Index
Numbers in italics refer to the pages of articles written in Arabic.
ʿAbbāsid(s)
33, 123–124
ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yāsīn
230
ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Munʿim
188
ʿAbd al-Jabbār (Muʿtazilī judge)
XV, 10, 16, 20
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, Ṭāhā
5n, 8n5, 11
ʿAbd al-Rāziq, Muṣṭafā
12
ʿAbduh, Muḥammad
178
abortifacients
70–72
abortion
72n
Abraham
323
al-Abshīhī, Abū l-Fatḥ
8, 21, 23
Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq
115
Abū l-Fidāʾ al-Malik al-Muʾayyad
256
Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī
20, 25, 167, 174n11, 216
Abū Hurayra
155
Abū l-Khaṭṭāb
324
Abū Saʿīd ibn Abī al-Khayr
146
Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī. see al-Makkī, Abū Ṭālib
Abul Quasem, Muḥammed
178, 207, 221
actions
XIV, XIX–XX, 6, 15, 20, 36n, 37, 39, 44n, 50–52, 60, 65, 69, 73, 76–77, 82, 84–86, 123, 127–129, 131–135, 137, 139–141, 149, 169, 176, 189, 191–195, 197, 201, 207, 209, 212, 215–217, 220, 232n, 306, 313–314
adab (literary culture)
XVI, XXII, 4–7, 12, 16, 18–19, 33, 37, 65, 88, 95, 144, 148–151, 161–162, 236–238, 248, 252, 255, 262–264, 267–268, 277, 284, 310, 316
etiquette
~ al-Qurʾān
248, 263–264, 267–268, 277, 284
Adamson, Peter
60n, 130n, 137n10, 171n6, 172
admonitions
5n
ʿAḍud al-Dawla
166
advice
5, 9–10, 13–14, 18, 20, 25, 73, 130, 161, 170, 255, 277, 284–285, 313
afflictions (maṣāʾib)
49–51, 101, 127, 160, 244, 255, 281–282
afterlife (hereafter)
57, 100, 106, 108–109, 125, 214, 209, 213, 218, 222, 251, 254–255, 263, 267, 274, 276–277, 281, 284, 314
Agraygar, Shafīq (Chafik Graiguer)
41, 126
aḥkām (rules)
5, 18, 36, 64, 97, 102, 148, 170, 174, 248, 253, 255, 260–264, 266–269, 272–278, 280–285
Ahl al-Ḥadīth (people of ḥadīth, traditionalists)
33–34, 36, 52, 97, 292, 294, 314, 324–325
Ahl al-Sunna. see people of Sunna
Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal. see Ibn Ḥanbal
aḥwāl. see states (aḥwāl, sing. ḥāl)
ailments
133, 137
psychic ~
XIX, 123, 129, 134, 142
spiritual ~
126, 128–129, 133–134
ʿĀʾisha
34n7, 43–44, 239
Akbarian doctrine
294, 301n
akhlāq (moral traits). see ethics
al-ʿAlāʾī, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn
271
Alemanus, Hermannus
166
Alexandria
58n2, 230, 293
Alfonso IV of Castile
230
alm(s)
216
Almohads (al-Muwaḥḥidūn)
230–233
Almoravids (al-Murābiṭūn)
230–231, 239
Alvarus, Paulus
232
ʿAlwān, Fahmī
4–6, 11–12
ambition
86, 131, 133, 190, 291
al-Āmidī, Sayf al-Dīn
249, 261
Amīn, Aḥmad
4, 6, 9
al-ʿĀmirī, Abū l-Ḥasan
22, 153, 258
analogy (qiyās)
61, 201, 203
analysis
12, 24, 34n7, 37–39, 67, 90, 95, 102, 144, 145n, 166, 168, 200, 204, 212, 214, 299, 303n, 306–307, 320, 325
critical ~
XVII, XXIV, 3
anatomy
62
al-Andalus
9, 230–231, 241n9
Anderson, Matthew M.
XXI, 229
anecdotes
34, 40, 61, 66, 72, 88, 134, 323
angels
61, 175, 235, 243, 274, 277
anger
70, 108, 114, 132–133, 156, 171, 177, 219
Anjum, Ovamir
XXIII, 294, 294, 310, 319
al-Anṣārī, Abū l-Qāsim
187, 191
al-Anṣārī, Zakariyyā
96
aphorisms
24, 58n3
appearances
138–139, 156, 238
deceptive ~
87, 139
appetite
139, 213–215, 218–219
ʿaqīda. see creed
Arabs
7–9, 14–15, 19, 39–40, 41n, 44–45, 108–109
Arberry, Arthur John
38, 124, 177n20, 294n6
Aristotle
5, 7, 15, 62, 124, 126–127, 137–142, 166, 170, 171n6, 174, 177, 179, 209, 217, 314
Arkoun, Muḥammad
XIV–XV, 12, 17–18, 20
al-Aṣbahānī, Jaʿfar ibn Ḥayyān
241n8
ascetic(s) (zuhhād)
14, 19, 35
asceticism. see zuhd
al-Ashʿarī
XX–XXI, 20, 124, 146, 149, 184–185, 187–188, 190–191, 193–194, 197–200, 203–204, 206, 208, 212, 214, 224, 257, 261, 304, 315, 318, 324
~ doctrines
XXI, 184, 186–188, 191, 193, 197, 203, 251
~ ethics
185, 191, 200, 204
~ madhab
250
~ school
186, 293
Ashʿarīs (People of Truth)
19, 145, 184, 188, 192, 194, 196–199, 201, 204, 303–304, 314–315
Ashʿarism
186, 194, 204, 224, 293, 315
al-ʿAsqalānī, Shihāb al-Dīn Ibn Ḥajar. see Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Shihāb al-Dīn
ʿAṭiyya, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm
XV
al-ʿAṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn
96
attribute(s)
divine ~
XXI, XXIII, 184–185, 188–189, 197–200, 202
eternal ~
189, 198–202
ethical ~
239–240
human ~
XXI, 184, 199, 203
inherent ~
192, 194–195
inner ~
200, 203
transcendent ~
201
autobiography
125, 223, 238
avarice
154, 157–158, 217
Averroes. see Ibn Rushd
Avicenna. see Ibn Sīnā
awliyāʾ (friends of God)
31–33, 37, 43–44, 46–48, 97, 114–116, 118, 168, 216, 219–221, 231, 261, 272–273, 279, 294, 307
ʿAwn
25
al-Azhar University
188
Badawī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
5n, 167n1, 223
Baghdad
33–34, 123–124, 148, 166, 187, 206, 208, 230, 311
Bahbahānī Būr, ʿAbd al-Muḥsin
XV
Bahlul, Raja
XIX, 123
al-Bājī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn
249–250
Baldick, Julian
147
al-Balkhī, Abū Zayd Aḥmad
88
al-Balkhī, al-Ḥasan ibn ʿUmar
96
Ball, Warwick
57
Banū Isrāʾīl (Israelites)
109,117
al-Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr
190, 193, 318
Bar-Asher, Meir
125
Barhebraeus, Gregory
178, 224
al-Barīhī, Abd al-Wahhāb
99
al-Basṭamī, Abū Yazīd
102
al-Bayhaqī, Abū Bakr
146
behaviour
XXIII, 16, 24, 37n16, 60, 64, 66, 69, 71, 81, 84, 86, 100, 134, 136, 138, 142, 148, 160, 169, 172, 174, 216, 220, 266, 277
believers
XX, XXII, 31, 36–38, 42, 45–48, 144, 148–150, 155, 160–162, 190, 233, 238, 242–243, 290, 292, 294–296, 298–300, 302, 305, 307, 322
Bell, Joseph
302–304, 305n16
Bellamy, James A.
34n7, 40–41
beneficence (iḥsān)
71, 216, 305
benevolence (generosity, iḥsān, jūd, sakhāʾ)
41, 69n, 86, 107, 150, 168–169, 216–217, 219, 234, 236, 239, 241n8, 256, 264, 267–269, 273–274, 281–282, 305, 324
Berber
230
Berger, Lutz
146, 150, 155, 159
bibliographies
XV, 17
bidʿa (innovation)
97, 221, 260, 314
biographical dictionaries
146, 159, 232
biographies
18, 31n2, 33, 125, 239, 293n
prophetic ~
XV, 235
al-Bishrī, Ṭāriq
XV, 25
blame
144, 154–156, 158, 220, 235
blasphemy
230–233, 243–245
Böwering, Gerhard
146, 151
Bowman, Bradley
34
brain
60, 78, 81, 130
Brethren of Purity. see Ikhwān al-Safāʾ
Brown, Jonathan A.C.
