porch 133, 446

distyle

in mausolea 109

front

in mausolea 170, 172–173, 176, 230, 232–233, 237

in temple tombs 123, 223, 229–230, 242

pedimental 230

porticoes 15, 89, 291, 302, 311–312, 385, 399, 486, 488, 492–493, 496, 501–503, 506–508, 512, 517–518, 520–521, 523–524, 529

Ionic 506

(location)

in civic basilicas 373

in mausolea 109, 160

in temple tombs 237

statuary display on public 306–307

porticus 127, 129

post scaenam 361–362, 373

tripertita 364

portraits

of wood, painted (

wood, portraits painted

) 861, 877

portraiture

Roman tradition of naturalistic commemorative 861

quadriga of elephants

of bronze (

bronze, quadriga of elephants

) 438

of glass 158

rags 867

reliefs 123, 126, 137, 415, 445, 453, 494, 523–524

decorated with genre scenes 126

figurative, floral and geometric 186

funeral 70, 421, 460

of stone (

stone, reliefs

) 191, 194, 204

triglyph and metope 433

tropaion 419

revetments (

veneers

) 235, 336, 356, 358–359, 487

for statue bases 337

in mausolea 176–177, 235

roof light 127, 138

roofs 89, 122, 130, 154, 191, 356, 521

(types)

conical

in funerary enclosures 126

in tower-tombs 123–124

domed

in mausolea 98, 108, 235

in temple tombs 237

flat

in mausolea 185–186

gabled

in mausolea 99, 101

pedimented

in mausolea 123–124

pyramidal

in mausolea 99, 101, 185, 471

vaulted

in burial chambers 125

in mausolea 98

(material)

of lead 131

of marble tiles (

tiles, roof of marble

)

in temple-tombs 223

of stone tiles (

tiles, roofs of stone

)

in mausolea 135

portico 510

sculptures 68, 70, 120, 123–125, 146, 186, 192, 356, 406, 417, 443, 465, 474, 801

Coptic stone 861

funerary 70, 131, 632

reused 632

portrait 189–190

relief 873

seats 449

gravestones used as toilet 399

inscriptions found on 415

stadium 416, 419, 435, 445, 448, 457

theatre 388, 416, 419, 440–441, 452

shavings

of wood (

wood, shavings

) 59

shelves 147

shoring

of timber (

timber, shoring

) 648

sidewalks 311, 486, 496, 503, 513, 518

of stone (

stone, sidewalks

) 503

sleeping mats 71

socles 290, 295, 303–304, 306, 309, 314, 337, 355, 364, 370, 442, 497

moulded 328, 332, 357, 359, 364

reused 364

stand

of wood (

wood, stand

) 785

statues 8, 13–15, 123, 126, 224, 232, 288, 290, 295–297, 301–302, 306, 308–309, 313, 315, 326, 329, 351, 358, 364, 370–371–375, 377, 384, 400, 453, 468, 481

clearances 14, 288, 293, 295–297, 301, 315

curation 311

dedicants/dedicators 302, 372

display 288, 302

in groups 301–304, 372, 502, 523

in plazas centres 307–309

in temples 304–305

on porticoes 306–309

editing 14, 297, 302, 313

honorands 14, 301–302, 304, 370–372, 375

(material)

of bronze (

bronze, statues

) 289, 311, 344–345, 376, 499

of marble (

marble, statues

) 233, 344–345, 353

of metal (

metal, statues

) 344–345

of stone (

stone, statues

) 311

modification 312–313

genitalia removal 313

of condemned emperors 370

individuals 370

of deities 300–301

of desacralised mythological subjects 306, 313

of personified concepts 300–301

portrait 185, 499

removals 288, 301

replacement 302, 344

treatment 288, 311–312

(types)

equestrian 124, 295, 298, 359, 371, 501

honorific 2, 287, 311, 352, 354, 383, 388, 523

imperial 301, 306–307, 376, 431

wastage 14, 298

stibadia 12, 241, 848

stonework 491

stucco 108, 292, 315, 351–352, 369

imitating ashlar masonry 230, 233, 242

(location)

in city walls 390

in funerary surface buildings 125

in mausolea 176, 230

in temple tombs 230

synthronon 30

tables 12, 174, 189, 765

banqueting 170

for refrigeria (

refrigeria, tables for

) 678, 785

of stone, for feasting (

stone, tables for feasting

) 729

offering 12, 186, 188

semi-circular 790

tabs

of metal (

metal, tabs

) 291

of stone (

tabs, stone

) 111

tapestry

of gold (

gold, tapestry

) 640

of wool (

wool, tapestry

) 867

red, apotropaic 676

tegulae (

roof tiles

) 649

tesserae 177

thresholds 311, 362, 436, 455, 502–503, 517

sarcophagus transformed into 399

trichorum (triapsidal halls) 98

triclinia 206, 208

vaults 57, 59, 61, 98, 127, 129, 133, 171–172, 176, 179, 233, 235, 360, 363, 399, 430, 467, 487, 518

(material)

of brick (

brick, vaults

) 513

of tile (

tile, vault

) 57, 124

(types)

barrel 101, 108–109, 113, 171, 176, 518

cross 171

veneers (

revetments

) 158, 292–293, 297, 384–385

marble

in mausolea 158, 176, 230, 232, 235, 293, 337, 359, 383–384

reused 336

wall hangings 869

water pipes 417, 527–528

windows 89, 130, 155, 173, 176, 179, 186, 233, 235, 467

arched 422

clrerestory 177

round 176

People (Types)

acolytes 7, 86–87, 90

actors 16

administrators of imperial clothes 684

adolescents 11, 16

Alamanni 694

Alani 766

apostles 108, 120, 127, 239–241, 248–249, 257, 272, 277

archdecons 269

arenarii (

gladiators

) 268, 273

Arians 279

artisans 124–125, 375

astrologers 87–88

Austuriani 189, 402

Avars 3, 28, 36, 765, 773, 796, 799

Barbarians 28, 764–765, 796

barbers 787

bishops (

episcopi

) 8, 15, 84, 86, 132, 177, 179, 225, 248, 257, 260, 262, 271, 273–275, 277–278, 280, 313, 523, 667, 669, 692–693, 697, 701, 706, 711, 779, 793

synod of 269

builders 14, 113, 146, 154, 160–161, 186, 250, 385, 408, 411, 413, 417, 420, 421–422, 450, 489, 524

Bulgars 765, 799

Burgundians 684

butchers 787, 799

captives 84

Catholics 701

Celts 146

charioteers (

quadrigarii

) 16, 268, 270, 272–273

children 1–3, 6, 10–11, 16, 28, 72, 80–81, 84, 87, 89, 162, 213, 371, 610–612, 614, 617, 654, 673, 680, 684–685, 687, 736, 738–739, 744–745, 760, 767, 790, 798, 800, 814, 821, 823, 825, 839, 843–844, 869, 872–875, 880

apotropaic proctection of 790–791, 798, 840–841

cemeteries of 7, 12, 133

decapitated 650

disposal of unwanted 4

hypogeum devoted to 7

in amphora burials 783

in coffins 636–637, 660, 662, 876

unwanted 4

Christians 621, 669, 678, 684, 693, 697, 708, 710–711, 757, 765, 770, 787, 793, 800, 817, 828, 841, 843, 847, 869, 875, 878

clergy 8, 86–87, 195–196, 217, 226, 241, 248, 259, 400, 697

clerics 137, 266, 281

cobblers 787

constables 787

craftsmen 112, 652

Laconian 800

criminals 5, 796, 798, 817

curator (

logistes

) 368, 371, 515

deacons 225–226, 268, 787

dentists 837

doctors 799

Donatists 274, 279

emperors 5, 14, 16, 84, 104, 120, 151, 169, 179, 238, 243, 248, 259, 293, 296–298, 300–302, 307, 368, 371, 376–377, 399–400, 433, 461

