Figures
2.1 Compilation of Iron Age II figurines from Judah: bird pillar figurine; lamp, Judean Pillar Figurine, bed model; horse-and-rider. Combination of three figures from Keel and Uehlinger 2012: respectively figures 320, 329, and 333b 14
2.2 Ashdoda figurine, found in a house of the Philistine stratum XII at Ashdod, 12th century BCE. Source: Dothan 1982, fig. 9 15
2.3 Hindquarters of an animal with remains of white wash as well as yellow and (brownish) red paint in lines (left) and squares or diamonds (middle/right). This figurine fragment has been published as E1/6210 in the excavation report (Gilbert-Peretz 1996, 66). Source: photograph by author – published with permission of the Israel Antiquity Authorities 18
2.4 Gynemorphic handle from Sumer, Early Dynastic Period (ca. 2900–2350); 7,5 cm high (presently in the Ashmolean Museum, catalogue number 1925.230). Source:
2.5 Fragment of a terracotta plaque figurine, dated to the Late Bronze Age (1400–1200), found at Tell Beit Mirsim. The figurine depicts a female with a hair dress influenced by the Egyptian Hathor; in her hands are papyrus umbels. Source: photograph of a replica in the Bibel+Orient Museum, Fribourg (Switzerland), see:
2.6a Wooden horse-and-rider figurine from Ivory Coast, 19th or 20th century CE. Height 32,1 cm. Presently in the Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas as part of the Gustave and Franyo Schindler Collection of African Sculptures. Source: Chemeche 2011a, 84–85 and front cover; cf. De Grunne 2011, 28 32
2.6b Terracotta horse-and-rider figurine from Nuremberg, dated to the 14th century CE. Height 11,3 cm. Presently in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum (Nuremberg), inventory number HG 4111=Ke 2593. Source: Grönke and Weinlich 1998, 101, 171 32
2.6c Terracotta female figurine, so-called Kruselerfigur (figurine depicting a female with a bonnet) probably from Nuremberg, dated to the 14th century CE. Height 10,7 cm. Presently in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum (Nuremberg), inventory number HG 4377=Ke 2594. Source: Grönke and Weinlich 1998, 87, 159 (catalogue number 58) 33
2.7 Object from walrus tusk representing a walrus, Inuit culture (provenance unknown). Source: Sentence and Sentence 2009, 22 34
3.1 Molded Astarte plaque applied on rim of jar, H. 8 cm. Emar (Euphrates valley, Syria), ca. 1200 BC. Drawing by O. Callot. Aleppo museum, copyright mission archéologique française Meskéné Emar 52
3.2a–c Kamelarga type pillar figures in complex technique, H. 6 to 12 cm. Kition, ca. 550 BC. a–b: Laon museum; c: French excavations at Kition Bamboula, Larnaca museum 55
3.3 Hand modeled horse and rider, H. 12 cm. Kition, ca. 500 BC. French excavations at Kition Bamboula, Larnaca museum 57
3.4 Molded Dea gravida figures of Phoenician type, with added hand-modeled child figure, H. 18 cm. Kition, ca. 500 BC. Musée des antiquités nationales, Saint-Germain-en-Laye 57
3.5 Molded and hand-tooled large-size figure of bearded ruler, H. 27 cm. Amathus, ca. 550. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 60
4.1 Tartous, Mission Renan, Badre 2007, 352 cat. 206, h. 20 cm 68
4.2 Kharayeb, Chéhab 1951–1954, pl. 1:3, pres. h. 11.5 cm 69
4.3 Dor, Stern 2010, 63 fig. 13.1 and 96 pl. 7, h. 15.4 cm 69
4.4 Kharayeb, Kaoukabani 1973, pl. 7:3, h. 22 cm 70
4.5 Kharayeb, Kaoukabani 1973, pl. 10:4, h. 18.4 cm 71