231
al-Bukhārī
96, 236, 242, 295, 296n8, 323
Bulliet, Richard W.
145
al-Bulqīnī, Sirāj al-Dīn
271
Būyid
166
~ age
167–168
Cairo
188, 190, 249, 250n, 293
caliphs
33–34, 36, 38, 111, 115, 117
Carra de Vaux, Bernard
4, 6–9, 14
Casewit, Yousef
69n, 222–223, 231
certainty (yaqīn)
30, 40–42, 49–52, 116, 153, 192, 242
otherworldly ~
51
Ceuta
230
chain(s) of transmission/narrations (isnād/asānīd)
34–35, 36n, 97, 100, 102, 237
charity (zakāt)
115, 160
Christianity
57, 89, 141
civilisation
XVI, 3, 6, 26, 88, 90, 124, 315
clemency (ḥilm, prudence)
105, 107, 116, 168, 170, 234–235, 255, 264, 281
coherence
XV, 12, 20
command(s)
33, 133, 138, 198, 202–203, 208, 220, 242, 276, 283, 298, 301
divine ~, God’s command
XV, 104, 113, 153, 212, 217–218, 224, 301, 314
companions
32, 34–35, 41, 43–44, 96, 156, 160–161, 221, 236, 238, 243–244, 291, 295–296, 301n, 313, 321, 324
companionship (ṣuḥba)
22, 43n22, 145–146, 158–161, 169, 260, 268
compassion (shafaqa)
69n, 86, 116, 236, 238, 299
compilation
15, 30, 32–39, 48–49, 51–53, 238, 310
~ of reports
41, 51
compilers (muṣannifūn)
35–36, 53, 158, 310
conceit
132
condemnation (dhamm)
98, 214, 239, 275–276
conduct
65, 69n, 73, 75, 100, 126, 148, 225, 266, 277, 313, 316, 325
right ~
207, 209
consensus (ijmāʿ)
202, 208, 244
contentment (riḍā)
XX, 86, 275–276, 279, 281, 284, 298, 312
conviction
41–42, 57, 294
inner ~
42–43, 51
Cook, Michael
225
Cordoba
230–231
corruption
48, 67, 81, 107, 275
courage (shajāʿa)
42, 86, 150, 168–169, 171, 214, 234, 236, 239, 241n8, 281–282
covetousness
50, 216
creation
59, 61, 63, 68, 125, 189, 193, 197–198, 213–214, 219, 297, 305
Creator
60–62, 68–69, 172, 186, 189, 191, 197, 199, 258, 297, 306
creatures
59, 62, 68, 69n, 129, 142, 172, 199, 202, 212
creed (ʿaqīda)
67, 100, 108–110, 119, 294
Crusaders (Firanj)
251
Daiber, Hans
XX, 166–167, 170, 172–179
Damascus
249, 250n, 251, 253, 257, 260, 292–293, 311
al-Daqqāq, Abū ʿAlī
152
Davidson, Donald
127–128, 138
al-Dawdī, Shams al-Dīn
253, 259–260
al-Dawwānī, Jalāl al-Dīn
4, 8, 14–16, 19, 25, 178
Day of Judgment
106, 214, 219, 242
death
32n3, 56, 59n, 64, 68, 73n, 81, 123n, 124, 126, 132, 151, 167, 171–172, 203, 215, 233, 244, 256, 313, 317, 324
debate
XVII–XVIII, 2, 12, 30, 36, 46–47, 52–53, 89, 146–147, 149, 160, 187–188, 190n, 194, 199, 204, 214, 296, 314, 322
religious ~
38
deficiency/deficiencies
XV, 11, 76, 128, 176
epistemic ~
XIX, 123, 127–129, 132–133, 139, 142
Democritus
63
desire
37–38, 68, 70, 74, 76, 86–87, 127, 129, 131, 134–137, 140, 154, 157, 172, 218, 300
determinism
64
al-Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn
33, 186–187, 250, 256, 260, 310–311
dhikr (remembrance of God)
201, 269
dhimmīs/dhimmiyyūn
232, 312
diagnosis
87, 157
dignity
XX, 66, 167, 179, 234, 236
al-Dimyāṭī, Sharaf al-Dīn
253
discipline
XIV–XV, XVII, XX, XXIII, 2–4, 6, 8n5, 10–11, 18, 58n2, 63, 144, 150, 159, 166, 177, 190, 223–224, 297
discourse
XVI, XVIII, XXIII, 52, 58n1, 71n, 89–90, 128, 148, 155, 161, 231, 313, 314n, 315, 317, 325
academic ~
XVII
ethical ~
18, 52, 56, 90
Islamic ~
18
normative ~
12, 26
disease(s)
58, 60, 63–64, 70–71, 73, 75–77, 79, 86, 132, 137, 170, 177
disobedience
42, 45–46, 73
disposition
36–38, 149, 160, 216, 235, 242, 325
innate ~
233–235
inner ~
37, 40–41
natural ~ (fiṭra)
305
divine
~ speech
189, 197–203
~ unity (tawḥīd)
157, 276, 302
divinity
297, 301, 305, 307
God’s ~
297–298, 300–302, 304
doctrine(s)
13, 19, 69n, 141, 170, 173, 178, 186, 188, 190, 193, 195, 206, 301n, 304, 307, 321
Akbarian ~
294
Ashʿarī ~
XXI, 184, 186–188, 191, 193, 197, 203
Galen’s ~
170
Platonic ~
172, 176–177
Donaldson, Dwight M.