Christian 8, 233, 278, 444, 512

damned 301, 372

deified 237, 249

portraits of 227

Ephesians 524

episcopi (

bishops

) 677

equites singulares 229, 238, 278

exopylitês 865

farmers 28, 741, 765, 797, 800

Fatimids 876

femina clarissima 671, 684

fossores (

grave diggers

) 268, 272–273

Frankish 687

funerary workers (

parabolani

) 10, 273, 862

Germani 686–687, 756, 764

gladiators (

arenarii

) 268, 272–273, 657

Goths 764–766, 773

governors 14, 87, 164, 301, 306–307, 372, 457, 496

punishment for 400

grave diggers (

fossores

) 268, 270

Greeks 89, 367, 524, 788, 796, 799–802

hegoumenos 735

heretics 260, 266, 273–274, 277, 281, 797

hermits 127

female 86

homeless 272

honorati 87–88

horsemen 190

Huns 146, 431, 434–435, 765–766, 773

imperial guard

(protector domesticus) 684

infants 4, 7, 10, 28, 212, 215, 610–611, 613, 633–634, 636–637, 640, 654, 663, 676, 680, 685, 698, 738, 756, 798, 823

apotropaic proctection of 790–791, 798

graves of 12

in amphora burials 694, 783

in coffins 660, 662

in graves with adults 613, 678, 733, 869

unbaptised 7

Jews 9, 89–90, 207, 226, 228, 279

Kutrigurs 765, 799

Langobards 752

legionaries 652

libitinarii (

undertakers

) 70, 815

logistes (

curator

) 515

Lombards 23–24, 28, 33, 35, 692, 701

Macedonians 371

magistrates 88, 190–191, 368, 372

civic 300–301

municipal 300–301

statues of 298

magnates

secular 8

martyrs 5, 13, 120, 126–127, 132, 147, 169, 195–196, 205, 238–241, 249–251, 255–257, 259–261, 265–266, 272, 274–275, 277–280, 217, 281, 694, 695, 699, 706, 715, 769–770, 775, 793, 817, 869

banquets for 195

cult of 195, 204, 250

relics of 255

veneration of 261

matrons 255, 262

merchants 32, 146, 741

of linen 743

migrants 35, 272

Montanists 274

monks 87, 248, 255–256, 259–260, 262, 865

Macedonianist 260–261

Moorish 194

mourners 10, 67, 70, 72–74, 80–81, 85, 87, 662, 718, 758, 783, 785, 787–792, 794–796, 798–800, 802–803, 847 ( see wailers )

family 16

female 86

hired to sing dirges 798

professional 85–86

status of 640

Miaphysites 279

neonates 2, 4, 16, 610, 673, 679–680, 745

in graves with adults 610, 637, 736, 816

newborns 7

disposing living 7

unwanted 7

non-adults 79

notables 301, 368, 523

civic 298

council of 13, 313

statues of 15, 371

notaries 879

nuns 86–87

oikists 249

Onogurs 799

orators 68, 89

outcasts 797

pagans 5, 90, 98, 147–148, 173, 226, 228, 255

palace official

(palatinus) 686

pallbearers 799

Pannonians 146

parabolani (

funerary workers

) 273

pater 515

patients

incurable 32

patrons 87, 222, 225–226, 228–229, 238, 240, 243, 274, 376

Christian 237

civic 279

imperial 242

private 237

peasants 212, 717

Gallic 85

peregrini 272

pilgrims 280, 421, 520

polemists 266, 279–280

pollinctores 70

poor 5, 7, 11, 60, 84, 228, 255, 265, 273

free funerals for the 7

potentates

foreing 45

praeses 368

presbyteri (

priests

) 207

priests (

presbyteri

) 30, 250, 677, 843

funerary 863

provincial 87, 277, 300–301

princes 298

Merovingian 84

prisoners 86

provincial governors 667

pupils 86

quadrigarii (

charioters

) 268, 273

reputation of 273

Roman plebs 273

Romans 692, 708, 753, 764–766, 768

Sadagarii 766

saints 8, 13, 16–17, 49, 61, 131, 147, 169, 196, 249–250, 259, 261–262, 266, 274–275, 279, 669, 706–707, 722, 780–781, 790, 793, 800, 817

cult of (

cults, of saints

) 248–249, 255, 262, 280, 775

deposition of relics of 251

food offering for the 12

relics of 126, 256

transferred relics of 248, 259, 262

Samaritans 90, 841, 848

schoolboys 272

Scythians 766

sellers

of vegetables 787

senators 2, 70, 88–89, 164, 242

servants 2, 33, 87–89, 114, 701, 790

domestic 86

slaves 86–87, 223, 273, 400

freeing of 10, 84, 86

imperial 226, 230

Slavs 3, 36, 765, 796, 799

soldiers 28, 70, 163, 278, 458, 695, 709, 765, 795, 799–800, 870

Avar 36

Christian 260

soothsayers 678

sorcerers 678

Spartans 371

stategos 368

stewards 86, 260

stillbirths 7

stone masons 489

stoneworkers 799

subadults 25

Tertullianists (Tertullianistae) 274

the Peuci 766

the Scyri 766

theologians 5

thieves 89

traders 124, 146

Troglodytae 766

undertakers (

libitinarii

) 70, 815–816

( see Parabolani )

Vandals 708

veterans 146

vindices 523

Visigoths 203, 406, 441, 473

wailers 86 ( see women )

warriors 717

widows 86

women 2, 11, 25, 28, 31, 35, 70–73, 79–81, 86–89, 131, 207, 233, 255

as collectors of relics 255

mourning 10

tearing clothes 88

worshippers 251

Persons (Mythical)

Androklos/Androcles 313, 524

Aphrodite 313

Artemis 515

Charon 609, 781, 792, 814, 826

Dionysus 313

Fortuna 120

Genius 371

of the Colonia 326, 328, 337, 346, 358, 371

of the Roman People 311

Hercules 353, 356

Liber Pater 353, 358

Osiris 862

Persons (Bishops, Martyrs, and Holy Men)

Aaron

saint 135

Abraham

Bishop of Hermonthis 856, 858, 871, 878–879

Achilleus

Bishop of Spoleto 269

Agnellus

Bishop of Verona 698

Agricius

Bishop of Trier 667, 669

Alcmaeon of Croton

philosopher 68

Ambrose

Bishop of Milan 12, 85, 90, 195

Amphilochos

aristocrat of Diocaesarea 250–251

Andrew

apostle 248

Astion

saint 769

Athanasius

Bishop of Alexandria 268

Attalos

martyr 769

Augustine

Bishop of Hippo 16, 45, 87, 89, 91, 195, 249, 817

Babylas

Patriarch of Antioch 789

Basil

Bishop of Caesarea 85, 89–90, 251, 260–262

Basil the Elder

saint 251

Blaesilla

saint 85, 87, 89

Boniface

Pope 265–266, 268–271, 275–281

Bricius

Bishop of Tours 130

Callixtus

deacon 226

Cornelius

martyr 131

Cyprian

Bishop of Carthage 226

Cyprianus

martyr 131

Cyrillus

Bishop of Trier 670

Damasus

deacon 265–266, 268–275, 277, 280–281

Decentius

Bishop of Eugubium 274

Dionysius

Pope 694

Elisha

prophet 789

Emelia of Cappadocia

saint 90

Epictetus

saint 769

Eucharius

Bishop of Trier 132, 667, 670

Eulalius

archdeacon 265–266, 268–271, 275–276, 278, 281

Eusebia of Constantinople 255–257, 259–260

Eusebius

Bishop of Caesarea 85, 238, 249, 277–278

Eustathius

Bishop of Sebaste 260–262

Eutychianus

Bishop of Rome 226

Fabian

Pope 694

Gallus

Bishop of Clermont/Arvenis 90

Gatianus

Bishop of Tours 130

Germanus

Bishop of Auxerre 86, 135

Gildas

monk 135

Gregory

Bishop of Agrigento 735

Gregory

Bishop of Nazianzus 85, 250, 257

Gregory

Bishop of Nyssa 85, 88, 251, 260

Gregory

Bishop of Tours 86–88

Gregory I

Pope 817

Habbib the Deacon 90

Hypatius

Bishop of Ephesus 87

Innocent I

Pope 274–275

Irenaeus

Bishop of Lyon 127

Iustus

Bishop of Lyon 127

Jerome of Stridon

saint 85–87, 272, 274, 279

John Chrysostom

Bishop of Constantinople 86–88

John the Baptist

preacher 789

Julian of Cilicia

martyr 255

Julian of Toledo

martyr 473

Juliana of Nicomedia

martyr 255

Julius

saint 135

Julius I

Pope 272

Kamasis

martyr 769

Laurentius

Pope 266, 268, 276–278, 280–281

Lawrence

Bishop of Milan 177

Leontius of Byzantium 735

Liberius

Pope 265, 268, 272, 275–281

Litorius

Bishop of Tours 130

Luke

apostle 248

Macedonius I

Bishop of Constantinople 255, 260–261

Macrina the Younger 86, 89, 251

Marcus

Pope 239–240, 243

Martial

bishop 226

Martin

Bishop of Tours 87, 130

Maternus

Bishop of Trier 132, 667

Maximinus

Bishop of Trier 667, 669

Meletius

Bishop of Antioch 85

Monica

mother of Augustine 12, 16, 89, 195

Optatus

Bishop of Milevis 268

Pacian

Bishop of Barcino 208

Patiens

Bishop of Lyon 127

Paul the Decon

monk 36, 394

Paula of Rome

saint 86, 89, 279

Paulinus

Bishop of Trier 667

Philippos

martyr 769

Phoibammon of Preht 856

Pontianus

Bishop of Rome 226

Porphyrius

Bishop of Gaza 342

Proculus

Bishop of Verona 695

Rabbula

Bishop of Edessa 90

Sabino

Bishop of Canosa 32

Sergius

Patriarch of Constantinople 88

Sidonius Apollinaris oF Clermont/Arvernis 88

Silverius

Pope 278

Simeon the Elder

saint 88

St. Anastasius of Salona

martyr 108, 255

Stephanus

Bishop of Rome 226

Symeon the Fool

monk 84

Synesius

Bishop of Ptolemais 86, 88

Timothy

apostle 248

Ursinus

deacon 265–266, 268–271, 273–276, 278–281

Valerius

Bishop of Trier 132, 667, 670

Victor

martyr 130

Zeno

Bishop of Verona 695

Zephyrinus

Pope 226, 694

Zotikos

martyr 769

Persons (Emperors, Members of Imperial Families, Kings, and Usurpers)

