Index
Page numbers followed by f refer to figures, page numbers followed by n refer to footnotes (19n8), and page numbers followed by t refer to tables (74t).
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf
236
Addai, C.
211
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
enrollment applications
72, 73–76, 74t, 74f, 75f, 78
implementation of
66–67
terminations
77, 77f, 79–80, 81
under Trump administration
68–69
African-American Muslims
disproportionally affected by COVID-19
72
economic effects of COVID-19 on
160
and food access
162–165
and healthcare access
155–158
and housing
158–161
and Islamophobia
175
and mental health
165–166
and the “new normal”
172–174
and physical health
170–171
positive aspects of the pandemic for
171–172
and racism
174, 175
and religiosity
151–155, 172
and schooling
180–181
African Americans
Christians
142, 143
disproportionally affected by COVID-19
57–58, 70, 95
and healthcare
155–156
and housing
160
See also African-American Muslims
Ahmed, Khurram
23
Aked, Hilary
210
Allah
certainty lies with
119, 141
COVID-19 as test or punishment from
119, 127–128, 139–140, 235, 236
personal relationships with
128, 135, 138, 141, 143, 172
trust and reliance in (tawakkul)
236
American Muslim Health Professionals (AMHP)
and formation of the National Muslim Task Force (NMTF)
20, 39, 42, 50, 58
issuing guidelines
22
and Muslim clinics
101
National Mask Making Campaign
54
and the Policy Committee
60, 61, 62
American Muslims
and access to healthcare and coverage
71–72
comparison with British Muslims
2–5
data streams about
40–41, 43
disproportionally affected by COVID-19
71–72
as immigrants
71–72, 180
and misinformation
25
and mosques
115
and poverty
72
vaccination rates in
36
See also African-American Muslims
anti-Blackness
174, 175
anxiety see mental health
Asian people
Bangladeshi
204, 215–216, 221
disproportionally affected by COVID-19
57, 218
Pakistani
204, 208, 215–216, 221
and racism
208
South Asian Muslims
2, 93, 122, 200, 204, 208
Atayero, Sarah
211
attitudes toward COVID-19
131–132, 131f, 134–135, 135f, 171
Awaad, Rania
23
Azar, Alex
61
Azmat, Sufia
182
Bangladeshi people
204, 215–216, 221
biomedical ethics see Islamic bioethics
Birx, Deborah
94
Black Lives Matter
174, 175
Black people
174, 175, 218
See also African-American Muslims; African Americans
Brexit
4
British Board of Scholars and Imams (BBSI)
3, 23, 39
British Islamic Medical Association (BIMA)
209, 219, 221
British Muslims
comparison with American Muslims
2–5
disproportionally affected by COVID-19
199, 215, 219
and education
204–205, 204f, 208
employment and wages of
204–205, 207f, 208, 210
health inequalities for
213
as immigrants
208, 210
living in deprived areas
200, 201–203t
and mental health
210
mortality rates of
222, 223f, 224f
portrayed in the media
220
and poverty
204
and racism/discrimination
208–212
statistics on
2, 200, 201–203t, 201f
targeted messaging/guidance for
218–219
burn-out see exhaustion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
grants and funding
59, 61
guidelines
89
information provision
20, 31, 51, 60, 89, 94, 106, 151
charity
54–55, 136, 186, 188, 190–191
Chicago
counterfeit masks in
92
healthcare access inequalities in
70, 72, 95
healthcare coverage applications in
74, 78
healthcare workers in
87
Muslim immigrants in
71, 80
second recorded case of COVID-19 in
88
children see Islamic schools; schools
China
lockdowns in
22, 30
as origin of the pandemic
7, 85, 87, 88, 128
punished by Allah
127–128
Christians
38, 142, 143, 219, 222