XIV, 7, 14–16, 19
Dostoevsky, Fyodor
138–139, 141–142
Drāz, Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh
XIV, 10, 13–14, 16, 25
Druart, Thérèse-Ann
125, 127
drugs
66, 70, 79–82
education
XX, 36, 64, 86, 159, 166–169, 175, 177, 216, 292
Eggen, Nora
237, 239
ego-self (nafs)
XX, 104, 108, 111–112, 114, 153, 161, 258, 283, 299
Egypt
2, 4, 11, 253, 259, 293
eloquence
135, 234
endowment
45, 90
divine ~
51–52, 235
Endress, Gerhard
168–169, 171–172, 174
envy (ḥasad)
132, 135–137, 156, 215, 269
Epicurus
63, 126
epistemology
174, 185, 189, 191, 193, 197–198, 207, 221, 294, 296, 306
epistle (risālā)
9, 96, 98, 253–255, 261, 273n, 274, 278
error
73, 128–130, 140–141, 213, 300, 302, 322
eternity
189, 197, 220
ethic(s) (akhlāq, moral traits)
95, 103–111, 113–114, 116–119, 248, 252, 254–255, 257–259, 261–264, 266–269, 272, 274, 276–277
beastly ~
64
bio- ~
XVIII, 56, 71n, 73, 84n, 89–90
classical ~
27
Greek ~
15, 19, 26, 258
high ~
44–45, 47–49, 53, 107
human ~
46, 64, 69n
Islamic ~
XIV–XVIII, XX, XXII–XXIV, 1–4, 6, 13, 15, 20, 26, 67, 90, 217, 223, 248, 257–258, 261–264, 285, 313, 315–316, 320
jurisprudential ~
XV, 14, 25
low ~
44n, 49
medical ~
XVIII, 56, 88–89
philosophical ~
XIX–XX, 4, 12, 14–16, 18–19, 123, 142, 221–222, 315
practical ~
XV–XVI, 2, 5, 13, 88, 176, 258, 261
relational ~
56, 67, 70
religious ~
11, 18–19, 56, 66–67, 178
secular ~
11–12
societal ~
XXI, 229, 241–243, 245, 258
Sufi ~
12, 25, 147, 220–221
theological ~
10n8, 18–20, 25, 27
theoretical ~
XV, XX, 2, 13, 184, 189, 191, 204, 258, 261
virtue ~
XIV, XVIII, 56, 67, 69, 149, 276
etiquette (ādāb)
XVI, XXII–XXIII, 4–7, 12, 16, 18–19, 22, 33, 37, 65, 66, 70, 73–74, 76, 79, 86, 88, 95, 144, 148–151, 161–162, 234, 236–238, 252, 255, 262, 268, 277, 284, 310–312, 316
Eulogius
232
Euthyphro
314
evil
XX, 139, 152–155, 162, 170, 194–196, 214–215, 220, 321, 324
good and ~
9, 13, 109, 138–139, 189, 194, 214, 278, 280
extravagance
217
factionalism
145
faith
36, 40, 49–50, 57, 63, 66, 113, 116, 216, 220, 232n, 242, 290, 295, 302, 304
Fakhrī, Mājid (Fakhry, Majid)
XIV, 10n7, 16–20, 24–26, 37n16, 126, 241n9
al-Fārābī, Abū Naṣr
8–9, 17, 19, 21, 25, 124, 167–169, 173–174, 179, 221
Farahat, Omar
XX, 184
al-Farkāḥ, Tāj al-Dīn
250
al-Farrāʾ, Abū Yaʿlā
317
fasting
63, 83, 284
fatalism
64
fatwā, pl. fatāwā (legal opinions)
18, 254, 292, 316
fear (khawf )
42, 68, 171, 177, 267, 270, 276, 281, 290, 294, 298, 301, 312
~ of death
126, 167, 171–172
Fichtner, Gerhard
170, 176n18, 177n19
Fierro, Maribel
230–232
fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)
XV–XVI, XX, XXII, 6–7, 12, 19, 71n, 83n, 89, 95–98, 100, 102, 124, 167n2, 179, 185–186, 221, 223, 233, 239, 248–249, 252–253, 257–260, 262–263, 265–266, 268–269, 271–274, 276–277, 282, 284, 292–293, 297, 301, 310, 314
uṣūl al- ~ (principles of Islamic jurisprudence)
XXII, 6, 11–13, 18, 26, 185–186, 201, 212, 248, 252, 254, 262–263, 282, 284
Firanj (Franks). see Crusaders
al-Fīrūzābādī
157
followers
32, 34–35, 44, 102, 186–187, 230, 266, 301
food
71, 74–75, 77–79, 86–87, 128, 217, 238, 242, 313
forbearance (iḥtimāl)
46, 104, 170, 235, 239, 241n8, 312
forgiveness (ʿafw)
107, 214, 234–236, 239–240, 241n8, 251, 255, 264
fornication (zinā)
115, 127–128, 275, 318–319
fraud(s)
81, 87
freedom
20, 184, 212
freewill (qadar)
38
friendship
X, XX, 160, 167–170, 174, 177, 179, 234, 296
~ with God (wilāya or walāya). see sainthood
Gabriel (Jibrīl)
160, 235, 240
Galen
15, 58–62, 71, 75, 84–86, 88, 152, 166, 170–171, 172n, 176–177, 216, 221, 314n
Garden, Kenneth
206, 223–225
generosity (jūd/sakhāʾ). see benevolence
Ghaly, Mohammed
XVIII, 56, 71n, 89
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid
XV–XVI, XX–XXI, 4–5, 8–9, 15–17, 19, 22, 53, 69n, 149, 178, 190–191, 206–209, 212–225, 231, 239–241, 245, 263, 265, 310, 314–315
Gibb, Hamilton
4, 6, 8–9, 14–16
Gobillot
159
God
passim
~ ’s divinity (tawḥīd al-ilāhiyya or ulūhiyya)
297–298, 300–302, 304
~ ’s lordship (tawḥīd al-rubūbiyya)
297–298, 300–301, 304, 307
~ ’s names and attributes
69n, 104–105, 113, 189, 197, 213, 251, 255, 262, 264, 268–269, 276, 284–285, 303
Gomez-Rivas, Camilo
229–230, 233
good manners (adab)
169, 237
Goodman, Lenn
126
goodness
32n4, 192–193, 195–196, 214
governance
XIV, 4, 58, 142
Granada
230
gratitude (ʿirfān, shukr)
XXIV, 79, 110, 115, 255–256, 266, 269, 276, 278–280, 282, 216, 290, 298
grave-visiting
32
greed, greediness (ṭamaʿ/ḥirṣ)
74, 116, 131, 156–158, 177
Greek(s)
XIV, XVI–XVII, 1–17, 19–21, 23, 25–26, 39–40, 41n, 50, 87, 89, 126, 138, 149, 166–167, 169, 175nn13–14, 175n16, 177, 190, 215, 221–222, 257–258, 261, 265, 313, 314n
~ tradition
XVIII, 2–3, 17, 56–57, 72n, 89, 137n9, 138, 141, 144, 149, 153, 190, 313
grief
136–137, 172, 177, 276–277
Griffel, Frank
216, 222–223
guidance
XXIII, 5n, 73, 77, 123, 138–139, 145, 160, 168–169, 197, 202, 216, 312–313, 316
Guillaume, Alfred
190
Gutas, Dimitri
XV, 7, 19
ḥadīth(s) (Prophetic traditions)
96–98, 100, 102–103, 106–107, 109, 114, 118, 248–249, 252–253, 262–263, 265–266, 269, 274, 284
~ authenticity
34n8, 109–110
~ circles
33, 36, 39, 53
~ collections
33, 237
~ criticism
35
~ narrations
97, 119, 236
~ people. see Ahl al-Ḥadīth
~ report
316, 321–324
~ scholar
XVIII–XIX, 30, 33–34, 36, 39, 221
~ science
34–36, 95, 97, 99, 103, 119
Sunnī ~
237
~ transmission
35, 102
~ transmitter
34, 53, 97
Ḥājjī Khalīfa, Muṣṭafā ibn ʿAbd Allāh
XIV
al-Ḥākim al-Nīshāpurī
36n
al-Ḥakīm (al-Samarqandī), Abū Qāsim
60
al-Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn
267
al-Ḥalīmī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh
265
Ḥamārna, Sāmī
57
al-Ḥamawī, Shihāb al-Dīn
57
Ḥanafīs
145, 273
Ḥanbalī(s)
293, 299, 311, 315–319, 324
~ authorities
315, 319
~ circles
292, 311
~ scholars
297n11, 311
~ school(s)
292, 296, 311
~ shaykh
296, 300
~ tradition
XXIII, 312–313
Ḥanbalism
315, 319
happiness (saʿāda)
XIV, 10–11, 20–21, 105–106, 109, 133, 138, 141, 169, 172–175, 212–214, 218, 220, 251, 279–280
al-Ḥarastānī, Jamāl al-Dīn
249–250, 253
al-Harawī, ʿAbd Allāh al-Anṣārī
299–300
harm
66–67, 71, 73–74, 76–77, 80–83, 153, 157, 196, 212, 244, 267–268, 321
Ḥarrān
292, 311
al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī
16, 19
Ḥasan ibn Qāsim
90
healing
XX, 79, 90, 137, 144, 154–155, 160, 162
health
XVIII, 36, 50, 56, 59n, 60, 63–64, 66–67, 69–70, 74–79, 84, 86–87, 89, 137–138, 151, 167, 170–171, 215, 275, 325
heart
36–38, 42, 60, 75, 78, 103–105, 111–114, 116–117, 136, 145, 150, 159, 169, 171, 209, 212, 214–215, 220, 225, 260, 269, 282, 290, 296, 298, 300
Heck, Paul L.
XVIII, 30, 51, 148
hell
38, 52, 108, 251, 321
hellfire
42, 220
hereafter. see afterlife
heresy
223, 232, 294, 304
heritage(s)
3, 5, 7, 31, 38, 110
Arab ~
14, 20, 22, 25–26
ethical ~
1–2, 7, 20–21, 23–27, 37
Greek ~
1, 14, 20–21, 23, 50
intellectual ~
3
Islamic ~
11, 14, 20–23, 25–27, 35, 39, 41n, 95
literary ~
36
Persian ~
6, 14–15, 20–21, 23–24, 50
philosophical ~
21, 25, 41n
prophetic ~
3
religious ~
14, 53
Sufi ~
22, 25, 110n
Hippocrates
58n3, 60–62, 71–72, 75, 84, 88
Hippocratic Oath
72n
historiography
2, 24
history
2–4, 12–13, 17–18, 25–27, 34–35, 57, 61n7, 72, 126, 145, 168, 206, 223–225, 229, 231, 242n11, 262, 310, 315
Honerkamp, Kenneth L.