Aelia Flaccilla

empress 311, 499, 501–502, 516

Alboin

king of Lombards 699

Alexander Severus

emperor 5, 229, 457

Anastasius I

emperor 87, 89, 297, 436, 462, 488, 492, 517, 529, 765

Antonius Pius

emperor 237, 442, 462

Arcadius

emperor 416, 440, 443, 478, 481, 496, 499, 501, 509–510, 522, 526, 765

Athanaric

king of Goths 87

Attila

king of Huns 28, 394, 766

Augustus

emperor 97, 98, 119, 121, 229, 243, 406

Aurelian

emperor 769

Bertha

Frankish princess 15

Candac

leader of Alani 766

Caracalla

emperor 189, 325, 328, 330, 334, 358, 364, 369, 371, 373, 453, 477

Carinus

emperor 295

Claudius

emperor 372

Claudius II Gothicus

emperor 404, 406, 432, 442, 463, 465, 470

Commodus

emperor 301, 352, 474

Constans I

emperor 97, 114, 131, 302, 440, 461

Constans II

emperor 445, 454, 511, 517–518, 520, 528

Constantina

emperor 177, 233, 235–236, 239, 249, 277

Constantine I

emperor 8, 49, 85, 97, 114, 131, 146, 169, 176–177, 228, 230, 233, 235–236, 238–239, 241, 243, 248–250, 262, 272, 278, 297, 302–304, 306–308, 334, 364, 376, 431–432, 434, 456, 677, 697, 717, 752

Constantine II

emperor 303, 470

Constantine VII

emperor 443

Constantius Chlorus

emperor 133, 302–304, 342–343, 501

Constantius II

emperor 85, 88, 146, 154, 177, 235, 250, 268, 276–278, 371, 376, 399, 431, 448, 462–463, 471, 498, 862

Edict issued by 399

Constantius III

emperor 179, 304

Crispus

emperor 302, 304, 306, 369

Diocletian

emperor 9, 146, 158, 175, 189, 233, 295, 302, 432, 438, 448, 458, 464, 467, 469, 474, 498, 667, 752, 764, 859, 862

imperial persecution under 757

reforms of 754

Domitian

emperor 227, 363, 430

Eudocia

empress 310, 321

Faustina Maior

empress 237

Flavius Valerius Severus (Severus II)

emperor 301, 343, 371

Fulvia Pia

empress 328, 330

Gainas

usurper 765

Galerius

emperor 179, 233, 343, 435, 446, 769

Galla Placidia

empress 179, 235

Gallienus

emperor 232, 335, 359, 371, 434, 437–438, 442, 446, 463, 472, 475, 694

Gelimer

king of Vandals 193

Geta

emperor 301, 361–362, 369, 373

Gordian I

emperor 242, 371

Gratian

emperor 146, 179, 432, 474–475, 479, 764

Hadrian

emperor 98, 136, 869

Helena

empress 131, 176, 179, 233, 239, 249, 304

Heraclius

emperor 441, 444–445, 488, 511–512, 516–518, 520–521, 528

Honorius

emperor 179, 235, 269, 343, 440, 443, 481, 510

Julian

emperor 85, 88, 250, 306, 373, 399, 448, 488

Julian the Apostate

emperor 250, 255, 306, 373, 399, 488

Justinian I

emperor 12, 45, 84–90, 312, 429, 434, 441, 443, 445, 447, 480, 488, 492, 507, 516, 521, 709, 766, 780, 796, 872

Justinian II

emperor 443

Lars Porsenna

Etruscan king 119

Leo VI

emperor 818

Licinius I

emperor 303

Licinius II

emperor 260, 303

Lucius Caesar

emperor 359

Magnus Maximus

emperor 274

Marcus Aurelius

emperor 1, 15, 103, 242, 432

Maria

empress 179, 235

Maurice

emperor 443, 445, 521

Mauricius

emperor 765, 770

Mausolus

satrap of Caria 119, 147

Maxentius

emperor 9, 175–176, 223, 230–231, 233, 237, 239, 301, 369

Maximian

emperor 9, 175, 464, 472, 474–475, 477, 480, 498

Maximinus Daia

emperor 85

Maximinus Thrax

emperor 373–374

Nepotianus

emperor 343–345

Nero

emperor 45

Paccia Marciana

empress 328, 330

Phocas

emperor 311, 441, 444, 512, 516

Poppaea

empress 45

Probus

emperor 769

Pulcheria

empress 255–256, 259

Romula

empress 179

Romulus

emperor 176

Salonina

empress 356

Septimus Severus

emperor 189, 242, 295, 325, 328, 330, 334, 364, 373

Theoderic

king of Ostrogoths 8, 15, 120, 179–180, 278, 475

Theodosius I

emperor 16, 87, 256, 259, 343, 371, 416, 443, 479–480, 501, 615, 764–765

Edict of 416

Theodosius II

emperor 179, 235, 259, 310, 400, 438, 443, 448, 478–479, 481, 488, 499, 501, 503, 507, 522, 526

Thermantia

empress 179, 235

Totila

king of Ostrogoths 323, 516

Trajan

emperor 197, 295, 297, 529

Uldin/Uldis

leader of Huns 765

Valens

emperor 87–88, 297, 303, 523, 764

Valentinian I

emperor 146, 156–157, 297, 431–432, 437, 471, 523

Valentinian II

emperor 179, 478–479

Valentinian III

emperor 400, 479

Novels of 399

Vespasian

emperor 363, 430

Persons (Other, Historic)

Ammianus Marcellinus 766

Amr ibn al‘As

general 876

Andronicus

senator 86

Aradius Rufinus

governor 344, 359

Archontius Nilus

comes et praeses 337, 363, 371, 376

Aristobulus

proconsul 335, 371

Aurelius Anicius Symmachus

praefectus urbi 266, 268, 276–281

Aurelius Marcellinus

curator dux ducenarius 695

Belisarius

general 278, 396

Boethius

consul 179

C. Calvius Turpio

sevir 122

C. Valerius Vibianus

governor 337, 344

Cassiodorus

praetorian prefect 179

Choricius of Gaza

rhetor 87–88

Cicero

consul 120, 372

Clematius

senator 131

Corripus 88

Cynegius

praetorian prefect 259

Damocharis

governor 529

Dio Chrysostom 14, 367, 370–372

Ellebicus

general 288

Elpidius

vicarius 344

Empedocles 68

Eunapius of Sardis 766

Eusebia of Constantinople 255–257, 259–260

Eutropius

proconsul 503, 506

Flavius

vir perfectissimus 683

Flavius Caesarius

consul 255

Florentinus Rusticus

praeses 353–355

Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus

procurator of Britain 122

Hariulfus

protector domesticus 684

Ibn Khaldun

historian 835

Isidore

proconsul 496

Jordanes 766

Julian of Ascalon 517

Julianus

praefectus annonae 268

Julius Classicianus

procurator 632, 635

Julius Marcellinus

curator 694

Junius Bassus signo Theotecnius

urban prefect 86, 88–89

Laenatius Romulus

praeses 337, 361

Libanius

rhetor 85–87, 89, 288

Livy 70

Lucius Poblicius 122

Malalas 288, 524

Pausanias 295

Petronius 120

Plato 68

Plautianus

praetorian prefect 360

Pliny the Elder 68, 73, 191, 372

Pliny the Younger 60

Pomponius Bassus Terentianus 242

Priscilla 45

Probianus

urban prefect 306

Procopius 295, 434, 441

Procopius of Caesarea 766

Pseudo-Joshua Stylites 288

Servilius Candidus 331, 357

Sozomen 255–257, 259–260, 764

Stephanus

governor 496

Strabo 97

Suetonius 97

Themistius

senator 765

Vitruvius 120

Volusius Bassus Caerealis

curator 345

Zenobius 89

Zosimus 269, 765–766

Places

Abila of the Decapolis

Jordan 835

Abruzzo

Italy 699

Abu Mina

Egypt 309, 311, 877

Abydos

Egypt 862, 872

Monastery of Moses 872

Adrianople

Turkey 764

Aegida

Slovenia 757

Aegina

Greece 390, 439

Africa 7–9, 12–14, 60, 86, 288, 292–293, 298, 300, 373, 385, 389, 391, 685, 779, 801, 859