4.6a Akhzib Badre 2007, 189 cat. 216a, h. 17.6 cm 74
4.6b Tyre, Badre 2007, 354 cat. 211, h. 17.5 cm 75
4.7 Sarepta, Pritchard 1988, fig. 11:24, pres. h. 16.8 cm 76
4.8 Akko, Conrad 1997, 61 fig. 9, no measure 77
4.9 Beirut, Badre 1997, 91 fig. 47a, pres. h. 8 cm 78
4.10 Syria, fouilles Durighello, Nunn 2000, 58, pl. 26:84, pres. h. 6 cm 80
4.11 Beirut, Elayi/Sayegh 1998, pl. 21:62, h. 11.6 cm 81
4.12 Byblos, Dunand 1950–1958, 17 n. 6858 and pl. 170, pres. h. 10 cm 83
4.13 Sarepta, Pritchard 1988, fig. 10:11, pres. h. 5.9 cm 83
4.14 Sarepta, Pritchard 1975, fig. 56, 9, pres. h. 7 cm 84
4.15 Sarepta, Pritchard 1975, fig. 56, 8, pres. h. 5.3 cm 85
4.16 Akhziv, Mazar 2001, 119, h. ca. 16.4 and 15.8 cm 86
4.17 Market Beirut-Sidon, Nunn 2000, pl. 19:44, pres. h. 8.5 cm 88
4.18 Byblos, Gubel/Overlaet 2007, 239, fig. 68, h. 33.5 cm 89
4.19 Tyre al-Bass, necropolis, Badre 2007, 64, h. 30 cm 91
4.20a Khalde, Parrot e.a. 1975, 100, fig. 103, h. 8.6? cm 92
4.20b Akhzib, Ciasca 1988, 355, h. 12.5 cm 93
4.21 Akhzib, Northern Cemetery, Mazar 2004, 83, h. 17 cm 94
4.22 Akhzib, ez-Zib cemetery, Dayagi-Mendels, 2002, 159 fig. 7.23, h. 13.5 cm 94
4.23 Beirut, Badre 2007, 357 cat. 227, h. 15 cm 96
4.24 Tell Kazel, Capet/Gubel, 2000, 447, fig. 22, h. 10–15 cm 97
4.25 Tell Arqa, Thalmann 1978, fig. 30, pres. h. 11 cm 98
4.26 Tell Kazel, Badre 2007, 189 cat. 229a, h. 11 cm 99
4.27 Tell Arqa, Thalmann 1978, 81 fig. 21F, pres. h. 5.7 cm 100
4.28 Tell Kazel, Dunand e.a. 1964, 9 pl. 6:3–4, pres. h. ca. 4 cm 100
4.29 Kazel, Badre e.a. 1994, 275 fig. 15a–b, pres. h. 5.6 and 5.0 cm 101
4.30a Tyre, Badre 2007, 358 cat. 232, h. 10.4 cm, b&w 102
4.30b Tyre, Parrot e.a. 1975, 100 fig. 104 102
4.31 Tyre, necropolis al-Bass, Aubet Semmler 1998, 141, h. 18 cm 103
4.32 Sidon, Badre 2007, 186 cat. 201, h. 31.5 cm 105
4.33 Akhzib, ez-Zib Cemetery, Dayagi-Mendels 2002, 151 fig. 7.11. h. 7 cm 106
4.34 Akhzib, er-Ras Cemetery, Dayagi-Mendels 2002, 150 fig. 7.10, h. 10.5 cm 107
5.1 Map of Philistia with main sites mentioned in text 121
5.2 Aegean-style figurines: Psy-type and standing figurines 122
5.3 Aegean-style figurines: various figurine heads 125
5.4 Aegean-style figurines: Ashdoda-type and other figurines 127
5.5 Male figurines 130
5.6 Female figurines (‘Canaanite style’) 131
5.7 Decorated bovine figurines 133
5.8 Zoomorphic figurines 135
5.9 Iron Age horse figurines and other zoomorphic figurines 138
7.1 Megiddo, Late Bronze Age 165
7.2 Susa, Late Bronze Age. © The Trustees of the British Museum, ME91823 165
7.3 Nimrud, Iron Age (8th century BCE) 165
7.4 Lachish (The Metropolitan Museum, New York) 166
7.5 Beer Sheva (Israel Museum, IAA 1978–1437) 166
7.6a–b White washed JPF s with yellow, reddish-brown and black paint. a: bibel+orient Museum, Dr. David and Jemima Jeselsohn collection, Zürich, Switzerland; b: Shlomo Moussaieff collection, London, UK (Photo: Ardon Bar Hama) 167
7.7 Jerusalem (Israel Museum, IAA 1980–2) 169
7.8 Ceramic rattles, Iron Age II, 8th–7th century BCE (Hecht Museum, Haifa University) 172
8.1 Percentages of loci containing both JPF fragments and other objects in Area E South, West, and North in Strata 12–10 (after Darby 2014, 181, Fig. 13 and Appendix A, Tables 33–36) 191
8.2 Petrographic Groups by Head Type. After Darby 2014, Fig. 17, Appendix A Tables 47–48 196
8.3 Petrographic groups by figurine type. After Darby 2014, Fig. 16, Appendix A Tables 47–48 197