145, 149, 158
Hoover, Jon
297
hope (rajāʾ)
XX, 42, 162, 267, 270, 281, 290, 298, 312
Horrocks
72n
hospitality
44–45, 268
Hourani, George
XIV, 7, 10–12, 207
Hovannisian, Richard G.
19
Huda, Qamarul
148
al-Hujwīrī
22, 147
humanism
107, 119, 168
humility (khushūʿ/tawāḍuʿ)
38, 215, 234, 236, 238–239, 241n8, 255
Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq
63, 126
hygiene
86, 313, 324
hypocrisy
48, 312
Iamblichus
166, 170, 173, 175–177
Iberian Peninsula
230
Iblīs
108–109
Ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf
251
Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr
35
Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih
21–24
Ibn ʿAbd al-Salām, al-ʿIzz (ʿIzz al-Dīn)
XVI, XXII, 12, 22, 25, 248–285, 310
Ibn Abī l-Dunyā
XVIII, 7, 15, 19, 25, 30–53
Ibn Abī Ḥātim
33, 35n9
Ibn Abī l-Rabīʿ, Shihāb al-Dīn
XX, 179
Ibn Abī Shayba
36
Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa
58–59, 88
Ibn al-ʿAdīm
97
Ibn al-ʿAmīd, Abū l-Faḍl
166
Ibn ʿAqīl, Abū l-Wafāʾ
317–319
Ibn ʿArabī, Muḥyī l-Dīn
22, 99, 101, 301
Ibn al-ʿArīf (Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṣanhājī)
299–300
Ibn ʿAsākir, Fakhr al-Dīn
249n, 250
Ibn ʿAsākir, al-Qāsim
253
Ibn ʿAṭāʾ, Aḥmad
153
Ibn Bājja al-Andalusī
21
Ibn Daqīq al-ʿĪd, Taqī l-Dīn
250–251
Ibn Falaquera
178
Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Shihāb al-Dīn
97, 310
Ibn al-Ḥājib, Abū ʿAmr
251
Ibn Ḥamdān, Aḥmad
317, 319
Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad
33, 39–40, 124, 251, 296, 311–312, 315–319
Ibn al-Ḥarastānī, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū l-Qāsim
249n, 250, 253
Ibn al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī
21
Ibn Ḥazm al-Andalusī, Abū Muḥammad
XXIV, 16–17, 19, 21, 26, 125
Ibn ʿIyāḍ, Muḥammad
239
Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
125, 317, 319, 323–324
Ibn Kathīr, ʿImād al-Dīn Abū l-Fida ʾ
35n12, 249–250, 253–254, 256, 310–311
Ibn Khaḍrawayh, Aḥmad
96
Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
145, 179, 310
Ibn al-Manfalūṭī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Dībājī
253, 274
Ibn Manẓūr
157
Ibn al-Marʾa, Abū Isḥāq
191
Ibn Maymūn
190
Ibn Mufliḥ al-Maqdisī, Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad
XVI, XXIII, 310–313, 315–319, 321–325
Ibn al-Munayyir
250
Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ, ʿAbd Allāh
XX, XXIV, 8, 15, 21, 24, 88, 179
Ibn Nujayd
145, 147
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
XXIII, 294, 311–312, 315–319
Ibn Qutayba, Abū ʿAbd Allāh
XXIV, 6, 15, 21–24
Ibn al-Rāwandī
124–125
Ibn Rushd, Abū l-Walīd (Averroes)
8, 19, 21, 124
Ibn al-Ṣalāh, Abū ʿAmr
35, 256
Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī
323–324
Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī (Avicenna)
9, 17, 19, 25, 124, 178, 221
Ibn Ṭabarzad, Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar
253
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī l-Dīn Aḥmad
XV–XVI, XXII–XXIII, 22, 25, 97, 250, 290–307, 310–312 315–319, 324–325
Ibn al-Ṭayyib, Abū l-Faraj ʿAbd Allāh
8
Ibn Tūmart
230–232
Ibn Wakīʿ, Sufyān
96
ideology
24
ignorance
58, 65, 67–68, 70, 72, 85, 131, 133, 137, 252, 269, 281, 283, 303
iḥsān. see benevolence
ijtihād (diligence)
89, 170–171, 177, 201, 250, 254, 262
Ikhwān al-Ṣafā (Brethren of Purity/Sincere Brethren)
8–9, 19, 25, 167, 174n11
illness
66–68, 73–75, 88, 156, 167, 171, 293
illumination
32
imāma
114, 117
incentive
XIX, 123, 134–135
incomparability (tanzīh)
69n
infidelity
42
inimitability (iʿjāz) of the Qurʾān
202, 241
inner life (sarīra/bāṭin)
30–33, 35–37, 39, 50, 53, 116, 248, 255, 262–263, 265, 270–274, 278, 284–285, 299
inspiration
5n, 61, 126, 173, 174n11, 231, 248
integrity (nazāha)
74, 81, 110, 236
religious ~
30–33, 50
spiritual ~
209
intellect (ʿaql)
6n, 41n, 61, 68, 75, 105, 125, 140, 172, 174, 234–235, 239, 266, 271, 281
reason
interpretation (ta ʾwīl)
19, 72n, 97–100, 137n10, 153, 155, 174, 218, 235, 272, 296, 316, 323
Iran
123
Iraq
291
ʿirfān. see gratitude
al-Iṣfahānī, Abū Nuʿaym
53, 146
al-Iṣfahānī, al-Rāghib
XX, XXIV, 19, 22, 178, 216, 221, 258, 262–264
al-Isfarāyīnī, Abū Isḥāq
199
al-ʿIshsh, Yūsuf
257
Islam
passim
Sunnī ~
206, 231, 293–294
Islamisation
23
Ismāʿīl (Ishmael)
108
Ismāʿīlīs
206
ʿIyāḍ, al-Qāḍī (ʿIyāḍ ibn Mūsā al-Yaḥṣubī)
XV, XXI, 229–245, 317
al-ʿIzz Ibn ʿAbd al-Salām. see Ibn ʿAbd al-Salām, al-ʿIzz (ʿIzz al-Dīn)
Jābir ibn ʿAbd Allāh
236
al-Jābirī, Muḥammad ʿĀbid
XIV, 2, 12, 14, 17–26, 258–262, 264, 266
al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū ʿAmr
20, 25, 51–52
Jahmiyya (Jahmīs)
303
al-Jarīrī, Abū Muḥammad
161
al-Jārūd Zād
96
Jerusalem
242, 311
Jesus (ʿĪsā)
234
Jibrīl. see Gabriel
jihād
41, 114, 269, 281
al-Jīlānī, ʿAbd al-Qādir
294
jinn
75
al-Jiyūshī
96
John (Yaḥyā)
234
Jonah (Yūnus)
105, 294
Joseph
154, 323
Judaism
57, 89
al-Junaybī, Ḥāmid
292
al-Junayd
31, 157, 294, 317
jurisprudence
XXIII–XXIV, 11, 17, 241n9, 243–244, 301, 312, 316, 319, 325
Islamic ~. see fiqh
jurist(s)
13, 16–17, 19, 124, 311, 314n, 315
justice (adāla,ʿadl)
XX, 16, 19, 27, 70, 86, 111, 116–117, 119, 137, 167, 168–169, 171, 174, 177, 179, 214, 234, 264, 267, 272, 306
al-Juwaynī, Abū l-Maʿālī
XV, XX–XXI, 184–203, 253, 259, 261
al-Jūzjānī, al-Ḥasan Ibn ʿAlī
96
al-Kalabādhī, Abū Bakr
147, 265
kalām. see theology
Kant
14
Karamustafa, Ahmet
31, 154
Karrāmīs
145, 154
kasb (pl. aksāb, gain)
XXIV, 84, 107, 116, 197, 251, 270, 276, 282–283
al-Kāshifī, Ḥusayn Ibn ʿAlī
8
Katz, Jonathan G.