Agrigento

Italy 12, 727–729, 731–733, 735, 741, 743, 747

agora 735

baths 736

Contrada Pezzino 742

Grotta Fragapane 731

Hellenistic-Roman gymnasium 736

Maddalusa 742

San Leone 733, 735, 738, 747

Temple

of Concordia 730–732, 747

of Juno and Hercules 730–731

theatre 736

Valley of the Temples 730, 743

Ajdovski gradec

Slovenia 753–754, 756

Al-Karak

Jordan 834

Alanahan

Turkey 823

Alba

Italy 699

Alba

France

Basilica of St. Peter 130, 138

Alexandria

Egypt 7, 85, 89, 279, 743, 866–868, 876–877

Algeria 183, 192–196

La Ghorfa in 192

Aliki

Greece 788

Almería

Spain 109

Alsóhetény

Hungary 112, 149, 151–153, 155, 157–158

Amesbury

England 602, 605–606

Amorium

Turkey 390, 411, 450, 453, 478, 823

Amphipolis

Greece 389, 433

Anatolia

Turkey 251, 260, 262, 520, 528, 780, 811–812, 818

Ancaster

England 654

Anché

France 49

Anemurium

Turkey 823

Anjar

Lebanon

tetrakionon 521

Ankara

Turkey 388, 452–453, 456

Ankyronpolis/El-Hibeh

Egypt 874, 879

Antaeopolis/Qaw el-Kebir

Egypt 866–867, 872

Antalya

Turkey 811

Antinoopolis

Egypt 861–862, 866, 868–869, 873

Chuch of St. Collouthos 869

Antioch

Turkey 16, 85–89, 279, 401, 475, 491, 524

bouleuterion of 288

Aosta

Italy

Church of St.Lorenzo in 698

Aphrodisias

Turkey 13–15, 287, 297, 302, 388–390, 400, 412, 414–415, 418, 420–421, 453, 487, 496, 498, 522

agorai 293

amphitheatre 415

bouleuterion of 293

extramural cemetery 415

fortification walls 414

Hadrianic Baths 301

Martyrium of St. Philip 417

South Agora 301

stadium 412, 415–416, 419, 421

Tetrastoon of 491

Apollonia/Arsuf

Israel 836

Apollonopolis Magna

Egypt 866, 878

Apulia

Italy

St. Giusto in 2

Aquileia

Italy 12, 293, 313, 388, 391, 394, 476–479, 670, 695, 734

Aquincum/Budapest

Hungary 13, 146–148, 150–152, 154, 156–158, 430

fortress of 148, 157

Arabia

province 45, 60

Arcole

Italy 28

Argos

Greece 12, 251, 295, 783, 790–792

Arles

France 130, 138, 399

circus at 399

funerary complex of the Alyscamp and Trinquetaille 130

Arlon

Belgium 123

Arrington

England 47, 51–52, 58

Arsinoe/Medinet el-Fayum

Egypt 874

Ascalon

Israel 4, 517

Asia Minor 7–8, 11–14, 16, 111, 127, 260–261, 288, 296, 298, 304, 385, 390–391, 411, 417, 438, 451, 455–457, 489, 491, 511, 513, 521–522, 779–780, 790–791, 801, 811, 813, 821

Athens

Greece 7–8, 12, 296, 310, 389–390, 413, 415, 420, 501 (

catalogue of spolia in this volume 437–439

), 783, 785, 792, 796–798, 802

Acropolis 310

Athenian Agora 309–310, 438, 450, 793

Basilica on IIissos at 793

Beulé Gate 413–414, 421

Choregic Monument of Nikias 413, 421, 439

fortification walls 413

post-Herulian wall 413, 421, 437–438

Themistoclean Wall 401, 411

Valerian Wall 413, 421, 437–438

Kerameikos cemetery 411, 413, 421

Library of Hadrian 310

Olympieion Precinct 413, 437

Roman Agora 296

Sacred Gate 413

Stoa of Attalos 413, 438

Atripe

Egypt

White Monastery/Church of Shenoute 872

Attica

Greece 787

Augusta Tricastinorum

France 121, 126

Auxerre

France

synods of 708, 717

Ayamonte

Spain 102

Babylon Fortress

Egypt 876

Badari

Egypt 872

Bagawat

Egypt 878

Balkans 4, 120, 152, 385, 387–390, 411, 439, 441, 801, 753, 764–765, 779, 799, 801

Barcino/Barcelona

Spain 99, 103, 203–204, 208–209, 212, 215–217, 296, 406–408, 465

Avinguda Francesc Cambó burials and mausoleum 208, 216

Can Cabassa (Sant Cugat del Vallès) burials 213

Can Solà del Racó cemetery 212

cardo maximus 208

circuit wall 406

mausoleum in 109

Mercat de St. Caterina necropoli 208, 216

Monastery of St. Pau del Camp 208

Sanctuary of St. Eulalia 209

villa at Can Palau 108

Bancroft

England

temple-mausoleum at 600, 619

Bartlow Hills

England 47, 121

Bartringen

Luxembourg 123

Bawit

Egypt 866, 874, 879

Monastery of Apollo at 874

Be’er Sheva

Israel 834, 838

Be’it She’an

Israel 838

Berenike

Egypt 877, 879

Bergamo

Italy 26–27, 31, 699

Beroe

Bulgaria 771, 773, 765

Bertrange

Luxembourg

mausoleum of 120

Bet Guvrin

Jordan 836

Bet She’arim

Israel 838

Biddenham

England 605

Bierbach

Germany 123, 137

Blad Guitoun

Algeria

mausoleum 196–197

Bled

Slovenia 754

Bletsoe

England 619

Bolgare

Italy 27

Oratory of St. Quirico in 30

Bologna

Italy 692

Bonn

Germany 131

Bordeaux

France 403, 405–408

amphitheatre 405–406

circuit wall 404–406

forum 405

Piliers de Tutelle 405

Bradley Hill

England 610

Brescia

Italy 2, 26, 28, 32, 36, 695, 699

Capitolium Temple 32

Brigetio/Komárom- Szőny

Hungary 150

Brioni

Croatia 716

Bristol

England 618

Britain 3–4, 6–9, 11–12, 43, 50–51, 56–57, 61–62, 67, 69–70, 72–73, 77, 79–81, 119–122, 124–125, 134, 136–137, 460, 597, 599–602, 607, 609–617, 619–621, 635–640, 652–653, 656, 706, 716, 719, 821

Britannia Prima

province 619

Bulla Regia

Tunisia

mausoleum 183, 196

Butrint

Albania 801

Caesarea Palestinae

Israel 289

Cagliary

Italy 706–707, 716, 718

Church

of St. Saturnino in 715

of St. Antioco 714, 718

Callatis

Romania 766, 771–774

Cambridge

England 134, 604

Campobasso

Italy 3, 36

Cannington

England 599

Canosa

Italy 9

Church of St. Peter in 9, 32

Canterbury

England 3, 6–7, 597, 635, 650–651, 656–657, 663–664

Former Hallet’s garage cemetery 647, 650–651, 652–654, 656–657, 660, 662–663

Cappadocia

Turkey 90, 250–251, 257, 260–261

mausolea of 251

Carlisle

England 70

Carini

Italy 727

Carnium/Kranj

Slovenia 754–755, 757, 760

Carnuntum

Austria 146, 150

Carranque

Spain 113

Cartagena

Spain 99, 101, 111–112

Carthage

Tunisia 195, 638, 670, 711, 735

cemetery church of Bie el Knissia at 196

Damous el Krita

funerary chapels at 196

workshop of Sidi Zahruni 735

Yasmine cemetery in 13, 197

Carthago Nova

Spain 98, 101, 108

St. Antón 99, 101

Castel Trosino

Italy 25

Castelbuono

Italy 727

Castellana Sicula

Italy 727

Castra Constantia

Hungary 148, 151, 156

Castro del Volsci

Italy 28

Castronovo to Sicilia

Italy 745

Catalonia

Spain 4, 203, 214–215

Catania

Italy 727

St. Agata La Vetere in 746

Cefalu

Italy 727

Celeia/Celje

Slovenia 754–757

Centecelles

Spain 97–98, 101, 103, 108–109, 111–114, 131

mausoleum of Constans 97, 114

monumenta of 101

Chersonese 717

China 68

silk imported from 60

Chur

Switzerland

Chuch of St. Stephen 111, 251

Cibalae

Croatia 8, 151–152, 155, 164

Cilicia

Turkey 3, 45, 255, 385, 487, 779

Ciminna

Italy 727

Cinq-Mars La Pile

France 123, 134

Cirencester

England 491

Bath Gate cemetery at 602

tombstone of Philus from 70

western cemetery of 602, 611

Cirta

Algeria 293

Cividale

Italy 699

Classe

Italy 25

Colchester

England 71, 121, 124, 134, 137, 597, 657, 604, 608, 613

Butt Road 599–600, 602, 605, 611

Lexden Tumulus 121

Collegno

Italy 25, 33

Cologne

Germany 122, 125, 131

Church

of St. Gereon 131

of St. Severin 131–132

of St. Ursula 131

Columbaris-Cornus

Italy 711, 723

Como

Italy

of St. Zeno di Campione 30

Concordia

Italy 692

Greek Temple of 730, 747

Constantinople

Turkey 7–8, 10, 15–16, 45, 60, 84–88, 90, 177, 233, 241, 248–249, 255–257, 259–262, 266, 273, 278, 296–297, 308, 311, 411, 475, 501, 522, 735, 765, 780