8.4 Petrographic groups in anthropomorphic and zoomorphic fragments. After Darby 2014, Fig. 18, Appendix A Tables 47–48 197
8.5 Petrographic groups by area and strata in Shiloh’s excavations. After Darby 2014, Fig. 20, Appendix A Table 51 199
8.6 Plan and section of Cave I and exterior rooms. After Darby 2011, Fig. 2, Courtesy of the Council for British Research in the Levant 200
8.7 Plan and section of Cave I. Courtesy of the Council for British Research in the Levant 201
8.8 N-S Section through Room J and the collapse into Cave I. Scale 1:25. After Darby 2014, Fig. 4, Courtesy of the Council for British Research in the Levant 203
8.9 Wall 8 and Wall 11 (across the mouth of the cave) from inside the main hall of Cave 1. After Darby 2014, Fig. 5, Courtesy of the Council for British Research in the Levant 203
10.1 Iron Age II (ABC) sites in Transjordan where female terracotta figurines (incl. molds) have been found, last update: 06/2015. © Jean-Yves Sauter, Strasbourg (France) 228
10.2 Letters on the back side of the molds from Amman (left) and Karak (center and right). © Department of Antiquities of Jordan, Amman, via FGFP/Th. Graichen 230
10.3 Mold J. 7285 from Tel Taanach, Palestine; backside (left), inside (center), modern cast (right). © Department of Antiquities of Jordan, Amman, via FGFP/Th. Graichen and © Bibel+Orient Museum, Fribourg (Switzerland) 231
10.4 Mold Amman ADTI 5 from Jabal al-Jofa ash-Sharqi (left, crudely mended); ‘Woman at the window’ motif (furniture fitting, detail), Ivory, 9th–8th c. BCE, Arslan Tash, Syria (right). Left: © Department of Antiquities of Jordan, Amman, via FGFP/Th. Graichen; right: © Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg 234
10.5 The distribution of the major types of the Iron Age II female terracotta figurines in Transjordan. © Jean-Yves Sauter, Strasbourg (France) 236
10.6 Mold link of figurine fragments from Tall al-ʿUmayri (left), Tall Dayr ʿAlla (center), Shechem (right). © Department of Antiquities of Jordan, Amman, via FGFP/Th. Graichen 244
10.7 Figurine fragments from Tall al-ʿUmayri (side B; left), Tall Dayr ʿAlla (side A; center), Shechem (side A; right). © Department of Antiquities of Jordan, Amman, via FGFP/Th. Graichen 244
11.1 (1) MT 2333; (2) MT 316; (3) MT 3534; (4) MT 2556; (5) MT 2023; (6) MT 1210; (7) MT 678 259
11.2 (1) MT 1216; (2) MT 3345; (3) MT 1228; (4) MT 2952; (5) MT 188; (6) MT 502 261
11.3 (1) MT 3380; (2) MT 3254; (3) MT 1237; (4) MT 3312; (5) MT 329; (6) MT 205; (7) MT 1358; (8) MT 652; (9) MT 335 263
11.4 (1) MT 2024; (2) MT 2002; (3) MT 2745; (4) MT 1726; (5) MT 2888; (6) MT 981 266
11.5 Map of sites with Iron Age horse figurines and seals depicting horses 272
11.6 (1) North Gate with east Room 135 showing find spot of scaraboid MT 3590; (2) MT 3590; (3) detail of MT 3590 274
13.1 Map of Cyprus with major sites mentioned in the text. Map by D. Massey 293
13.2 Four left figures: Type A terracotta bird-faced female figurines, Base Ring ware-type fabric, said to be from Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi. Late Cypriot II, ca. 1450–1200 BCE. H: 13.2–20.8 cm. Inv. nos. 74.51.1541, 74.51.1542, 74.51.1545, 74.51.1547. Right figure: Type B terracotta female figurine with hands on breasts, Late Cypriot II, ca. 1450–1200 BCE. Said to be from a tomb at Nicosia-Ayia Paraskevi. H: 21.8 cm. Inv. no. 74.51.1549. Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cesnola Collection, purchased by subscription 1874–76 (CC0 1.0 license) 299