159
khalīfa
98, 111, 117
Khalīfāt, Saḥbān
21n
al-Kharāʾiṭī, Muḥammad Ibn Jaʿfar
15
Khārijīs
190
al-Kharkūshī, Abū Saʿd
147, 237–238, 245
al-Khaṭīb, Muʿtazz
XVII, XXII, 1, 167n2, 178, 248, 277
Khiḍr
46, 96
khuluq. see moral: character
Khurāsān
148, 156, 162
al-Khushanī, Abū Turāb
96
Kinberg, Leah
32n5
al-Kindī, Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb Ibn Isḥāq
15, 17, 19, 21, 63, 124, 125n3, 137n9, 167, 170, 172–173, 175n15, 176–177, 221
al-Kirmānī, Ḥamīd al-Dīn
126
knowledge (maʿrifa)
97–98, 105, 109–110, 116, 255, 265–267, 269, 273, 280–283
divine ~
197
ethicisation of ~
XX, 166–168
~ of God
159, 166, 176, 213, 255, 267, 270, 272–273, 280, 282
human ~
197
moral ~
191, 194, 196–197, 202, 204
worldly ~
18, 214
Kohlberg, Etan
148, 150n, 152, 154, 158
Kraemer, Joel
167
Kūfa
96
Kukkonen, Taneli
XXI, 149, 206, 213–214, 216, 219, 221–224
kursī l-ḥikma (chair of wisdom)
87
law(s)
14, 36n, 48–50, 103, 119, 146, 179, 185–187, 206, 209, 213–214, 217, 219, 251, 262–266, 274, 297, 315–317, 323, 325
divine ~
297, 314–315
God’s ~
297–298, 301
Ḥanbalī ~
316–317
Islamic ~
313, 315–316
Jewish ~
72n
natural ~
XV, 75, 136, 213
religious ~ (sharīʿa, pl. sharāʿiʾ)
6, 11, 25, 33, 36, 62, 64, 79, 96–97, 149, 168, 170, 218, 251, 256–257, 262–266, 269–271, 273, 280–282, 284–285, 312
revealed ~
62, 64, 301–302, 306–307, 325
leaders
30, 33, 230, 312
Lebanon
190
legislation
XVI, 6, 11, 109, 194, 196, 202, 280
Levant
87
Levey, Martin
57, 59n, 65n, 73n, 88–89
Librande, Leonard
35, 37n16, 40–42, 49
lies
320–323
white ~
XXIII, 319–320
literature
XXIV, 5n, 9–10, 15, 22–23, 32, 35–37, 39, 58n3, 60n, 68, 73, 88–89, 135, 153, 233, 241
adab ~
4, 6, 12, 18
Arabic ~
23
classical ~
88
ethical ~
7, 14, 18n11, 19–20, 24, 26, 90, 324
Sufi ~
150, 159, 221
logic
136, 187, 207
love (maḥabba)
XX, 13, 52, 116–117, 130–132, 135, 137, 156, 160, 167–170, 174, 177, 179, 211, 214, 216, 222, 233, 242, 275, 281, 298–299, 301–307, 322
divine ~
48, 52, 304
~ for/ of God
68, 214, 219, 290, 302–306, 317
~ of knowledge
214
~ for the Prophet
242
Luciani, Jean-Dominique
189
lying
42, 51–52, 195–197, 252, 269, 312, 319–324
lies
utilitarian ~
321, 323
madness
132, 136, 139
Maghrib
229–231, 233, 238, 241n9
Maimonides
178
al-Makkī, Abū Ṭahir
265
al-Makkī, Abū Ṭālib
22, 221
malady
125, 144, 148, 151, 155–158, 160–161
malāmatiyya (school of blame)
144, 153, 156, 220
Malamud, Margaret
146
Mālik ibn Anas
323, 232–233, 237, 323
Mālik ibn Dīnār
39
Mālikī
231, 239, 317–318
~ authorities
244
~ fiqh
233
~ jurist
230
~ school
232
Mamlūks
252, 293, 310
al-Manṣūr ibn Isḥāq
125
maqāmāt, sg. maqam (mystical stations)
22, 37, 150–151, 290
maqāṣid
6, 95, 102, 213, 251, 255–258, 264, 266–267, 270–272, 278–280, 315
al-Maqdisī, Abū Shāma
250
Maqdisī dynasty
311, 319
March, Andrew
XV, 7
Marmura, Michael E.
215
al-Maʿarrī, Abū l-ʿAlāʾ
126
marriage
219
maṣlaḥa (interest or benefit)
20, 258, 266, 276, 283–285
master (shaykh)
XIX–XX, 22, 59, 80, 135, 144, 146–148, 151, 153, 156–161, 250, 259, 291–292, 293n, 294, 296–307, 311, 317, 319
spiritual ~
152, 154, 160
al-Māwardī, Abū l-Ḥasan
XX, XXIV, 8–9, 16–17, 18n12, 19, 21–23, 25, 178–179, 253, 258–259, 316
Mecca
89, 185, 187, 238
medications
75, 80
medicine(s)
XIV, XVI, XVIII, 56, 58–59, 61–71, 74–75, 78–85, 87, 89, 123–124, 137n10, 214, 235, 313
Prophetic ~
58n3, 61n7
spiritual ~
176, 215
Medina
185, 238
Meier, Fritz
159
Melchert, Christopher
39n, 146
Mele, Alfred
128n6, 140–141
mercy
69n, 71, 86, 90, 106, 110, 112–113, 116, 150, 234–236, 238, 240, 277, 283
Messenger. see Muḥammad
metaphysics
188, 258, 261, 264
Middle Ages
124
miracle(s)
202, 229, 231–233, 238, 241
~ of prophets (muʿjiza, pl. muʿjizāt)
231
~ of the saints (karāma, pl. karāmāt)
231, 302
Sufi ~
232
al-Mirdāwī, Jamāl al-Dīn
311
miserliness (bukhl)
50, 131, 156, 217
Miskawayh, Abū ʿAlī
XVI, XX, 4–5, 8, 14–19, 149, 152–153, 166–179, 216, 221, 258, 315
al-Miṣrī, Dhū l-Nūn
150
al-Mizzī, Jamāl al-Dīn
96, 310
moderation (iʿtidāl)
60, 64, 69–70, 77, 111, 119, 131, 170–171, 177, 214, 218–219
modesty (ḥayāʾ)
41–42, 109–110, 150, 234, 238, 264, 267, 281–282, 312
Mohaghegh, Mehdi
125, 127
Mohamed, Yasien
178, 221
monasticism
34
Mongol
292, 310
monism
294
monotheism (tawḥīd)
63, 276
moral(s)
~ character, noble character (khuluq)
XIV, 4–5, 32–33, 34n7, 37, 40–53, 66, 84–86, 103–105, 107–108, 111, 113, 116, 222, 238, 277, 310
good ~
234
~ lessons (mawāʿiẓ)
268, 277, 323
~ thought. see thought: moral
moralists
8, 13, 128
moralities
3–4, 6, 15, 18–19, 69, 90, 320
Moses (Mūsā)
104, 116–117, 234
mosque
238, 249, 257
al-Mubashshir Ibn Fātik
21, 23
Muḥammad (Messenger, Prophet)
XXI–XXII, 14–15, 31–32, 34, 36n, 42–45, 57, 58n3, 82n, 106, 108, 117, 148–149, 154, 156, 160, 162, 179, 198, 216, 221–222, 229–245, 260, 269, 277, 279, 290, 296, 302, 305, 313, 321–325
al-Muḥāsibī, al-Ḥārith
XXIV, 15, 22, 31, 221, 254, 258–259, 262–263, 265, 284
al-Muktafī (caliph)
33
al-Munāwī, Zayn al-Dīn
259, 261
al-Mundhirī, al-Hāfiẓ ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm
259
al-Muqriʾ, Abū l-Faḍl
146
murūʾa (manliness)
20, 108–100, 119, 217
Mūsā, Muḥammad Yūsuf
2, 4, 9, 10nn7–8, 25–26, 188–189
Mūsa Ibn al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Ibn Ayyūb (king)
251
Muslim [ibn al-Ḥajjāj]
232, 236–237, 242, 317, 323
Muṣṭafā Ibn Ismāʿīl
99
al-Muʿtaḍid (caliph)
33
mutaṣawwifa (mystical inclinations)
35, 255, 264, 266, 270, 274, 280, 301
Muʿtazilī(s), Muʿtazila
XV, 15–16, 19–20, 145, 188–191, 195–196, 198–200, 203, 212, 214–215, 318, 324
~ school
10
mystical disclosure (kashf)
31–32, 37, 45, 49–50, 53, 208
mysticism
95–97, 99–102, 110, 119, 224, 248, 254–255, 257–263, 265–267, 269, 274, 276, 282, 284
mystics
14, 157
al-Nadīm
35
al-Nadwī, Riḍwān ʿAlī
249n, 252, 253n, 257, 267
nafs. see ego, soul
~ ammāra
152, 154–155
~ lawwāma
152, 155
~ muṭma ʾinna
152–153, 155
narration (riwāya)
XIX, 39, 95, 97–103, 119, 236, 312
al-Nashshār, ʿAlī Sāmī
12
Naṣṣār, Jamāl
7
naturalism
195, 213, 219
al-Nawawī, Muḥyī l-Dīn Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf
250, 310, 317
al-Naysābūrī, Abū Ḥafṣ
148
necessities (ḍarūriyyāt)
6
neighbour(s)
41, 43–44, 136, 225, 230
night journey to Jerusalem (isrāʾ)
242
Nīshāpūr
144–146, 154, 185, 187
al-Nīshāpurī, al-Ḥākim
36n
Niẓāmiyya
~ College
206
~ school
185
Nūr al-Dīn, ʿAbbās
XV
nutrition (ghidhāʾ)
60, 63–64, 77, 213
al-Nuwayrī, Shihāb al-Dīn
252n, 256, 267
obedience (ṭāʿa. pl. ṭāʿāt)
20, 23–24, 113, 115–116, 148, 156, 212, 217, 233, 242, 276, 279, 281, 297, 302
disobedience
offspring (nasl)
6n, 63, 84
omnipotence
59, 68, 186–187, 189, 198–199
omniscience
186–187
oneness
62, 68, 189, 199
Orientalists
12
Ormsby, Eric L.