chronic illnesses
and diet
162
and fasting
199, 218, 221–222
higher rates in minority communities
57, 71, 257
and homeopathy
158
increased risk for people with
28, 34, 70, 102, 256
and Muslim clinics
101
and telehealth
96
civic engagement
61, 63
clinics see hospitals/clinics
closures see lockdowns; mosque closures
co-morbidities see chronic illnesses
congregational prayer see prayer, congregational
conspiracy theories
25, 94, 249
contagion see transmission of COVID-19
containment see restrictions
coping strategies
general
116–117, 129, 129t, 130, 130t, 131, 133, 133t, 134t, 139, 141, 143
negative
116, 129, 129t, 130t, 133–134, 133t, 134t, 135, 141, 167–168
religious
117–118, 128, 129–130, 129t, 130t, 133, 133t, 134t, 135, 138–141, 143
coronavirus
variants
18, 35, 37
See also COVID-19
COVID-19
attitudes toward
131–132, 131f, 134–135, 135f, 171
denial of
107–108
and Islamic rulings
238–239, 244, 246, 252
and marginalized communities
166
origins and spread of
7, 87–88, 218
as plague (ṭāʿūn) vs. epidemic (wabāʾ)
237–238
recovery from
90, 90–91n9, 99
statistics on cases and deaths
18, 49, 57–58, 90, 95, 215–216, 224f
symptoms of
28–29, 93
testing for
59
as test or punishment from Allah
127–128, 139–140, 235, 236
theological beliefs about
127–128, 128f, 139–140
transmission of
28–29, 37, 90, 218, 246, 258
See also economic effects of COVID-19; restrictions
ḍarūra (necessity) see need (ḥāja) and necessity (ḍarūra)
Day, Aasma
209
death
COVID-19 cases and deaths
18, 49, 57–58, 90, 95, 215–216, 224f
mortality rates during epidemics
248–249, 251, 256
mortality rates during Ramadan
222, 223f
and Muslim/Islamic bioethics
97, 98, 99
Defense Production Act (DPA)
59
Delta variant
37
denial
of COVID-19
107–108
of racism
212
depression see mental health
diabetes see chronic illnesses
diasporic, non-Muslim countries
27, 122
discrimination
against African Americans
155–156
against Muslims
5–6, 186, 208–210, 213
systemic
217
UK legislation against
213
See also inequalities for minority populations; racism
dispensations
decision-making on
247, 253, 254, 256–265
to everyone vs. individuals/groups
243–244, 255
of fasting
241n19–20
and hardship (muḥtāj)
33, 241, 241n19–20, 243–244
of mixing genders in physical examinations
253, 253n40
of obligation of congregational prayer
30–31, 32–35, 51, 240–241n19–20, 241, 243, 260, 262
of taking vaccines with impure ingredients
253, 254, 257, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264
of travel
241n19–20
distance learning see hybrid instruction; remote learning
doctors see healthcare workers
economic effects of COVID-19
GDP in the USA
57
on individuals
71, 72, 80, 160, 186
inflation
162
on physicians and clinics
105–106
on schools
186, 187, 188, 190–191
education
of British Muslims
204–205, 204f, 208
of healthcare workers
106, 250
See also Islamic schools; schools
Eid
24, 34, 52, 155, 219
See also Ramadan
elderly care
102
See also multigenerational homes
employment
of British Muslims
204–205, 207f, 208, 210
and racism
208
statistics on
53, 54, 205f, 206f
unemployment
69, 78, 80, 81
employment authorization see residency status and healthcare
England see United Kingdom
epidemics
definition of
237–238, 237n12
impact assessment tool (IAT)
244–247, 247f, 256, 264
impact on systems and sectors of
250–251
Islamic rulings on
238–239, 246, 251, 252
and morbidity and mortality
248–249, 251, 256
phases and stages of
251–255, 252f, 253f, 255t
and transmission rates
247–248, 250, 251, 252, 256
See also pandemics
Essed, Philomena
208