Apostoleion in 177, 241, 249

Capitolium/Philadelphion at 306

Church

of Fourty Martyrs 311

of St. Studios in 436

Column

of Constantine 311

of Theodosius 307

Constantinian Walls of 255

First Council of 260

Hypogeum of Şehremini 256

mausoleum of Constantine in 248–249

Mese of 297, 307, 311, 497

Shrine of the Holy Apostles 257

Theodosian Walls of 432

Corbridge

England 125

Corinth

Greece 4, 7–8, 13, 295, 491, 784–785, 789–794, 796–802

Asclepion at 783

Basilica in the Kraneion 793–794

cemetery at Lerna Hollow 4

Great Basilica of Lechaion 793

Peirene Fountain 491

Sanctuary

of Asklepios 794, 796

of Demeter and Kore 794, 796

Cornus

Italy 705, 708–713, 715–717

Covo

Italy 26

Crete

Greece 7, 779, 797

Crimea 717

Croatia 656

Cuicul

Algeria 14, 288, 293, 301, 306

forum of 293, 301

Cyprus 779

Dacia Trajana

province 764

Dakhla Oasis

Egypt 867, 877

Darayya

Syria 846

Dashur

Egypt 876

Dartford

England 47

Decimoputzu

Italy 718

Deir el -Banat

Egypt

Coptic Northern Necropolis 875

Graeco-Roman Southern Necropolis 875

Deir el-Balayza

Egypt 873

Deir el-Ganadlah

Egypt 873

Deir el-Meitin

Egypt 873

Temple of Hathor/Church of St. Isidoros at 871

Deir el-Qarabin

Egypt 874

Deir el-Rifa

Egypt 873

Delion

Greece 12, 790

Delphi

Greece 803

Delta

Egypt 876

Denham

England

bustum burials in 605

Derby

England 124

Desenzano

Italy 28

Dichin

Bulgaria 4

Diocletianopolis

Bulgaria 251, 255

Dinogetia

Romania 767

Dion

Greece 389, 432, 436

Diospolis

Egypt 870

Djedar

Algeria

mausolea 193–195

Dolianova

Italy 718

Dorchester

England 597, 600, 602–603, 607, 609, 618, 637, 654

Dorchester-on-Thames

England 603, 616

Dorset

England 600, 613, 618, 620, 653

Tolpuddle Ball 618

Douris

Lebanon 835

Dra abu el-Naga

Egypt 861, 872

Monastery of Apa Paul at 858

Temple of Hatshepsut 858

Durankulak

Bulgaria 67

Durostorum

Bulgaria

painted hypogeum at 772

Durovernum

England 647

Eastern Desert

Egypt 870, 877

Edessa

Greece 12, 790

Edessa

Turkey 84–88, 90

Egypt 3–4, 6–8, 10–12, 17, 45, 59, 61, 680, 706, 781, 801, 832, 834, 846, 856, 858–863, 865, 867–870, 872, 877–880

El Albir

Spain 111

mausoleum 108

necropolis II of 104

El Ejido

Spain

mausoleum of El Daymún 109

el Ghalida

Egypt 874

el-Deir

Egypt 878

Elaiussa Sebaste

Turkey 818

Eleftherna

Greece 12, 785

Emesa

Syria 84

Emmaus-Nicopolis

Israel 838

Emona/Ljubljana

Slovenia 9, 754–755, 757–759

Emporiae

Spain 203, 209, 217

Church

of St. Magdalena 210

of St. Margarida 210–211, 217

Neapolis necropolis 217

Necròpolis Martí 210

En Chaplix

Switzerland 122, 126

England 4, 136

Enna

Italy 727

Ephesus

Turkey 7, 15–16, 87, 273, 293, 295, 298, 301, 307, 311–313, 391, 438, 485–489, 491–492, 494, 496–497, 503, 508, 510, 512–513, 515, 520–523 (

catalogue of spolia in this volume 443–445

), 780

Agora of 14, 512–513, 522–524

Arcadiane 312, 444–445, 487–488, 491–494, 496, 507, 509–510, 512, 515, 518, 523

Arch of Hercules 498–499, 501, 503, 506–507, 516, 518, 523, 529

Baths

of Contantius 489

of Scholasticia 494, 513, 523–524

Byzantine city walls

Byzantine city walls 510–511, 513, 516, 520, 523

Church

of Archangel Gabriel 516

of St Mary 487–488

of St. John 487, 492, 515–516, 520

Civic Agora 494–497, 506, 513

Civic Basilica 523

Clivus Sacer 494, 503, 506, 510, 517

complex of Seven Sleepers at 801

Curetes Stoa 488, 492, 494, 501, 503, 507, 513, 518, 521, 523, 526, 528–529

Embolos of 14, 306, 311–312, 487–488, 491–499, 501, 503, 506–507, 510–513, 516–518, 520, 522–524, 526–529

Exedra 489

Gate of Hercules 311

Hanghauser 488, 507, 521, 528

Hexagon 507

Hydreion 498–499

Library of Celsus 494, 499

Lower Agora/Tetragonal Agora 14, 444, 495, 497, 512–513, 522–524

Marble Street 312, 488, 491, 493, 495, 503, 510, 513, 520, 522–523

Nymphaeum

of Trajan 313

of Domitian 313

of C. Laecanius Bassus 313

Plateia in Coressus 312, 487, 492–493, 498, 509, 513, 515, 523

Prytaneion 494, 513, 523, 527

Stoa of Alytarch 306, 311, 488, 491, 496–499, 501, 507, 526, 529

Street of Domitian 496, 518, 520

Temple

of Domitian 518, 524

of Hadrian at 306, 489, 498, 501, 529

Tetrastylon 487, 492, 507–509, 512, 521

Theatre Square 444, 496, 506, 512

Upper Agora 306, 489

water tower of C. Laecanius Bassus 518

Eraclea Minoa

Italy 727

Europe 1, 3–4, 6, 8, 17, 26, 33, 35, 45, 47, 49–50, 61–62, 97, 112, 119, 121, 136, 190

Fag-el-Gamus

Egypt 875

Fara Olivana

Italy 36

Faynan

Jordan 834

Fayum

Egypt 859, 861, 865–866, 868, 870, 874–875, 879

Fenékpuszta

Hungary 149, 151, 157

Ficarolo

Italy 28

Foixà

Spain 97

St. Romà de Sidillà 108

France 3, 28, 49, 57, 60, 67, 72, 119, 123–124, 376, 675, 717, 782

Furnos Minus

Tunisia

mausoleum of Blossius 196

Fustat/Cairo

Egypt 859, 867–868, 870, 876–877

Cathedral of St. Mark in 861

Gadara

Jordan 838

Gamzigrad

Serbia 179, 233

Gasr Banat

Libya 185

Gaul 4, 11, 70, 86, 120–121, 123–124, 126, 130, 136–137, 251, 359, 401, 406, 637, 670, 686

Gallia Belgica 667

Gallia Cisalpina 686

Gaza

Palestine 86, 88, 90

Gela

Italy 727

Geneva

Switzerland 127

Genova

Italy 7

Gerasa

Jordan

round plaza of 491

Germany 3, 6, 11, 57, 119, 289, 376

Ghadames

Libya 186, 191–192, 194

Asnam cemetery of 191–192

Ghawr al-Ṣāfī

Jordan 834

Ghirza

Libya 12, 185–194

temple mausolea at 8–9, 184, 186, 188, 190, 195

Glaston

England 47

Glastonbury

England 135–136

Church

of St. Mary 135

of St. Peter and Paul 135

Gloucester

England 134, 137, 601–602

forum 289

Godmanchester

England 7

The Parks 603

Gorsium

Greece 13, 431

Gortyn

Greece 783, 788

Gortyn

Turkey 496–497

Heraclian ‘Basilica’ 306

Gratianopolis/Grenoble

France

Church of St. Laurent 129

Crypt of St. Oyand 129

Gravenknapp

Luxembourg 121

Gravesend

England 612

Greece 3–4, 6–14, 49, 57, 251, 288, 295–296, 301, 304, 491, 675, 779–783, 787, 789, 793, 795–798, 800–804, 818, 826