13.3a–b a: Terracotta bovine figure with male attendant, from a tomb at Kazaphani, LC II H: 12 cm. Inv. no. CS 1829/136, Cyprus Museum, Nicosia. Reproduced by permission of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus. b: Base Ring ware bull figurine, LC II. L: 14 cm. Inv. no. 74.51.825, Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cesnola Collection, purchased by subscription 1874–76 (CC0 1.0 license) 301
13.4 Wheelmade female figures with upraised arms from Limassol, CG I. H: 12.2 cm. Inv. no. 580/8, Limassol District Museum. Photo by author, reproduced by permission of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus 302
13.5 ‘Minotaur’ figurine from the sanctuary at Ayia Irini, CG III–CA I. H: 33.2 cm. Inv. no. A.I. 1775, Medelhavsmuseet. CC BY-NC-ND, Photo: Ove Kaneberg, 2002, Image No. 03310D. Source: National Museums of World Culture – Mediterranean Museum Sweden 303
13.6 Terracotta warrior figurine, from a tomb at Rizokarpasso-Latsia, no. 45. CGII–III. H: 11.7 cm. Cyprus Museum. Drawing by Katherine P. Iselin after Karageorghis 1993a, pl. XXXIII, no. 1 305
13.7 Bichrome III terracotta wall bracket with nude female figure with upraised arms and bucranium in relief, CG II–III. H: 44.1 cm. Inv. no. AM 1704, Musée du Louvre. © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY 306
13.8a–b Terracotta figure and reconstruction of a terracotta statue of the “Goddess with Uplifted Arms” type, Sanctuary of Aphrodite at Palaipaphos, CA II, 6th century BCE. Height of upper figure: 23.5 cm; preserved height of lower head: 8.4 cm. Local Archaeological Museum of Palaipaphos (Kouklia). Archive of the Swiss-German Archaeological Expedition Old-Paphos, M.-L. von Wartburg and D. Leibundgut Wieland 310
13.9 Mold for producing figurines (so-called “Astarte” figures) from Kition and modern cast, CA, 6th century BCE. MNB 1305, Musée du Louvre. Photo: Franck Raux. © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY 311
13.10 Terracotta female musician (tambourine player) figurine with wheelmade flaring body and moldmade face, said to be from the salt lake near Larnaka, CA II, 6th century BCE. H: 17.2 cm. Inv. no. 74.51.1679, Metropolitan Museum of Art (CC0 1.0 license) 312
13.11a–c a: Terracotta male votary figurine with conical headdress, Athienou-Malloura sanctuary, CA II, 6th century BCE. H: 13.3 cm. Inv. no. AAP-AM-4653, Larnaka District Museum (©AAP); b: Terracotta chariot model group with two preserved charioteers, Athienou-Malloura sanctuary, CA II, 6th century BCE. H: 14.92 cm. Inv. no. AAP-AM-1218+1459+2007, Kallinikeio Municipal Museum of Athienou (©AAP); c: Terracotta warrior figurine wearing shield on his back, sanctuary at Athienou-Malloura, CA II, 6th century BCE. H: 8.2 cm. Inv. no. AAP-AM-2100, Larnaka District Museum (©AAP) 314
13.12 Wheelmade figurine of a warrior with detachable legs, CA I, 750–600 BCE. Said to be from a tomb at Ormidhia. Inv. no. 74.51.1655, Metropolitan Museum of Art (CC0 1.0 license) 315
13.13a–b a: Terracotta bovine figurine, sanctuary of Apollo Hylates, Kourion, CA II, 6th century BCE. H: 12.5 cm. Object no. 54–28–113, Penn Museum. Courtesy of the Penn Museum; b: figurine of a dog, CA II, 6th century BCE. H: 8.2 cm. Inv. no. Antikensammlung, V 3247, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien (KHM-Museumsverband) 316