essential services
31, 152, 257
essential workers
56, 57, 70, 188, 217
ethics see Islamic bioethics
ethnicities
and COVID-19 mortality rates
215–216
of Muslim populations
2, 122, 200, 201f, 204, 208, 213
exemptions see dispensations
exercise see coping strategies, general; gyms
exhaustion
collective
40
of essential workers
25, 91, 100, 103, 107, 188
fake news see misinformation
fardh kifaya (communal religious obligations)
50
See also dispensations; prayer, congregational
fast-breaking meals (ifṭār)
114–115, 219
fasting
199, 218, 221–222, 241n19–20
fatigue see exhaustion
fatwā (non-binding legal opinion)
248, 248n35, 249
Fauci, Anthony
94
fear see coping strategies; mental health
Federal Poverty Levels (FPL)
67–68, 68t, 73, 75t, 76, 77–78, 77f, 79, 80
financial impacts see economic effects of COVID-19
fiqh (substantive law)
19n8, 248, 261
Fiqh Committee of the National Muslim Task Force
and bioethics
26, 42
formation and function
19, 19n8, 22–23, 24
as frontline workers
25
guidelines about mosque closures
22, 27, 31–34
guidelines about vaccines
36, 38, 39
Fiqh Council of North America (FCNA)
3, 22, 23, 42
five higher objectives of Islamic law
240, 242, 243, 244, 247
food insecurity
53–54, 61–62, 162–165
See also panic buying
Friday (Jumuʿa) prayers
in diasporic, non-Muslim countries
27
dispensations of obligatory
33–34, 51, 243, 260, 262
obligation of
27
suspensions of
33, 114, 131–132
virtual
153–154
frontline workers see essential workers; healthcare workers
funding
by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
59, 61
Emergency Assistance to Non-Public Schools (EANS)
188
Marshall Plan for physicians
104–105
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)
188, 190
for PPE and testing
59
fundraising
54, 55, 188, 190–191
See also charity
gatherings, restrictions on
18, 29, 32, 51, 52, 95, 151, 155
See also mosque closures
Gaughan, Charlotte Hannah
219
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid
239n17
Ghebreyesus, Tedros Adhanom
56
gloves see personal protective equipment (PPE)
God see Allah
goggles see personal protective equipment (PPE)
governments
information provision by
4, 89, 94–95, 106, 219–220, 249
response to COVID-19
92, 106
gowns see personal protective equipment (PPE)
Great Britain see United Kingdom
guidelines see Islamic rulings; National Muslim Task Force (NMTF); restrictions
gyms
170
Hafeez, Afroz
23
El Haj, Hatem
23, 23–24n16, 31
ḥāja (need) see need (ḥāja) and necessity (ḍarūra)
Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
115, 219, 239, 239n16
ḥalāl (permissible) see dispensations; permissibility
ḥalāl (permissible) food, access to
162, 163
ḥaqq al-ādmī (human right)
240–241n19–20
ḥaqq Allāh (right of God) see right of God (ḥaqq Allāh)
hardship (muḥtāj)
and dispensations
33, 241, 241n19–20, 243–244
Islamic rulings on
251, 254, 260
harm, prevention of
239, 241n20, 261, 261n52, 262, 263–264
hate crimes
4, 210
health, mental see mental health
health, spiritual see spiritual health
healthcare
and capacity
17, 35, 70
and discrimination
5–6, 155–156
disparities in
41, 59, 70–72, 157, 157–158n4
and mobile health units
59, 102
and patients’ religious concerns
92–93
and residency status
66
telehealth
28, 70, 91, 94, 94n23, 96, 105, 157
See also healthcare coverage; healthcare workers
healthcare coverage
enrollment applications for
73–76, 74t, 74f, 75f, 78
and Federal Poverty Levels (FPL)
67–68, 68t, 73, 75t, 76, 77–78, 77f, 79, 80
of immigrants
66–69, 71–73, 75–76, 75t, 76f, 78–81
of low-income households