Grottaferratta

Italy 49

Halabiya

Syria 836

Halászrét

Hungary 157

Halmyris

Romania 765, 769, 770–771

Hammara

Lebanon 835

Harpenden

England 124

Hauran

Syria 835–836

Hawara

Egypt 863, 875

Hemamieh

Egypt 872

Hemel Hempstead

England 124

Henley Wood

England 618

Heraklion

Greece 12, 784–785

Hermonthis/Armant

Egypt 856, 862, 866, 870, 872

Monastery of Apa Phoibammon 858, 871

Hermopolis

Egypt 867, 873–874, 879

Heténypuszta

Hungary 49

Hibis el-Kharga

Egypt 878

Hierapolis

Turkey 13, 400, 416–417, 420–421, 487

Martyrium of St Philip 416, 421, 449

necropolis 416

North Gate 417

Nymphaeum of Tritons 417, 421, 449

Hippo Regius

Algeria

forum at 303

Hispalis/Seville

Spain 98, 102–103

Hispania

province 86, 97–98, 103–104, 108, 111–113

Histria

Romania 765–767, 769–771, 773–775

Episcopal Basilica 770

extra mural basilica from 767, 770, 772

Horbat Castra

Israel 838

Horcott

England 7, 610, 613, 615, 617, 619

Horvat Karkur Illit church

Israel 845–846

Hymayma

Jordan 838

Hungary 12, 33, 49–50, 57, 111–112, 148, 251, 656, 675

Ibida

Romania 4, 765–767, 771–772, 774–775

Tudorka family vault 775

Icklingham

England 134

Ierapetra

Greece 780

Igel

Germany 122

Ilchester

England 7, 602

Illyricum

province 770–771

Intercisa/Dunaújváros

Hungary 148, 151–152, 160

Iovia

Hungary 8, 49, 149, 157, 164, 431

Ischia di Castro

Italy

villa of Selvicciola 27

Israel 781, 832, 835

Isthmia

Greece 4, 7, 13, 784, 788, 789–790, 797, 803

Italica

Spain 98, 103, 111

Italy 2–9, 12–13, 15, 23, 25–29, 35, 36, 57, 86, 119–120, 146, 160, 169–170, 173, 175, 179–180, 241, 266, 274, 276, 288, 296, 389, 391, 395, 401, 422, 599, 613, 667, 692, 698–699, 701, 710, 713, 717, 720, 752, 779, 782, 794, 815

Ithaca

Greece 783

Jerusalem

Israel 86, 89, 261

Justinianic cardo at 522

Jordan 781, 832, 835–836

Judaea

province 9

Jülich

Germany 125

Jumilla

Spain 98, 104, 109, 111, 112

Justiniana Prima

Serbia

round plaza of 309

Kamid el-Loz

Lebanon 835

Karales

Italy 714

Karara

Egypt 867, 874

Kaukana

Italy 746

Kellis/Ismant el-Kharab

Egypt 877–879

Kenchreai

Greece 12, 785, 787, 790–791, 793

Keston

England 121

Kharga

Egypt 865, 877–878

Khirbat al-Dharih

Jordan 833, 838

Khirbat al-Samrā

Jordan 845

Khirbat al-Samrā

Jordan 832–833, 838, 845

Kingsholm

England 601, 616

Kisamos

Greece 787

Knossos

Greece 12, 785, 788–789, 793

Bishop’s Tomb 788

Kom el-Dikka

Egypt 876

Roman theatre 877

Kom el-Shuqqafa

Egypt 873

Kővágószőlős

Hungary 112, 153, 156–158

Kser Banat

Libya 185

Kysis/Dush

Egypt 865, 878

L’Ile-du-Comte

France 123

La Alberca

Spain 98, 104, 108, 111–113, 251

La Cocosa

Spain 98, 112–113

villa of La Dehesa 103–104, 109

La Molineta

Spain 99, 101, 111

Lankhills

England 597, 602, 604–614, 616, 619, 621

Lanuéjoles

France 122

Laodicea

Turkey 309, 311

Larcay

France 121

Larissa

Greece 783

Las Vegas de Pueblanueva

Spain 98, 101, 103, 108, 112, 251

Lavinium

Italy 173

Lebanon 832

Lentini

Italy 727

Leno

Italy 26

Lepcis Magna

Libya 14, 184, 189, 287, 293, 301–302, 325–326, 328, 330, 332, 337, 344, 346, 351, 353–355, 361, 366–368, 370–376, 389, 401, 408, 429–430

Basilica Ulpia 373

Baths-gymnasium 353

Byzantine fortifications at 403

Byzantine Gate 363, 403

Chalcidicum 361–362, 430

Curia 361, 363, 403, 430

Forum Vetus 403

Hadrianic Baths 328, 352, 356, 362, 364, 430

Late Baths 331

Macellum 343, 354–355, 358, 361, 364, 373, 430

mausoleum of Gasr Shaddad 402

North Temple 373–374

Old Forum 14, 297, 337, 361–363, 373, 377, 430

Severan Basilica 364, 377

Severan Forum 14, 297–298, 328, 331, 335, 337, 353, 363, 367, 369, 377, 403, 430

Severan Nymphaeum 335, 354

Temple

of Magna Mater 361

of Rome and Augustus 403

Theatre 356, 361

Unfinished baths 358–359, 364, 373

Lesbos

Greece 783

Levant 16, 60, 288, 521

Limestone Massif Syria 832, 835

Limoges

France 130

Church of St. Martial 138

Lincoln

England 7, 136–137

Chuch of St. Paul-in-the-Bail 136

Livada

Hungary

octagonal mausoleum of 148, 158

Londinium/London

England 2, 51, 56, 71–72, 74, 79–81, 122, 125, 137, 597, 599, 601, 606, 630, 632–641, 640–642, 654, 868

amphitheatre 630, 634

baths 630

Eastern Cemetery 67, 72, 75, 79–81, 124

forum-basilica 630

Spitalfields Lady 56, 58

Lovaria

Italy 28

Lower Egypt

Egypt 859

Lucera

Italy

Church of St. Giusto 29, 36

Lucus Feroniae

Italy 27

Lugnano di Treverina

Italy

villa of Poggio Gramignano at 28

Lullingstone

England

temple-mausoleum at 122, 600, 606, 635

villa at 134

Lugdunum/Lyon

France 8, 122, 127

Basilica

of St. Irénée 127

of St. Laurent – de-Choulans 127

Church

of St. Just at 127, 134, 136–138

of St. Lauren 127

Luxor

Egypt 870

Lycia

Turkey 779

Lykopolis/Asyut

Egypt 867, 873, 879

Lylibaeum/Lilibeo/Marsala

Italy 727, 743–744, 747

Lynch Farm

England 619

Macedonia

province 779, 784

Macon

France

synod of 708, 713, 717

Mactaris

Tunisia 306

Mainz

Germany

monument to Drusus the Elder at 123, 137

Majsan

Croatia 251

Malta 794

Mantua

Italy

Cortile del Seminario 701

Marea

Egypt 877

Margidunum

England 603–604

Marina el-Alamein

Egypt 861, 877

Maroneia

Greece 780

Marseille

France

Church of St. Victor 130, 138, 735

Marusinac

Croatia

mausoleum of 111–112, 156, 255

Masullas

Italy 720–723

Sa Mitza Salida at 710, 720

Matmar

Egypt 867, 872–873, 879

Mauretania

Africa 12, 302

Mazara

Italy 727

Mazarrón

Spain 98–99, 101–102, 112

Mazzarone

Italy 746–747

Mecca

Saudi Arabia 876–877, 880

Medinet Habu

Egypt 868, 870

Temple of Rameses III 870

Mediterranean 1, 17, 97, 111–112, 395, 411–412

Melos

Greece 793

Memphis/Saqqara

Egypt 859, 862–863, 866–868, 876

animal votive cemeteries at 862, 866–868, 876

Monastery

of Apa Antinos 876

of Jeremias 876

Mérida

Spain 109, 113, 398, 464

Martyrium of St. Eulalia 113

Mersea Island

England 57, 121

Messenia

Greece 793

Messina

Italy 727, 735, 746–747

Middle Egypt

Egypt 866

Milan

Italy 4, 8, 12, 32, 50, 85, 90, 136, 138, 158, 175, 195, 391, 501, (

catalogue of spolia in this volume 473–475

), 670, 686, 692, 695

Basilica

of St. Ambrose 32, 49, 85

of St. Lorenzo 177, 179

Chapel of St. Sixtus 177

Council of 268

edict of 757

Lady of the Sarcophagus 49, 58

necropolis of the Universita Cattolica 49, 734

Milazzo

Sicily 735

Miletus

Turkey 313, 391, 446, 452

Modena

Italy 26

Moesia

province 766

Monastir

Italy 718

Mons Claudianus

Egypt 877

Mons Porphyrites

Egypt 877

Monte Iato

Italy 745, 747

Montegrotto Terme

Italy 28

Montichiari – Monte San Zeno

Italy 36

Montréal

France

villa of Séviac 130

Morrione

Italy 36

Mostagedda

Egypt 867, 872–873, 879

Murcia

Spain 99, 101, 108–109, 251

Nabeul

Tunisia 735

Naga ed-Deir

Egypt 872

Nagykanizsa-Palin

Hungary 148, 151, 155

Naintré

France 49

Naissus

Serbia 251, 255

mausoleum of Jagodin Mala in 251

Naples

Italy 27

Naqlun

Egypt 875, 879

Nea Anchialos/Thesalian Thebes

Greece 783, 785, 791, 793

Negev

Israel 834

Nehren

Germany

Heidenkeller at 125

Nemea

Greece 783, 788, 796, 803

Neumagen

Germany 122–123

Neuvy-Pailloux

France 125

Neviodunum

Slovenia 757

Niederzier

Germany 125

Nocera Umbra

Italy 25

Nod-sur-Seine

France

villas estate at 125

Nora

Italy 290, 385, 715

necropolis of Su Guventeddu 715

Noricum

province 756

North Africa 3, 12, 103, 183–188, 190, 192, 195–197, 279, 396, 401, 403, 491, 667, 710, 713, 727, 735, 744, 747, 781, 784–785, 791, 801