13.14 Moldmade figurines of the Egyptian gods Ptah-Pataikos and Bes, Amathus Tomb 88, CA II, 6th century BCE. H: 14.3 cm and 17 cm. Inv. nos. 1894, 1101. 270 and 1894, 1101.269, British Museum. ©Trustees of the British Museum 317
13.15a–b a: Moldmade bearded male mask, sanctuary at Athienou-Malloura, CA II, 6th century BCE. H: 7.14 cm. Inv. no. AAP-AM-4631, Larnaka District Museum (©AAP); b: handmade figurine wearing a bovine mask and cape, sanctuary at Athienou-Malloura. CA II, 6th century BCE. H: 10.93 cm. Inv. no. AAP-AM-1170, Kallinikeio Municipal Museum of Athienou (©AAP) 318
13.16 Terracotta model of a naiskos (shrine) with a cone draped with offerings or jewelry likely representing a divinity, Amathus Tomb 25, CA II, 6th century BCE. H: 11.4 cm. Inv. no. 1894, 1101.38, British Museum. ©Trustees of the British Museum 318
14.1 Map of Syria and adjacent regions 335
14.2 Modern impression of a mold from Munbāqa; LBA I. Czichon and Werner 1998: pl. 155, no. 4011 336
14.3 Hand-made relief plaque from Chatal Hüyük; IA I. Pruss 2010: 131, no. 115, pl. 13 337
14.4 Standing (male?) figurine from Judaidah; IA I. Pruss 2010: 212, no. 260, pl. 30 337
14.5 Nude ‘Astarte Plaque’ from Judaidah; IA II. Pruss 2010: 136, no. 123, pl. 15 339
14.6 Nude ‘Astarte Plaque’ from Judaidah; IA II. Pruss 2010: 136, no. 122, pl. 15 340
14.7 Nude ‘Astarte Plaque’ from Rifʿāt; IA II. Nováková 1971: 37–38, no. 50, pl. 9 340
14.8 Nude ‘Astarte Plaque’ from Neirab; IA III. Riis 1948/49: 71, no. A II.6, pl. 16, 5 342
14.9 Nude ‘Astarte Plaque’ from Ras Shamra; IA III. Stucky 1983: 56, no. 9, pl. 26 342
14.10 Plate with a mirror-holding woman from Judaidah; IA II/III. Pruss 2010: 198, no. 202, pl. 24 344
14.11 Torso of a standing female figurine from Chatal Hüyük; early IA II. Pruss 2010: 211, no. 256, pl. 30 345
14.12 ‘Puppet’ figurine from Taʿyinat; IA I/II. Pruss 2010: 203, no. 206, pl. 25 347
14.13 ‘Puppet’ figurine from Taʿyinat; IA II. Pruss 2010: 206, no. 225, pl. 27 348
14.14 Leg of a ‘puppet’ figurine from Chatal Hüyük; IA II. Pruss 2010: 209, no. 243, pl. 29 349
14.15 North-Syrian pillar figurine from Kefrik; IA II/III. Moorey 1980: 148, no. 566, Fig. 24 349
14.16 North-Syrian pillar figurine with child from Carchemish; IA II/III. Woolley 1914: 95, pl. 26b, 1 350
14.17 North-Syrian pillar figurine from Chatal Hüyük; IA II. Pruss 2010: 220, no. 286, pl. 34 350
14.18 Hand-made horse-and-rider figurine from Chatal Hüyük; IA II/III. Pruss 2010: 233–34, no. 302, pl. 36 353
14.19 Hand-made horse-and-rider figurine from Carchemish; IA II/III. Hanfmann 1961: Fig. 8 353
14.20 Hand-made horse-and-rider figurine from Deve Hüyük; IA II/III. Moorey 1980: 102, no. 430, Fig. 17 355
14.21 ‘Assyrian rider’ figurine from Chatal Hüyük; IA III. Pruss 2010: 255, no. 367, pl. 47 356
14.22 Semi-nude ‘Astarte Plaque’ from Mardikh; Early Achaemenid. Matthiae 1989: Fig. 173 359
14.23 Fragment of a semi-nude ‘Astarte Plaque’ from Rifʿāt; Early Achaemenid. Nováková 1971: 84, no. 173, pl. 20 360
14.24 Dressed ‘Astarte Plaque’ from Judaidah; Achaemenid. Pruss 2010: 181, no. 190, pl. 22 361
14.25 Dressed ‘Astarte Plaque’ from Qadesh; Achaemenid. Pézard 1931: 15, pl. 21, 5 362
14.26 Hand-made horse-and-rider figurine from Judaidah; Eary Achaemenid. Pruss 2010: 247, no. 330, pl. 41 364