69–70
pre-COVID-19 vs. during COVID-19
78, 80
stimulus checks and packages
66, 69–70, 78
and taxes
67, 68
and terminations/opting out
69, 70, 73, 74f, 75, 75f, 77–78, 77f, 79, 80, 81
and unemployment
69, 78, 80, 81
and the US “fee-for services” model
157–158n4
See also Affordable Care Act (ACA); Medicaid
healthcare workers
economic effects of COVID-19 on
104–106
education of
95–96, 106, 250
mental health of
21, 25, 91, 95, 100, 103, 104, 106–107
and misinformation
94–95
Muslims as
92–93, 96–100, 106
physical health of
91, 95, 103, 104, 106
protection of. see personal protective equipment (PPE)
public appreciation for
103
shortages of
95, 100
health coverage see healthcare coverage
health insurance see healthcare coverage
Heath, Anthony
204
herd immunity
254, 263
HEROES Act
59
ḥifz al-dīn (preservation of religion) see preservation of religion
ḥifz al-nafs (preservation of life) see preservation of life
holidays
95
See also Eid; Ramadan
home isolation see quarantining/isolation
homeopathy
157, 158
hospitals/clinics
and capacity
93–94, 101–102
containment measures of
91–92
economic effects of COVID-19 on
105–106
Muslim-operated
96, 101
See also personal protective equipment (PPE)
hospital staff see healthcare workers
Hostile Environment policies
214, 217
housing
in deprived areas
160, 200, 201–203t, 214
moving house during the pandemic
160–161
multigenerational homes
93, 158–159
Houston
87
human right (ḥaqq al-ādmī)
240–241n19–20
hybrid instruction
187–188, 189–190
Ibn ʿAbbās
262
Ibn al-Muqaffa
239n17
Ibn Amīr al-Ḥāj
240n19
Ibn Qudāmah, Abdullah ibn Aḥmad
262
ifṭār (fast-breaking meals)
114–115, 219
imams see Islamic bioethics; Islamic law; Islamic rulings
immigrants
access to healthcare
71–73, 103–104
anti-immigrant sentiment
4
disproportionally affected by COVID-19
71–72
and healthcare coverage
66–69, 71–73, 75–76, 75t, 76f, 78–81
residency status
66, 68, 73, 75–76, 75t, 76f, 79
in the UK
208, 211
in the US
71–72, 180
impact assessment tool (IAT)
244–247, 247f, 256, 264
inequalities for minority populations
disproportional impact of COVID-19
57–58, 70–72, 95, 199, 212, 215–218, 256–257, 263
education and employment
204–205, 208
health
57, 71, 212, 213–215, 217, 257
healthcare
6, 8, 41, 59, 70–72, 95, 155–156, 157, 157–158n4
inflation
162
infodemic
16, 17, 25
information provision
by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
20, 31, 51, 60, 89, 94, 106, 151
‘flattening the curve’ messaging
17, 30
by governments
4, 89, 94–95, 106, 219, 249
infodemic
16, 17, 25
misinformation
43, 90, 94–95, 104, 249
targeted at Muslims
3–4, 218–219, 249–250
by World Health Organization (WHO)
151
institutional racism see systemic racism
insurance see healthcare coverage
interventions see restrictions
Islamic bioethics
5, 25–26, 42, 96–97, 246
Islamic jurists
on aborted tissue and vaccines
38–39
on closures of mosques
31
on fleeing from plagues
239
involvement in creating guidelines
18, 22–23, 26, 42
and legal maxims
261, 261n52
on medicine
37, 263
on need (ḥāja) vs. necessity (ḍarūra)
243, 243n24
See also Islamic law; Islamic rulings
Islamic law
fatwā (non-binding legal opinion)
248, 248n35, 249
fiqh (substantive law)
19n8, 248, 261
five higher objectives of
240, 242, 243, 244, 247
human right (ḥaqq al-ādmī)
240–241n19–20
and maxims related to harm
261, 261n52, 262, 263–264
preservation of life (ḥifz al-nafs)
31, 237, 240–241, 242
preservation of religion (ḥifz al-dīn)
31, 240–241, 262
on protecting the public interest (maṣlaḥa)
239–240, 239n17, 241–242, 262