Northern Epirus

province 801

Noviodunum

Romania 767, 769–770

Nubia 859, 870

Numidia

Algeria 12

Oea

Libya 185, 191

Olympia

Greece 12, 783, 790, 800, 803

Oristano

Italy 710

Ostia

Italy 12–13, 91, 225, 277, 385, 399, 486, 494

forum of 297, 307

Isola Sacra at 734

mausoleum B22 236

round building at 238

Ostrakine/al-Felusiyat

Egypt 834

Oxyrhynchus/El Bahnasa

Egypt 874

Padova/Padua

Italy 28, 692, 695

Palermo

Italy 727, 743–744, 747

Caserma Tuköry 741

cemetery at St. Michele Arcangelo 743

Contrada Sant’Agata, 727, 744, 747

St. Crispino and Crispiniano 743

west gate of 741

Palestine 7, 288, 789, 834–835, 837

Palmyra

Syria 14, 49–50, 70, 390, 421, 458, 846

tower tomb of Atenatan 49

Pannonia

province 8–9, 146–149, 151–153, 156–157, 160, 163–164, 431, 752, 755–756, 766, 773

Pannonia Prima

province 151

Pannonia Secunda

province 151

Pannonia Valeria

province 149, 151

Panopolis/Akhmim

Egypt 862, 866, 868–869, 872

Paphos

Greece 780

Parc de le Ciutat

Spain

Parc de la Ciutat mausoleum 101, 111–112, 207, 216

Patara

Turkey 391, 401, 418, 420, 453–454

bouleuterion at 421

Claudian Stadiasmus Patarensis monument 419–421

defensive circuit 418

Marciana temple tomb 419–421

Tepecik necropolis 420

Vespasianic Baths 419

Patras

Greece 783, 790, 792

Pavia

Italy 699

Peloponnese

Greece 779, 783, 796, 800

Pergamon

Turkey 818, 820

Perigueux

France 400, 408, 469

amphitheatre 400

Perissa

Greece 783–784

Pheradi Maius

Tunisia 292–293, 302

Philippi

Greece 8, 298, 432–433, 783–784, 790, 792–793

agora 297

Piacenza

Italy 699

Pill’e Matta

Italy 705, 709, 714, 716–717, 723

Pisidia

Turkey 811–812

Poetovio/Ptuj

Slovenia 754–755, 757

Poland 717

Pompeii

Italy 13–14, 292, 300–301, 391

forum of 14, 298

Porta Nocera 13

theatre of 270

Via dei Sepolchri at 15

Pontus

Turkey 85–86, 251, 260–261

Emelia’s Chapel in 255

Porto Torres

Italy 734

Portugal 113

Portus/Porto

Italy

cemetery of Isola Sacra 27, 160

Temple of Portunus 231

Poundbury

England 7, 13, 49–52, 58, 71, 119, 597, 600, 602–603, 605, 607, 609–615, 618–619, 621

Poundbury Camp

England 119, 134, 137–138

Povegliano

Italy 25, 33, 35

Puerta de Mazarrón

Spain 99, 101, 111

Puppet

Tunisia

mausolea 13, 196

Purton

England 56–57

Quartucciu

Italy 729, 716

Radley Barrow Hills

England 605

Ragusa

Italy 727

Ravenna

Italy 8, 269–270 279, 397, 475, 670

Church

of St. Croce 171

of St. Vitale in 8, 179

La Berretta del Prete 172, 233, 242

imperial court to 695

Mausoleum

of Galla Placidia in 171

of Theoderic in 8, 179

Rehovot-in-the-Negev

Israel 834

Reims

France 667

Rhodes

Greece 14, 454, 783

Richborough

England 134

Rifnik

Slovenia 754–755, 758

Riu Succi

Italy 718

Riva del Garda

Italy

Church of St. Cassiano at 25, 30

Rome

Italy 4, 6, 9, 13, 16, 26, 28, 45–46, 49–50, 69–73, 86–88, 112, 119–120, 123, 131, 136, 138, 163, 169–170, 172–173, 175–176, 190–191, 222, 224–226, 230, 232–233, 237, 239, 242, 265–266, 268–270, 272–275, 277–278, 281, 292–293, 295–296, 302, 307, 369, 373, 385, 388, 406, 408–409, 424–425, 497, 501 (

catalogue of spolia in this volume 480–481

), 637–638, 640, 670, 678, 680, 694, 697, 707–708, 727, 747, 790, 793, 816

Aurelianic Walls of 280, 400, 422, 424

Basilica

Apostolorum 235–236, 239–241, 243

Julia 306, 497

Labicana 238–240

of S. Agnese 236, 238–239, 241, 243, 265, 275

of S. Lorenzo 236, 238–239, 243, 270–271

of St Peter 84, 160, 171, 179, 235, 266, 269

of St. John the Lateran 268–269, 270–272, 276–277, 279–280

of St. Laurence 169

catacomb

of Bassilla 271, 694

of Calepodio 694

of Callixtus 225, 237

of Domitilla 227

of Praetextatus 173, 227, 237, 694, 229

of Priscilla 694

of St. Agnes 177, 693

of St. Marcellino and Pietro 49, 57, 227, 238–239

cemetery

of Felicitas 271, 275–276, 278, 279

of Ippolito and Novaziano 694

of Pretestato 694

of Priscilla 275

on Aurelia of Calepodio 694

Church of Marcellus/St. Marcello al Corso 269, 271, 280

of St. Sebastiano 170, 225–226, 238

of St. Andrea 230

Circus

Maximus 273

of Nero 241

collegium of the Pancratii

collegium of the Pancratii 223

Forum

of Augustus 295

of Caesar 291

Pacis 295

Romanum 293, 295, 311

Hypogeum of San Sebastiano 49, 227

Ludus Magnus 292

mausoleum

of Constantina 179, 233, 236, 249

of Gallienus 175, 231–233, 242

of Hadrian 136, 229–230, 424

of Helena 176, 179, 233, 239, 249

of Honorius 179, 235

of Maxentius 176, 223, 230–231, 237, 239

monument of Caecillia Metella 162

Pantheon 9, 174, 176, 230, 237–238

Pyramid of Cestius in 403

Temple of Portunus 231–232, 242

Tor de’Schiavi 176, 230, 237, 239–240, 242

Triclia complex ad catacumba 236

tumulus tomb of Monte del Grano 228, 232

Sa’ad

Jordan 836

Sabratha

Libya 9, 12, 14, 184, 187, 189, 293, 297, 301, 374, 429

capitolium 297

forum of 14, 300

mausoleum of Marchius Fydel and Flavia Thesylgum 184–185, 189

Sádaba

Spain 98, 104, 109, 112

mausolea’ of the Atilii in 104

Saepinum

Italy

Temple of Jupiter 304

Sagalassos

Turkey 7, 11, 13–14, 287–288, 291, 293, 295, 297, 301–302, 306, 313–314, 368, 389, 391, 496–497, 513 (