208, 213, 224
pagan idolatry
235
Palmer, Aiyub
31, 50, 110–111
paradise
38, 42–43, 45, 47–48, 322, 324
passion(s)
133, 171, 219
patience (ṣabr)
115, 154, 175, 234–236, 239, 255, 281, 283, 290, 298
patient
XVIII, 56, 65–67, 70–76, 80–81, 85, 87–88, 90, 134, 136–137
patriotism (ʿaṣabiyya)
145
peace
152–153, 155, 240, 243, 313, 315, 322–323
People of Sunna (ahl al-sunna)
15, 318, 321
People of Truth. see Ashʿarīs
perfection
XIV, 62, 161, 168–169, 186, 218, 220, 222, 225, 233, 252, 281, 307
Persia
4
Pharaoh (Firʿawn)
104, 117
pharmacists
66, 80–81
philosopher(s)
7–8, 12, 16–17, 19, 62, 64, 69n, 124, 135, 149, 152, 166–170, 173, 178–179, 187, 190, 199–200, 206, 221, 255, 261, 280, 313–314, 320
Muslim ~
15
philosophy
XIV, XVI, XVIII, 3, 5–7, 9–10, 12–15, 50, 56, 59, 61–64, 68, 124, 135, 149, 166, 173, 175, 178, 190n, 206, 209, 221, 224–225, 255, 265, 293, 313, 315
ethical ~
XVII, 2, 4, 9–12, 15–18
Greek ~
2, 4, 9, 11, 14, 21, 126
Islamic ~
2, 11–12
moral ~
XIV, XXI, 8, 14, 61, 64
physician(s)
8, 56–59, 65–90, 124, 138, 176, 216, 221
~ -patient relationship
65, 71–72
pseudo- ~
65
piety
10, 31–32, 34, 36–37, 39–40, 41n, 46–47, 154, 295
pity (ra ʾfa)
236
Plato
8, 15, 62, 84n, 126, 137–139, 141–142 , 153, 166, 172, 177, 314
pleasure (ladhdha)
64, 68, 70, 76, 86, 127, 130–132, 137, 139–140, 174–175, 213–214, 280–281, 301, 306
Plotinus
126, 166, 173, 176
Plutarch
172
poems
8
Poetry
34, 49n26, 233, 316
pole (quṭb)
296
substitutes (abdāl)
Politics
XX, 8, 17, 21, 24–25, 76n, 111, 179, 221
Porphyry
166, 173, 176–177
Post, Arjan
XXII, 290–291, 294, 296–298, 303
power
XVIII, 3–4, 56, 59n, 60, 62, 64, 69–70, 76, 82, 84, 133, 136, 140, 145, 157, 168, 197, 213–214, 224–225, 293, 295, 312
concupiscent ~
60, 64, 70
irascible ~
60, 64, 70
rational ~
60, 64, 70
praise
38, 85, 160, 233, 275–276
prayer
38, 44, 63, 79, 83, 90, 102, 201, 216, 219, 243, 255–256, 275, 279, 300
pre-Islamic Arabia
15, 30, 34, 40, 44
pride
156, 215
prohibitions
72n, 201–203, 230, 245, 297–298, 301, 321–323, 325
prophecy (nubuwwa)
97, 105, 117, 126, 173, 199, 230–231, 232n
Prophet. see Muḥammad
~’s biography (sīra)
XV
prophets
68, 105–106, 108–109, 111, 117–118, 168, 216, 231, 234, 236, 238, 243, 261, 266, 277, 297, 323
proverbs
5n, 10, 24, 39, 50, 112, 117, 166, 229, 276
prudence (ḥilm). see clemency
psyche (nafs)
XVIII, 17, 56, 59–60, 62, 64–70, 75, 79, 84, 86, 89
psychology
130, 207
cognitive ~
211, 221
moral ~
126, 206, 209, 223
punishment(s)
36n, 51, 57, 62, 202–203, 215, 282–284
Pythagoras
63
Qābīl, ʿAbd al-Ḥayy
XIV, 10–11
al-Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ. see ʿIyāḍ, al-Qāḍī
al-Qaḥṭānī, Khālid
292
al-Qarāfī, Shihāb al-Dīn
250, 257
al-Qinnawjī, Muḥammad Ṣiddīq Khān
XIV
quacks
67, 82–83, 85, 87
Qurʾān
XV, XXII, 5, 7, 10–15, 43n23, 50, 88, 96, 105, 153n, 178, 201, 215, 221, 233, 238–239, 242–243, 248, 253, 255–269, 274, 277–278, 284–285, 294, 297, 306, 312, 315–316, 323
Qurʾānic
6, 10n7, 13–15, 152–154, 215, 232, 296, 323–324
~ commentary
146, 153, 155
~ verses
XXIII, 18, 154–156, 234, 236, 239–240
al-Qurṭubī
99
al-Qushayrī, Abū l-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Karīm
22, 97, 100, 146–147, 152, 159, 187, 221, 253, 260
al-Qushayrī, Abū Naṣr
187
Rahman, Fazlur
147
Ramadan, Tariq
7
al-Raqqī, Fāḍil Ibn Khalaf al-Ḥummāda
34n7
rarities
24
rationality
XVII, 7, 10–11, 131n, 196
ethical ~
6, 10–11, 14
Rayy
123–125, 166
al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr (Rhazes)
XVI, XIX, 16–17, 19, 21, 80n, 123–138, 140–142, 173, 176–178
al-Rāzī, Abū Ḥātim
33, 35n9, 125
al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn
XV, 16–17, 19–20, 25, 224
reason (ʿaql)
XV, XIX, XXI, 3, 20, 70, 123, 126, 129–131, 133, 136, 138–139, 142, 184, 193, 200, 202, 213–215, 302, 314, 318
intellect
reasoning
XVII, 61, 72, 89, 127–128, 136, 185, 189, 191–192, 194, 200–203, 215, 303–304, 314–315, 318
recovery
74
Reinhart, Kevin
19, 315–316
reliability
34–35, 53
religion
XVIII, 9, 14, 30, 42–45, 48, 50, 56–57, 59, 61–64, 68, 82, 83n, 89, 96, 98, 113, 115–117, 119, 124, 168, 170, 209, 215, 219, 234, 244, 252, 260, 290, 293, 300–302, 304
Islamic ~
167
religious rulings (fatāwā)
18, 254, 316
remedies
58, 80–81, 87, 144, 155–157, 160, 171–172
Renaissance
124
Egyptian ~
178
European ~
167
renunciation. see zuhd
repentance (tawba)
XXIII, 96, 108–109, 188–189, 312–313, 316, 318–319
reports
pious ~
33–34
prophetic ~
34, 36, 322
responsibility
13–15, 19–20, 27, 80, 83, 87, 113, 225, 282
retaliation
133
revelation (sharʿ)
XXI, 40, 49, 153, 176, 184, 188–189, 191–198, 202, 204, 294, 296–297, 302, 304, 307, 310, 318, 320
divine ~ (waḥy)
XX–XXI, 168–169, 173, 185, 187, 189, 191–196, 198, 202, 248, 315
prophetic ~
168
reverence
32, 159, 233, 236, 312
revival
149, 167
reward
36n, 57, 62, 202, 276, 282–284, 302
Rhazes. see al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr
rhetoric
5n, 9, 157
Riḍā, Muḥammad Rashīd
178, 311n
righteousness (birr)
52, 116, 321, 325
rituals
37, 41, 50, 63, 79, 216, 218–219, 243, 316, 324
riwāya. see narration