right of God (ḥaqq Allāh)
240–241n19–20, 242, 261
See also dispensations; Islamic jurists; Islamic rulings; need (ḥāja) and necessity (ḍarūra)
Islamic Medical Association of North America (IMANA)
20, 22, 39, 42, 50, 54, 58, 61, 101
Islamic Relief USA (IRUSA)
54, 58, 61, 62
Islamic rulings
on COVID-19 restrictions
237–239, 238n14, 244, 247, 248, 252, 253–254, 257, 261
“five conditions approach” to interventions
256–264, 265f
impact assessment tool (IAT)
244–247, 247f, 256, 264
on pandemics
119, 238–239, 265f
on vaccines
21, 38–39, 253, 254, 257, 259, 259n50, 260, 261, 263, 264
on virtual religious worship
153
See also dispensations; Fiqh Committee of the National Muslim Task Force; mosque closures
Islamic schools
enrollment in
185, 186–187
financial impacts on
186, 187, 188, 190–191
history in the USA
179–181
hybrid instruction
185–186, 187–188, 189–190
lockdowns of
52, 178–179, 182
response to COVID-19
182–183, 189–190
Islamic Schools League of America (ISLA)
181, 182–184
Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)
3, 20, 22, 39
Islamophobia
98, 175, 209–210
isolation see quarantining/isolation
Italy
22
Al-Jaṣṣāṣ, Abū Bakr al-Rāzī
239n17
Johnson & Johnson
35, 38
Jumuʿa (Friday prayer) see Friday (Jumuʿa) prayers
Al-Juwaynī, ʿAbd al-Malik
240n17
Karlsen, Saffron
212
Khan, Nabil
96
Al-Khudrī, Abu Saʿīd
63
Kushner, Jared
94
Laird, Lance
96
Lawrence, Doreen
212
Lawrence, Stephen
212
Li, Yaojun
204
lockdowns
of businesses
18, 54
in China
22, 30
of gyms
170
of mosques. see mosque closures
during Ramadan
218
of schools
29, 52, 178–179, 182
of supermarkets
162
long-haul COVID
90, 90–91n9
Los Angeles
87
low-income households
69–70, 71, 72, 89, 96, 101, 204
MacPherson, William
212
marginalization of minorities see inequalities for minority populations
Marmot, Michael
214
Marshall Plan for physicians
104–105
masks
counterfeit
92
donations of
54–55
guidelines on wearing
18, 28, 29, 32, 33, 89
medical. see personal protective equipment (PPE)
maṣlaḥa (public interest) see public interest (maṣlaḥa)
maṣlaḥa ʿām (public good)
30
al-maṣlaḥat al-ḍarūriyyā (necessities)
242, 243, 244, 251, 255
al-maṣlaḥat al-ḥājiyya (needs)
242, 243, 251
al-maṣlaḥat al-taḥsīniyya (embellishments)
242n21
media
coverage of outbreak
87–88, 89–90, 92n15
portrayal of British Muslims
220
religous perspectives in the
104
and vaccines
90
See also misinformation
Medicaid
eligibility for
67, 69, 72
enrollment applications
73–76, 74t, 74f, 75f, 78, 80
medical professionals see healthcare workers
medicine
Islamic jurists on
37, 263
supplies
102
and trust and reliance in God (tawakkul)
236
See also vaccines
Meer, Nasar
213
mental health
anxiety
130–131, 130t, 132, 140, 141–142, 167
and British Muslims
210
depression
133t, 140, 141
effects of pandemic on
116, 165–166
effects of Ramadan on
143
of elderly people
102
exhaustion
25, 40, 91, 100, 103, 107, 188
of healthcare workers
21, 95, 103, 104, 106–107
importance of mosques for
115–116
media-induced fear
90
and radicalization
210
stigmatization of illnesses
55, 165–166
stress
166–167
of students
190
uncertainty intolerance
119, 130, 130t, 132, 133, 134–135, 136, 141–142, 167
See also coping strategies
microaggressions
211
midday prayers (dhuhr)
51
migrants see immigrants; residency status and healthcare
minorities see inequalities for minority populations
misinformation
43, 90, 94–95, 104, 249
See also conspiracy theories; infodemic
Mitha, Karim
214, 217
mitigation see restrictions; vaccines
mobile health units
59, 102
Moderna
35
Mohamed, Abdulhakim
23
mosque closures
decision-making on
22, 29–30, 41, 241, 257, 261–263, 264
effectiveness of
257–260
effects on Muslims
8, 131–132, 142, 151–152
guidelines from the National Muslim Task Force
22, 27, 31–33, 52
mosques
COVID-19 outbreaks at
258
different functions of
27, 32, 50, 115–116, 142
as essential services
152, 257
public health risks of
27, 31
safe practice of activities at
24, 33, 34, 51–52, 154
virtual services of
136–137, 142, 153–154, 155
See also prayer, congregational
mRNA-based technology
18, 21, 35
Muhammad, Clara Evans
180
Muhammad, Elijah
180
muḥtāj see hardship (muḥtāj)
multigenerational homes
93, 158–159
Muslims
anti-Muslim sentiment/bias
4, 98
disproportionally affected by COVID-19
256–257, 263
effects of mosque closures on
8, 131–132, 142, 151–152
as healthcare workers
92–93, 96–100, 106
targeted guidance for
3–4, 218–219, 249–250
women
154, 204–205
See also African-American Muslims; American Muslims; British Muslims; South Asian Muslims
National Health Service (NHS)
4, 209, 218
National Muslim Task Force (NMTF)
and advocacy campaigns
61–64
and charity
54–55
and communication with health policymakers
40–42
development of statements by
23–26, 31
formation and function of
3, 20–21, 39–42, 49, 53
and mental health
55
and mosques
22, 27, 31–34, 50–53
and Ramadan
24, 52
and schools
182, 183
and vaccination
24, 36, 38, 39
See also Fiqh Committee of the National Muslim Task Force; Policy Committee of the National Muslim Task Force
need (ḥāja) and necessity (ḍarūra)
applied to epidemics
246, 249, 251, 253, 254, 255, 255t, 256
definition of
241–244, 243n24
and vaccines
39, 263, 264
negative coping see coping strategies
“new normal”
172–174
news media see media
night vigil prayers (tarāwīḥ)
32, 33, 34, 114–115, 136, 142, 219
nurses see healthcare workers
Omicron
35, 37
online communication see virtual services; virtual socializing
origins and spread of the pandemic
7, 85, 87–88, 128, 218
Padela, Aasim I. (AIP)
21, 21–22n11, 22–23, 31
Pakistani people
204, 208, 215–216, 221
pandemics
definition of
16, 237n12, 238
Islamic rulings on
119, 238–239, 265f
See also COVID-19; epidemics
panic buying
103, 129, 129t, 162, 163–164
patients
denying COVID-19
107–108
religious concerns of
92–93
screening of
91–92
Pence, Mike
61, 94
people of color see African-American Muslims; Asian people; inequalities for minority populations; racism
permissibility
of impure ingredients in vaccines
21, 38–39, 253, 254, 257, 259, 259n50, 260, 261, 263, 264
of virtual religious worship
153
personal protective equipment (PPE)
access to
217
counterfeit
92
funding of
59, 106
required use of
88
shortages of
56, 60, 89, 92, 102–103
Pfizer/BioNTech
35
philanthropy see charity
physicians see healthcare workers
pilgrimages
115, 219, 239, 239n16
plagues
COVID-19 as plague (ṭāʿūn) vs. epidemic (wabāʾ)
237–238
definition of
237–238, 238n13
as test or punishment from Allah
127–128, 139–140, 235, 236
policies see restrictions
Policy Committee of the National Muslim Task Force
49–50, 55–56, 58–64
poverty
72, 204
See also Federal Poverty Levels (FPL)
prayer see religious coping strategies
prayer, congregational
exemptions from
30–31, 32–35, 240–241n19–20, 241, 243
obligation of
26–27, 153
permissibility of virtual
153
suspensions of
152–153, 257, 258, 262, 264
See also Friday (Jumuʿa) prayers
preservation of life (ḥifz al-nafs)
30, 31, 39, 50, 53, 63, 237, 240–241, 240n19, 242
preservation of religion (ḥifz al-dīn)
31, 240–241, 240n19, 262
preventative measures see restrictions
prisons
57–58
Prophet Muhammad
on charity
55, 62, 63
on medicine and precautions
236
on prayer
26, 27
on preserving the sanctity of life
53
on trouble and illnesses
235–236
public good (maṣlaḥa ʿāmm)
30
public interest (maṣlaḥa)
39, 239–240, 239–240n17, 241–242, 262
punishment, COVID-19 as a
127–128, 139–140, 235, 236
Al-Qarāfī
240n17
quarantining/isolation
28
activities missed most during
131
on cruise ships
92
and healthcare access
70
at home
89, 93, 103, 159
at hospitals and nursing homes
88
during Ramadan
135–137, 137f, 138t, 142–143
Qurʾan
on establishing prayer
26, 27
on medicine
36–37
on protecting the public interest (maṣlaḥa)
240
on sanctity of human life
50
on tests from God
139, 235
Qurʾan, reading see religious coping strategies
Qureshi, Imran
221
racialization
208, 213
racism
anti-Blackness
174, 175
anti-immigrant sentiment
4
against Asian people
208
Black Lives Matter
174, 175
denial of
212
direct and indirect
208–210
hate crimes
4, 210
Islamophobia
98, 175, 209–210
and job applications
208
microaggressions
211
subtle, “everyday”
208, 210, 211
systemic/institutional
174, 175, 209, 210, 211–212, 217
in the UK
208–210
victim-blaming
220
See also discrimination; hate crimes
radicalization
210
Ramadan
charity during
55, 120, 136, 186, 190–191
and COVID-19 restrictions
8, 155, 218
experiences in social isolation
135–137, 137f, 138t, 142–143
and fast-breaking meals (ifṭār)
114–115, 219
and fasting
199, 218, 221–222, 241n19–20
guidelines for safe practice of
24, 52
and night vigil prayers (tarāwīḥ)
32, 33, 34, 114–115, 136, 142, 219
Razaq, Abdul
217
Al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn
240n17
recovery from COVID-19
90, 90–91n9, 99
religiosity
and African-American Muslims
151–155, 172
levels of
3, 143
personal relationships with Allah
128, 135, 138, 141, 143, 172
religious coping strategies
117–118, 128, 129–130, 129t, 130t, 133, 133t, 134t, 135, 138–141, 143
remote learning
154, 171, 172, 185–186, 187–188, 189
See also hybrid instruction
residency status and healthcare
66, 68, 73, 75–76, 75t, 76f, 79
restaurants
163, 165
restrictions
effectiveness of
246, 257–258, 259–260
on gatherings
18, 29, 32, 51, 52, 95, 151, 155. see also mosque closures
Islamic rulings on
237–239, 238n14, 244, 247, 248, 253–254, 257, 261
masking
18, 28, 29, 32, 33, 89
on room capacity
33, 34, 51
social distancing
21, 29, 32, 33, 89, 95, 103, 165, 218, 219
stay-at-home
24, 29, 31, 32, 50, 95
and trust and reliance in God (tawakkul)
236
working from home
167, 169
See also lockdowns; mosque closures
right of God (ḥaqq Allāh)
240–241n19–20, 242, 261
risk assessment see impact assessment tool (IAT)
Rothkopf, David
17
Rumma, Rowza
56
Sachedina, Abdulaziz
5
sanctity of life see preservation of life (ḥifz al-nafs)
San Francisco
87
sanitization
89, 91
SARS-COV-2 see COVID-19
Saudi Arabia
115, 239n16
schools
7–8, 29
See also Islamic schools
Scotland
209–210
Shabazz, Constance
87
Shaikh, Salman
182
Shanawani, Hasan
21, 21n11, 22, 23
Shariʿa see Islamic law
Al-Shāṭibī, Abū Isḥāq
239n17, 243n24
shopping see panic buying; supermarkets
shortages
of healthcare workers
95, 100
of personal protective equipment (PPE)
56, 60, 89, 92, 102–103
in supermarkets
103, 162, 163–164
shutdowns see lockdowns
Sian, Katy
209
Siddiqui, Shariq
183
social distancing
21, 29, 32, 33, 89, 95, 103, 165, 218, 219
social isolation see quarantining/isolation
South Asian Muslims
2, 93n19, 122, 200, 204, 208
spiritual health
22, 41
statistics
on attitudes toward COVID-19
127–128, 128f, 131–132, 131f, 134–135, 135f