catalogue of spoali in this volume 448–449

), 811–818, 820–821, 825–828

Antonine Nymphaeum 297

Apollo Klarios Temple 818, 820

boule at 5

Eastern Necropolis 814–815, 820, 826

Lower Agora 301, 521

plazas of 301

Potter’s Quater 13

Severan Nymphaeum 521

Stadion of 817

Upper Agora of 14, 297, 301, 311

Saguntum/Sagunto

Spain

mausoleum’ of Sergii in 104, 108

Ságvár

Hungary 111–112, 149, 151–152

Saint-Martin de Rheims

France 125, 138

Sala

Morocco 416

Salamis

Cyprus

Church of St. Demetrios on 783

Salemi

Italy 727, 744

Salona

Croatia 156, 164, 251, 255, 801

martyrium-mausoleum of St. Anastasius of 108

mausoleum of Marusinac in 111–112, 156, 255

Samassi

Italy 718

Samos

Greece 787, 792, 801

San Prisco

Italy

Chapel of St. Matrona 171

Sant’Albano Stura

Italy 26

Sântana de Mureș Chernyakhov

Romania 773

Santiponce

Spain

Christian cemetery of Italica 103

Santiuste de Pedraza

Spain 104, 109

Church of Nuestra Señora de Las Vegas 109

Sardinia

Italy 7, 9, 12–13, 175, 290, 705–706, 707–711, 713–716–717, 719, 722–723

Sardis

Turkey 390, 442–443, 522

Sareim

Turkey 261–262

Sárisáp

Hungary 149, 153, 156

Sarmizgetusa

Romania 14

forum of 298, 300

Savaria/Szombathely

Hungary 8, 148, 151–152, 164

Scorton

England 716

Scotland 667

Scupi

Northen Macedonia 4

Scythia 764–773, 775

Scythopolis

Israel 309

Sebaste

Armenia 260–261

Segesta

Italy

agora/forum 745

Greek theatre 745

Setif

Algeria 716

Sentmenat

Spain

villa at Can Palau 108

Serdica

Bulgaria 215, 435

Sharuna/Kom el-Ahmar

Egypt 874

Sheikh abd el-Gurna

Egypt 871

Shepton Mallet

England 603

Sicily

Italy 12, 173, 727, 729–730, 735, 739, 741, 743, 745, 747, 779, 794

Side

Turkey 309, 313, 390

Sidret el-Balik

Libya 189

Siesbach

Germany 121

Sigillo

Italy 175

Silistra

Bulgaria 114

Silchester

England 601

Sinai

Egypt 832, 834, 859

Singidunum

Serbia 771

Sirmione

Italy

Church of St. Peter in Mavinas 29

Grotte di Catullo 28

villa of Via Antiche Mura 28

Sirmium

Serbia 146–148, 150–152, 155, 158, 670

Basilica of St. Demetrius from 771

martyrium of St. Demetrius 147

Siscia/Sisak

Hungary 146, 148

Siurgus Donigala

Italy 709

Slovenia 6, 8–11, 706, 752–759

Slovenj Gradec/Colatio

Slovenia 754

Sofiana

Italy 727

Solva/Esztergom

Hungary 151

Somerset

England 617

Sopianae/Pécs

Hungary 8, 111–112, 147–148, 151–160, 163–164, 251

Early Christian Mausoleum 14, 152, 156–157, 164

mausoleum of St. Stephen Square in 251

Northern cemetery of 151, 155

Southfleet

England 124

Southwark

England 632–635, 637–638, 640–642

Sovizzo

Italy 28

Spain 4, 6, 9, 120, 131, 251, 296, 301, 395, 401, 406, 706, 717, 719, 784

Sparta

Greece 401, 412, 440

Spilamberto

Italy 25–27, 35

Spitalfields

England 630, 632–633, 635, 637, 640

Split

Croatia 233

mausoleum of Diocletian in 158, 175

St. Albans

England 122–125, 134, 136

St. Bertrand de Comminges

France 397

Church of St. Just at 129–130, 138

St. Rémy-de-Provence

France

monument of Julii at 123

Stobi

Northern Macedonia 388

Stockwood

England 135

Sufetula

Tunisia 7, 491

Sulci

Italy 9, 705, 714–715, 718

Sutton Courtenay

England 605

Syene/Aswan

Egypt 867, 870, 876, 879

Monsatery of Hadra 870, 876, 879

Syracuse

Italy 727, 735

Syria 685, 780, 789, 801, 832, 834, 836, 846

Szentendre

Hungary 148, 431

Szólád

Hungary 33

Tabarka

Tunisia

funerary chapels at 196

Taormina

Italy 727

Tarraco/Tarragona

Spain 9, 98–99, 101–102, 109, 113, 203–206, 208, 212, 216–217, 710

acropolis of 207

amphitheatre of 205

Basilica of St. Fructuosus 205, 207

Centcelles mausoleum 97–98, 101, 103, 108–109, 111–113, 131

Christian cemetery of the Fábrica de Tabacos in 99

Mas Rimbau 207–208, 216

necropoleis of Carrer Pere Martell, Avinguda Prat de la Riba and Parc de la Ciutat 207, 216

Parc de la Ciutat 101, 111–113, 207

villa of Els Hospitals 212

Tarraconensis

Spain 99, 104, 108–109, 114, 203, 208, 211–212, 215, 218

Tebtunis

Egypt

Ptolemaic temple 875

Tegea

Greece 295, 783

agora of 302

Tell Malhata

Israel 834

Termine Imerese

Italy

battle cemetery of Himena at 743

Termini

Italy 727

Thagaste

Algeria 12

Thamugadi

Algeria 14, 293

forum at 293, 301

Tharos

Greece 788

baths 710–711

Thebes

Egypt 856, 863, 865

Ramesseum 871

Thebes

Greece 8

Thera

Greece 783, 791

Thessalonica

Greece 13, 49–50, 158, 314, 388, 432–436, 450, 478, 491, 780, 782–785, 788, 790–792, 798, 802

Thibilis

Algeria 501

This/Girga

Egypt 862, 867, 872

Thrace 764–765, 779

Thubursicu Numidarum

Algeria 293

baths in 313

New Forum 373

Tigani

Greece 8

Tigani in the Mani

Greece 793, 800

Tipasa

Algeria 12, 187, 728

St. Salsa at 196

Toledo

Spain 108, 113, 251

Tolentino

Italy 9, 173–174

Tomis

Romania 765–767, 771, 773

painted vault from 771

Torrenova

Italy

Coventazzo 173

Toulouse

France 399, 459, 471–472

Tours

France 121, 124, 130, 137

Tratalias

Italy 718–719, 723

Trento

Italy

Basilica of St. Vigilius at 697–698

porta Veronensis 697

Treviso

Italy 695

Trier

Germany 3–7, 9–12, 49–50, 57–58, 60, 121, 125, 131, 136, 289, 640, 669–670, 673–674, 677–680, 682, 685–686

Abbey of St. Matthias 132, 49, 132, 134, 137–138

Chapel

of St. Quintinus 132

of St. Quirinus 132–133

Church of St. Maximin 5–7, 10, 49, 132–133, 138, 667, 669–670, 673–678, 680–684, 686–687

grave of St. Paulinus 674

imperial residence at 667, 684

tomb of St. Paulinus 49

Trimithis/Amheida

Egypt 878

Triocala

Italy 727

Tripolis ad Meandrum

Turkey 293, 306, 314, 497

Tripolitania

Africa 8, 12, 183–186, 189–190, 192–195, 297, 325, 374, 377

Tropaeum Traiani

Romania 767, 769–771

Tuna el Gebel

Egypt 862, 868, 873

Tunisia 183, 195–196, 288, 292, 779, 781

Turin

Italy

San Salvatore in 699

Turris Libisonis

Italy 12

Tyre

Lebanon

al-Bass mecropoli of 834

Tyros

Greece 848

Monastery of St. Phobammon 858, 871

Uchi Maius

Tunisia 293

Udine

Italy 3, 28

Church of St. Martino di Ovaro 36

Ulmetum

Romania 765–766, 773

Ureu

Tunisia

forum at 303

Upper Egypt

Egypt 856, 859, 861–862

Valencia

Spain 104

necropolis Alqueria de Rubio 719

Varna

Bulgaria 67

Vatican

Italy 131, 160, 170, 233, 238, 272, 290, 693

Basilica of St. Peter in 171, 241, 279

grave of St. Peter 693

rotunda in 230

transept of Old St. Peter in 235

Vercelli

Italy 86

Veroia

Greece 790

Verona

Italy 28, 32–33, 389, 475, 692–695, 699

Verulamium

England 125

Vicenne

Italy 36

Vicenza

Italy 695

Vienne

Austria

Church of St. Pierre 129, 138

Vindobona

Austria 150–152, 154

Vindolana

England 71

Vrajk

Slovenia 755

Vrondi

Greece 790

Wadi Sarga

Egypt 873

Wadi Selama

Algeria

tower mausoleum ‘La Ghorfa’ in 192

Welwyn

England 124, 137

Western Desert

Egypt 859, 877

Western Thebes

Egypt 856, 858, 861, 865, 872, 878

Weston Turville

England 47

Winchester

England 7, 11, 56, 58, 60, 75, 81, 597, 602, 604, 606, 612, 616, 637, 654

Eagle Hotel site 58–60

Lankhills Cemetery 67, 72, 75, 77, 80–81

Wood Lane End

England 124

Wookey Hole

England 120

Wroxeter

England 124, 601

Xanten

Germany 13, 132, 137

Xanthos

Turkey 388, 391, 451–452, 521

Lower Square 521

Ya’mun

Jordan 836

Yasileh

Jordan 836

York

England 49, 51, 56, 58, 71, 125, 133, 637

Zaragoza

Spain 88, 104, 109, 398

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Burial and Memorial in Late Antiquity

Volume 2: Regional Perspectives

Reihe: Late Antique Archaeology, Band: 13/2

Cover Burial and Memorial in Late Antiquity

ISBN:: 9789004687974

Verleger:: Brill

Print-Publikationsdatum:: 18 Sep 2024

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Regional Perspectives

Back Matter

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Afrikanistik	Internationale Beziehungen	Nahost- und Islamwissenschaften
Altorientalistik und Ägyptologie	Internationales Recht	Pädagogik
Amerikanistik	Judaistik	Philosophie
Asienwissenschaften	Klassische Altertumswissenschaft	Religionswissenschaft
Bibelauslegung	Kunstgeschichte	Slawistik und Eurasienkunde
Biologie	Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften	Sozialwissenschaften
Biowissenschaften	Medienwissenschaft	Sprachen und Linguistik
Buchgeschichte und Kartographie	Menschenrechte und humanitäres Völkerrecht	Theologie und Christentum
Geschichte	Musikwissenschaft

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Indices

Indices

Thematic

Cemetery Designs

Burial Forms

Dress and Hairstyle

Objects

Materials and Organic Substances

Body

Diseases and Health

Science

Food

Diet

Site Features

Building Types and Function

Building Elements, Decoration and Furniture

People (Types)

Persons (Mythical)

Persons (Bishops, Martyrs, and Holy Men)

Persons (Emperors, Members of Imperial Families, Kings, and Usurpers)

Persons (Other, Historic)

Places

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Burial and Memorial in Late Antiquity

Volume 2: Regional Perspectives

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