rūḥ (soul)
passim
al-Ruhā
57
al-Ruhāwī, Isḥāq ibn ʿAlī
XVI, XVIII, 56–91
rulings
33, 49, 87, 295–296, 318
judicial ~ (aqḍiya)
18, 100, 108–110, 119, 235
legal ~ (aḥkām)
36, 50, 325
religious ~ (fatāwā)
316
Sharīʿa ~
36n
al-Ruṣāfī, Ḥanbal
253
ruses (maʿārīḍ)
XXIII, 319–324
saʿāda. see happiness
Sahner, Christian
232
Saḥnūn
233
saint(s). see awliyāʾ
sainthood (friendship with God, walāya, wilāya, wilāyat Allāh)
XIX, 22, 31, 46–47, 95, 97–98, 102, 110–111, 114–115, 116–119, 264, 268–269, 276, 294–296, 298
Salafī circles
XXIII, 292
al-Ṣāliḥ Ismāʿīl, Abū l-Khaysh (king)
251
salvation
157, 209, 216, 325
al-Sāmirī (Baghdādī scholar)
317
al-Ṣanʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq
36
al-Ṣanhājī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. see Ibn al-ʿArīf
sarīra. see inner life
al-Sarrāj. see al-Ṭūsī, Abū Naṣr al-Sarrāj
Satan
100, 214–215, 220, 224, 276
Schimmel, Annemarie
229
scholarship
XVII–XVIII, 58n3, 72n, 88–90, 207, 229, 318
modern ~
XIV–XV, 30, 38, 187–188, 190, 229, 237
science(s)
XIV, XXII, 3–6, 8–11, 17–18, 27, 61, 124, 135, 178, 186, 188, 209, 213, 310
ḥadīth ~
34–36, 95, 97, 103, 119
religious ~
82, 83n, 223, 292
scriptures
39n, 46, 50, 68, 198, 235, 238, 314
Secundus
8
self
3–4, 23–24, 130, 153, 159, 200, 218–219, 224
divine ~
189, 197–198
inner ~
14
Seljūq
145, 206, 225, 310
sensation
213
senses
67, 72, 77–79, 133, 170, 192, 198, 272, 280–283, 285
inner ~
215
servitude of God (ʿubūdiyya)
105, 255, 264, 267, 300, 303
al-Shādhilī, Abū l-Ḥasan
260
al-Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs
83n, 322
Shāfiʿī(s), Shāfiʿism
145–146, 186, 206, 208, 250, 253, 259, 271,273, 317
al-Shahrastānī, Abū l-Fatḥ Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm
XVI, XX–XXI, 20, 184–191, 193–194, 196–200, 202–203
al-Shamsy, Ahmed
213, 292n, 315
al-Shaʿrānī, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb
239
sharīʿa. see law: religious
al-Shathrī, Saʿd ibn Nāṣir
292
al-Shāṭibī, Abū Isḥāq
6, 11, 257, 274, 310
al-Shaybānī, Muḥammad Ibn al-Ḥasan
XXIV
shaykh. see master
Shihadeh, Ayman
191–192, 224
Shīʿī(s)
111, 145, 188, 190, 199, 231
Shīʿism
293
al-Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq
88, 249
al-Sibāʿī, Muṣṭafā
89, 257
sickness (maraḍ)
59n, 60
sincerity (ikhlāṣ)
37, 48, 170, 171, 255, 269–270, 298
Sinclair, Thomas
57
sin(s)
32n3, 38–39, 42, 141, 156, 158, 218, 220, 233, 262, 318–319
sinners
48, 190, 312
Socrates
137, 139
Solomon (Sulaymān)
235, 323
soul (nafs)
animal ~
136, 141
divine ~
176
health of the ~
50, 170–171
lower ~
215, 224
purification of ~
166, 207, 220, 223
rational ~
129, 131, 136, 141
soundness (siḥḥa)
35–36, 70, 294
speech
divine ~
189, 197–203
eternal ~
203
God’s ~
198, 251
human ~
199
inner ~
198–199
physical ~
200
transcendent ~
198
spirituality
XVIII, XXII–XXIII, 291–292, 294, 297
splitting of the moon (inshiqāq al-qamar)
242
states (aḥwāl, sing. ḥāl)
XXI–XXII, 37, 148–149, 151, 184, 199, 209, 217, 255, 262–263, 265–270, 273–274, 276, 278–285, 290–291, 298, 307, 317
spiritual ~
XX, 144, 150–151, 161, 221, 291, 306–307
stations (maqāmāt, sing. maqām)
XXII, 22, 37, 150–151, 290–291, 298, 306–307, 317
Stoic school
8
Stroumsa, Sara
125n2, 126
Ṣubḥī, Aḥmad Maḥmūd
XIV, 10, 12, 25
al-Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn
97, 185–187, 249–251, 253–254, 256, 259–261, 267, 271, 310
al-Subkī, Tāqī l-Dīn
249, 310
substitutes (abdāl)
46, 258, 296
pole (quṭb)
suffering
132, 220, 235
Sufi(s)
XIX–XX, XXII–XXIII, 5, 7, 11–14, 19, 22, 25, 88, 95, 97–99, 102–105, 110, 119, 145–151, 153, 155–162, 208–209, 220–221, 223, 231–232, 237, 241n9, 255, 257, 259–262, 271, 273, 277, 279, 290–291, 293–296, 298–300, 301n, 303, 307, 312, 316–317
~ masters
XX, 144, 147–148, 156, 159
~ scholars
XIX
~ teachings
XXIII
Sufism (taṣawwuf)
XVI, XXII–XXIII, 4, 6–7, 9–11, 15, 18, 31, 35n13, 43, 95–97, 99–102, 110, 119, 144, 148–151, 158–159, 161, 220, 224, 231–232, 241n9, 248, 254–255, 257–258, 260–263, 265–266–267, 269, 274, 276, 282, 284, 290–294, 296–297, 301, 306–307, 312, 315, 317
al-Suhrawardī, Shihāb al-Dīn
260
al-Sulamī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh
97
al-Sulamī, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
XIII, XVI, XIX–XX, 97, 125, 144–162
sultan
24, 96–98, 111–112, 114–119, 251, 257
Sunna
14, 34–36, 40, 44, 48, 53, 102, 148, 242, 254–256, 269–270, 273–274, 279, 294, 297, 306, 310
Ahl al- ~. see people of Sunna
prophetic ~
315
Sunnism
314
surgeries
76
al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn
83n, 99, 259, 271, 274, 310
Sviri, Sara
31
syllogism
127, 139
symptoms
74–75, 86–87
Syria
4, 293
ṭāʿa (pl. ṭāʿāt). see obedience
al-Ṭabarānī
53
al-Ṭabarsī, Raḍī l-Dīn
15
tafsīr (exegesis)
96, 100–103, 106, 114, 119, 147, 249, 252–253, 255, 257, 259, 317
al-Ṭahṭāwī, Rifāʿa
XX, 178
al-Takrītī, Nājī
178, 179n
tales
24
tanānsul (reproduction)
63, 213, 283
tarassul (prose composition)
24
taṣawwuf. see Sufism
taṣḥīḥ (correction)
103, 252
tawḥīd. see monotheism
ta ʾwīl. see interpretation
Tehran
166
temperament(s)