14.27 Hand-made horse-and-rider figurine from Deve Hüyük; Early Achaemenid. Moorey 1980: 102, no. 433, fig. 17 364
14.28 ‘Persian Rider’ figurine from Judaidah; Achaemenid. Pruss 2010: 268, no. 399, pl. 49 366
14.29 ‘Persian Rider’ figurine from Mardikh; Achaemenid. Matthiae 1989: fig. 177 367
14.30 ‘Persian Rider’ figurine embracing woman (and child?) from Judaidah; Achaemenid. Pruss 2010: 281, no. 429, pl. 56 368
15.1 Map of Egypt, with all major sites mentioned in the text. Drawing: © V. Vaelske 376
15.2a ‘Votive beds’ with naked women. After Honroth, Walter, and Otto Rubensohn, Friedrich Zucker. 1909. “Bericht über die Ausgrabungen auf Elephantine in den Jahren 1906–1908.” Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 46: 14–61, fig. 8 378
15.2b ‘Votive bed’, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung Berlin, Inv.-Nr. ÄM 13696. Dimensions: L. 16 cm. © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, photo: archive 378
15.3a Figurine of a naked woman. After Honroth et al. 1909, fig. 10 387
15.3b Votive reliefs with ‘Naked Goddess’. After Petrie 1909a, pl. 35, 6–13 388
15.4 Early Ptolemaic votive reliefs with ‘Naked Goddess’, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung Berlin, Inv.-Nr. ÄM 8900 (cf. Weber 1914, no. 199). Dimensions: H. 12.5 cm; W. 4.8 cm; D. 1.9 cm. © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, photo: © V. Vaelske 388
15.5 Body fragment of a relief plaque of the ‘Naked Goddess’. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB5b, Y/6, Befund 4, 3. Abtrag, KF000(1).” Dimensions: H. 5.1 cm; W. 3.4 cm; D. 2.5 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 389
15.6 Head fragment of a relief plaque of the ‘Naked Goddess’. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB5b, Y/6, Befund 2, KF005.” Dimensions: H. 5.3 cm; W. 5.5 cm; D. 2.5 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 389
15.7 Body fragment of a relief plaque of the ‘Naked Goddess’, without architectural frame. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB6a, Y/7, Schicht 1, Befund 5, KF000(3).” Dimensions: H. 7.6 cm; W. 4.5 cm; D. 2.8 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 390
15.8 Relief plaque of the ‘Naked Goddess’. Dimensions: H. 16 cm; W. 4.5 cm. After de Araújo, L.M. 1993. Antiguidades egípcias. Museu Nacional de Arqueologia. Lisbon: Instituto Portugues de Museus, 378f., No. 280 (Inv. E372) 390
15.9 Head/body-fragment of a statuette of a ‘Naked Goddess’. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB4a, Y/4, Nordschnitt, 4. Abtrag, KF002.” Dimensions: H. 8.2 cm; W. 5.1 cm; D. 2.7 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 391
15.10 Fragment of an enthroned ithyphallic male, right side face. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB6a, Y/7, Befund 2, Planum 2, KF000(1).” Dimensions: H. 9.5 cm; W. 5.4 cm; D. 8.0 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 395
15.11 Phallophoric scene, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung Berlin, Inv.-Nr. ÄM 12714 (cf. Weber 1914, no. 139). Dimensions: H. 19.8 cm. © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, photo: archive 396
15.12 Phallophoric scene, Museum August Kestner Hannover Ident.-Nr. 2019.6a. Dimensions: H. 21.7 cm; W. 7.6 cm; D. 14.8 cm. © Museum August Kestner, Hannover, photo: Christian Rose (museum’s photographer) 397
15.13 Figurine of squatting boy, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung Berlin, Inv.-Nr. ÄM 9018 (cf. Weber 1914, no. 150). Dimensions: H. 12 cm; W. 8.5 cm; D. 3.3 cm. © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, photo: © V. Vaelske 398
15.14 Figurine of squatting boy, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung Berlin, Inv.-Nr. ÄM 6737 (cf. Weber 1914, no. 147). Dimensions: H. 6.8 cm; W. 7.8 cm; D. 1.8 cm. © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, photo: © V. Vaelske 398
15.15 Figurine of squatting old man. After Egyptian Museum Cairo JE 27112. Drawing: © V. Vaelske 399
15.16 Lower body fragment of a squatting male. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB6a, Y/7, Schicht 1, KF000(23).” Dimensions: H. 8.5 cm; W. 9.5 cm; D. 5.0 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 399
15.17 Persian rider. After Petrie 1909a, pl. 40, 42–43 401
15.18 Persian rider. After Petrie 1909a, pl. 40, 45 401
15.19 Horse fragment of a ‘Persian rider’ group. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB5b, Befund 6, KF001.” Dimensions: H. 11.0 cm; W. 4.5 cm; L. 11.5 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 402
15.20 Human part of a ‘Persian rider’ group. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB6a, Y/7, Befund 2, Planum 2, KF000(4).” Dimensions: H. 8.7 cm; W. 4.0 cm; D. 2.4 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 402
15.21 Human part of a ‘Persian rider’ group. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB6a, Y/7, Befund 3, KF000.” Dimensions: H. 7.9 cm; W. 4.5 cm; D. 3.3 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 403
15.22 Bes plaque. After Evaristo Breccia, Monuments de l’Égypte gréco-romaine I. 1. Le rovine e I monumenti di Canopo – 2. Teadelfia e il tempio di Pneferôs (Bergamo 1926) pl. 36, 6 405
15.23 Bes figurine. Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung Berlin, Inv.-Nr. ÄM 9431 (cf. Weber 1914, no. 256). Dimensions: H. 12.3 cm. © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, photo: archive 405
15.24 Relief fragment with woman enacting in a symplegma. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB3b, Stegabtrag X/4–Y/4, KF014.” Dimensions: H. 9.5 cm; W. 7.0 cm; D. 2.7 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 406
15.25 Upper body fragment of a Bes plaque. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB2a, X/3, Schicht 6, KF002.” Dimensions: H. 9.4 cm; W. 8.0 cm; D. 2.7 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 408
15.26 Body fragment of a Bes plaque. From Tell Basta, find code of Tell Basta Project: “TB3a, X/2, Tiefenschnitt, Schicht 4, KF001.” Dimensions: H. 7.5 cm; W. 8.4 cm; D. 2.7 cm. Photo: © V. Vaelske 408
Tables
4.1 Main provenience for double-molded figurines (Type A) 72
4.2 Main provenience for single-molded face and wheel-made pillar-shaped body (Type B) 79
4.3 Distribution of typology by site. Bold line: Core Area; Normal line: Periphery (the dotted lines are auxiliary) 110
8.1 Locus types with pillar figurines in E West, South, and North in Strata 12–10 in Shiloh’s excavations (after Darby 2014 Appendix A, Table 31) 193
10.1 Figurine molds attested in Iron Age II Transjordan 226
11.1 Iconographic characteristics from most to least indicative of horse figurines 258
11.2 Horse figurines from Iron Age II contexts 271
13.1 Cypriot Chronology, dates approximate (based on Iacovou 2012, 23) 293