on coping strategies
129–131, 129f, 130t, 133–134, 133t, 134t
on COVID-19 cases and deaths
18, 49, 57–58, 90, 95, 215–216, 224f
on education by religious group
204f
on employment
53, 54, 205f, 206f
on food insecurity
53–54
on hate crimes
210
on healthcare coverage
69, 73, 74–77, 74f, 75f, 78, 80, 81
on increase in religiosity
143
on life expectancy
215f, 216f
on mental health
140
on mortality rates during Ramadan
222, 223f
on Muslim population in the UK
2, 200, 201–203t, 201f
on Muslim population in the US
2, 71–72
on poverty and wages
204, 207f
on Ramadan experiences
135–137, 137f, 138t, 142
on students
179, 180
stay-at-home orders
24, 29, 31, 32, 50, 95
stigmatization of mental illnesses
55, 165–166
stimulus checks and healthcare coverage
66, 69–70, 78, 80–81
stress see mental health
students see Islamic schools; schools
supermarkets
empty shelves/shortages in
103, 162, 163–164
lockdowns of
162
super-spreader events
29
Surah Al-Māʾidah
50, 58, 64
suspensions
of communal fast-breaking meals (ifṭār)
114–115, 219
of communal night vigil prayers (tarāwīḥ)
32, 33, 34, 114–115, 136, 142, 219
of congregational prayer (general)
152–153, 257, 258, 262, 264
of Friday (Jumuʿa) prayers
33, 114, 131–132
See also dispensations
Al-Suyūṭī
243n24
symptoms of COVID-19
28–29, 93
systemic racism
174, 175, 209, 210, 211–212, 217
See also discrimination
tarāwīḥ (night vigil prayers) see night vigil prayers (tarāwīḥ)
Task Force see National Muslim Task Force (NMTF)
ṭāʿūn see plagues
tawakkul trust and reliance in God
236
taxes and healthcare coverage
67, 68
teachers
188
See also Islamic schools; schools
telehealth
28, 70, 91, 94, 94n23, 96, 105, 157
testing
59
theological beliefs about COVID-19
127–128, 128f, 139–140
Thind, D.
211
TRACE Act
59, 62
transmission of COVID-19
28–29, 37, 90, 219, 246, 258
travel
90, 239, 241n19–20
See also pilgrimages
Trump, Donald
4, 68, 88, 94
Al-Ṭūfī, Najm al-Dīn
240n17
UK see United Kingdom
ʿUmra (“lesser” pilgrimage to Mecca)
115
unemployment
and healthcare coverage
69, 78, 80, 81
statistics on
53, 54, 206f
uninsured individuals
essential workers
70
and Muslim clinics
96, 101
statistics on
69, 73, 74f, 75, 75f, 77, 78, 80, 81
United Kingdom see British Muslims
United States of America
COVID-19 restrictions
7–8, 29
government
4, 68, 88, 89, 92, 94–95, 106
national Muslim organizations
3
See also African-American Muslims; African Americans; American Muslims; Chicago; National Muslim Task Force (NMTF)
University of Islam
180
USA see United States of America
Usāma ibn Zayd
237
vaccines
access to
8
development and deployment of
18, 21, 35–36
effectiveness of
37–38, 259, 260
and herd immunity
254, 263
media coverage of
90
moral obligation of
36–38
and National Muslim Task Force guidelines
24, 36, 38, 39
and need (ḥāja) and necessity (ḍarūra)
39, 263, 264
permissibility of impure ingredients of
21, 38–39, 253, 254, 257, 259, 259n50, 260, 261, 263, 264
victim-blaming
220
virtual services
of mosques
136–137, 142, 153–154, 155
remote learning
154, 171, 172, 187–188, 189
shopping
164
telehealth
28, 70, 91, 94, 94n23, 96, 105, 157
virtual socializing
160, 168–169
wabāʾ see epidemics
Waqar, Salman
222
Webb, Suhaib
23
women, Muslim
154, 204–205
working from home
167, 169
World Health Organization (WHO)
16, 51, 56–57, 88, 151, 218, 219, 233
Worry Free Community (WFC)
72
worship see prayer, congregational; religious coping strategies
Wuhan, China
7, 16, 85, 87, 88, 128
Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research
122