77–79, 84, 140, 170–171
temperance (ʿiffa)
70, 110, 140, 168–169, 171, 236
temptation
45–46, 48–49, 139, 214
testaments (waṣāyā)
5, 10, 256
Thābit Ibn Qurra
21
Themistius
172
theologian(s) (mutakallim)
13, 16, 19, 178, 185, 193, 195, 199, 202–203, 223, 230, 250, 259, 280, 303–304, 307, 310–311, 318
theology (kalām)
XV, XX, 7, 18, 95–96, 146–147, 184, 188–191, 203, 212, 221, 223, 248, 250, 252–253, 255, 261, 263, 266, 274, 276, 282, 284, 293, 297, 303, 312–315, 318, 321
Islamic ~
XV, XXII, 6, 10–11, 16, 26–27, 124, 185–186, 315
schools of ~
146
traditionalist ~
292
therapy (treatment)
XX, 73–76, 80, 86–88, 134–138, 140, 142, 144, 161, 212, 216–218, 221, 233, 235, 238, 244–245, 305–306, 312–313, 316, 319–321
cognitive ~
XIX, 123, 127, 134
psychological ~
123, 142
spiritual ~
135
Thibon, Jean-Jacques
145–146,148, 150–152, 156, 159
thought
ethical ~
XIV–XV, XXIII–XXIV, 3–4, 6–7, 12–13, 15–16, 17n, 19–20, 24, 26–27, 147, 149, 262, 278, 296–297
Greek ~
14, 149
moral ~
15
al-Tirmidhī, ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥasan
96
al-Tirmidhī, al-Ḥakīm
XVI, XIX, 31, 39, 47, 95–119, 296
al-Tirmidhī, Muḥammad ibn ʿĪsā
238, 245
tradition(s)
Arabian ~
15
Arabic ~
15
Baghdādī ~
317
cultural ~
3
ethical ~
2, 20, 313
Greek ~. see Greek: tradition
Ḥanbalī ~. see Ḥanbalī: tradition
Islamic ~
XIV–XVIII, 1–2, 4, 10, 15, 18, 57, 69n, 155, 232, 312, 320
Israelite ~
322
monotheist ~
126
Neoplatonic ~
173
philosophical ~
XVIII–XIX, 3, 56, 69n, 123, 125, 141–142, 144, 149, 153
Platonic ~
149, 173, 176, 214
Prophetic ~. see ḥadīth (Prophetic traditions)
Sufi ~
160, 291, 294
Sunnī ~
237, 294, 312
traditionalism
37n16, 314
transmission (asānīd, sing. isnād)
XIX, 33, 35–36
chain(s) of ~. see chain(s) of transmission
transmitters
33–35, 36n, 53
treatise(s) (maqālāt, rasāʾil)
XIX–XX, XXIII, 8, 10, 15–16, 19, 22, 43, 51, 58, 72n, 86, 96, 98, 125, 144, 146–148, 150–152, 155–161, 166, 168–170, 172–174, 177, 185–193, 197–199, 203–204, 212, 221–222, 231, 237, 239, 253–255, 260–261, 273n, 274, 278, 312–313, 316–317, 324–325
treatment. see therapy
trust (tawakkul)
40, 42, 51, 66, 72–73, 79, 281, 290, 298–302, 307
trusts (amānāt)
67–68, 268
truth
126, 135, 192, 194–197, 206–207, 214, 218, 242, 293, 299, 304, 312, 315, 320, 322–324
truthfulness (ṣidq)
XXIII, 41–42, 52, 85, 101, 109–110, 170, 195–196, 236, 298, 313, 319–321
al-Ṭūfī, Najm al-Dīn
254, 256, 277
Turkey
292
al-Ṭūsī, Abū Naṣr al-Sarrāj
22, 147, 157, 265
al-Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn
4, 8, 14–16, 19, 25, 178
al-Tustarī, Sahl
155
tutor (muʾaddib)
33
Twain, Mark
320–321
tyranny (jawr)
195, 214, 312
Uḥud Battle
236
al-ʿUkbarī, Ibn Baṭṭa
297n11
ʿUmar
106, 115
ʿUmar al-Khayyām
125
ʿUmayra, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
100–101, 106n, 113n, 114n, 117n
Umayyads
33
Umayyad caliphate, Andalusian
230
umma
31–33, 35–38, 41, 45–46, 48–50, 106, 265
unbelievers (i.e., zindīq, pl. zanādiqa)
232
uṣūl
99, 100–103, 109–110, 114, 119, 249, 258, 266, 269, 271, 274, 276–277, 280, 315–316
~ al-dīn
XX, 184, 186, 188, 292
~ al-fiqh. see fiqh: uṣūl
~ al-īmān
290
values
2, 7, 11, 13–14, 20, 23–24, 86, 91, 119, 128–132, 134, 167, 169, 194, 196, 258, 262, 264, 280, 291
ethical ~
24, 168, 314
moral ~
18, 191–196, 313
vanity
156, 160, 215
Vasalou, Sophia
215, 315
vice(s) (radhāʾil)
XIV, XIX, XXIV, 4, 123, 127, 129, 133–134, 137–138, 149, 156, 158, 160, 213–214, 216, 321
virtue(s) (faḍāʾil, manāqib)
XIV, XVIII–XX, XXII–XXIV, 3–5, 13, 15, 30–31, 40, 44, 70, 79, 86, 109, 123, 126, 137–138, 144, 147–151, 161, 166, 168–177, 214–218, 222–224, 230, 232–238, 241n9, 245, 266–268, 273, 276, 278, 281–282, 284–285, 310, 312–313, 316, 318–321, 324–325
civic ~
217
~ ethics. see ethics: virtue
Islamic ~
XXIII, 313
Wahhābī movement
297n11
Waʿīl, Shafīqa (Ouail, Chafika)
XIX, 95
wājib (duty)
10
walī (pl. awliyā)
32–33, 37, 43–44, 46–48, 97–98, 110n, 111–112, 114–119, 231, 294–295, 307
Walzer, Richard
2, 4, 6, 8–9, 14–16, 175n13
al-Warrāq al-Tirmidhī, Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar
96
al-Wāsiṭī, ʿImād al-Dīn
291, 301n
wealth
60, 84, 158, 160, 219
Welle, Jason
XIX, 144, 148–149, 159
wilāya, walāya. see sainthood
wisdom (ḥikma, pl. ḥikam)
XIV, 5, 7–8, 10, 15, 24, 36, 39–40, 45, 49–52, 59, 62–63, 68, 87, 103, 106, 118–119, 131, 138, 158, 168, 171, 174–175, 212, 214, 235, 255, 264, 272, 298, 306, 312, 316
Woerther, Frédérique
166, 178n22
worship (ʿibādāt)
6n, 83, 157, 161, 169–170, 209, 212, 264, 269, 272, 279, 284, 290, 295, 297, 300–301, 303, 316–317
wrath
49, 132
wrongdoing
40, 45, 48
al-Yaḥṣubī, ʿIyāḍ ibn Mūsā. see al-Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ
Yaḥyā Ibn ʿAdī
16–17, 19, 21, 149, 152, 178
Yaḥyā Ibn al-Jalāʾ
96
Yaḥyā Ibn Manṣūr (judge)
96
Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya
312
zakāt. see charity
Zallāqa Battle
230
Zargar
149, 216
Zeno
63
zuhd (asceticism, renunciation)
9–10, 32, 35, 44, 50, 210, 218–219, 236, 242, 258, 262, 267–268, 298, 312, 317
al-Zuhrī. see Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī