- 1 Geographical map of western Central Asia and Zerafshan (Esri Imagery 2018) 2
- 2 Geographical map of the oasis (Esri Imagery 2018) 3
- 3 SPOT image of the area of Varakhsha 6
- 4 Maps of the largest Uzbek surveys concerning the eastern side (Mirzaakhmedov et al. 2002) and the western side (Shishkin 1940) of the oasis 6
- 5 Map showing the excavated sites (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2016) 7
- 6 Geographical map, 1893 (Staatsbibliothek, Munich 1926) 9
- 7 Topographical military map, 1950s–1980s (urss 1989) 10
- 8 Satellite map of paleochannel (Fouache and Ragala 2015) 14
- 9 Map of the drainage basin of the Zerafshan River (Esri Imagery 2018; Fouache and Ragala 2015) 15
- 10 Map of the oasis of Bukhara and Qaraqöl with paleochannels (Esri Imagery 2018; Fouache, Ragala and Rante 2015) 16
- 11 Geological map of western Central Asia (Geological Map of the World, Bouysse 2014 cgmw) 17
- 12 srtm map of the drainage basin of the Zerafshan River (Fouache et al. 2015) 18
- 13 Geomorphological map (Fouache et al. 2016) 18
- 14 Geomorphological map with osl dates (Fouache, Cez, Rante, Zink and Porto 2017) 19
- 15 Map showing paleochannels and Neolithic settlements (Rante, Fouache and Mirzaakhmedov 2016) 20
- 16 Map showing paleochannels and Bronze Age settlements (Rante, Fouache and Mirzaakhmedov 2016) 20
- 17 Geomorphological map showing the settlements of Paykend and Iskijkat (Rante 2016) 21
- 18 srtm map showing the earliest settlements of the oasis (Rante 2016) 22
- 19 The Silk Road main routes (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante, Fouache and Mirzaakhmedov 2016) 23
- 20 The north-eastern arm of the Silk Road (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante, Fouache and Mirzaakhmedov 2016) 26
- 21 Map showing every identified human trace of the oasis (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2016) 28
- 22 Map showing the tripartite sites (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2016) 30
- 23 Map showing the bipartite sites (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2016) 31
- 24 Map showing the unique tepe (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2016) 32
- 25 srtm map showing the tripartite and bipartite sites (Rante 2016) 33
- 26 srtm map showing the tripartite and bipartite sites and unique tepe (Rante 2016) 34
- 27 Map showing the tripartite and bipartite sites (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2016) 36
- 28 Satellite maps of the Gijduvan area: tripartite and bipartite sites; tripartite and bipartite sites and unique tepe 37
- 29 srtm map showing the socio-economic connections between the tripartite and bipartite sites (Rante 2017) 39
- 30 Map showing paleochannels and settlements from the 3rd–2nd bce centuries (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2018) 40
- 31 Map showing paleochannels and settlements from the 1st century bce to the 2nd century ce (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2018) 41
- 32 Map showing paleochannels, 1st century bce–2nd century ce settlements and the bipartite sites (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2018) 42
- 33 Ramitan, rampart of the late 2nd century ce square city (iconem 2014) 43
- 34 Map with paleochannels and 3rd–early 8th century ce settlements (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2018) 44
- 35 Ramitan, satellite view of the 2nd century ce square city and the late 3rd–early 4th century ce shahrestan (Esri Imagery 2018) 45
- 36 Paykend, aerial photo, view from the west (Sagory 2011) 45
- 37 Ramitan, western rabad and destroyed kilns under the Islamic city (iconem 2014; Sagory 2017; Rante 2013) 46
- 38 Ceramic sherds with black vertical splash, layer dated to the 3rd century ce (Daure 2017) 46
- 39 Map with paleochannels, 9th–12th century ce settlements and bipartite sites (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2018) 48
- 40 Ramitan, satellite view showing the Islamic city (Google Earth 2017) 49
- 41 Paykend, 3D view of the site (Rilievi srl 2012) 49
- 42 Ramitan, 3D view of the site (Rilievi srl 2013) 50
- 43 Map with paleochannels, 13th–14th century ce settlements (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2018) 51
- 44 Map with paleochannels, 15th–16th century ce settlements (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2018) 53
- 45 Examples showing the visual limits of an exclusive satellite survey (Google Earth 2017) 56
- 46 3D satellite view of the oasis with paleochannels and tripartite sites (qgis 2017) 57
- 47 Map of the oasis showing the tripartite sites divided into four categories by size (Esri Imagery 2018) 58
- 48 Map showing urban category 1 (Esri Imagery 2018) 59
- 49 Bukhara, perimeter of the Samanid (10th century ce) city (Beleniski, Bentovic and Bolshakov 1973; Rante 2018) 59
- 50 Bukhara, evolution of the urban plan (Gangler, Gaube Petruccioli 2004; Rante 2018) 60
- 51 Paykend, topography (Rilievi srl 2011) 61
- 52 Paykend, satellite view showing the earliest channel traversing the ancient city 62
- 53 Sketch showing the possible earliest settlement of Paykend (Rilievi srl 2017) 62
- 54 3D view of the earliest settlement of Paykend, the future citadel (Rilievi srl 2017) 63
- 55 3D view of the citadel and the shahrestan of Paykend (Rilievi srl 2017) 63
- 56 3D view of the citadel and the two shahrestans of Paykend (Rilievi srl 2017) 63
- 57 Cross section of Paykend (above) and topography of the selected area (Rilievi srl and Rante 2017) 63
- 58 Topography of Ramitan (Rilievi srl 2014) 64
- 59 3D view of the earliest settlement of Ramitan (Rilievi srl 2017) 65
- 60 3D view of the extended earlier settlement of Paykend, the future citadel (Rilievi srl 2017) 65
- 61 3D view of the citadel and the shahrestan of Ramitan (Rilievi srl 2017) 65
- 62 3D view of the citadel, the shahrestan and the suburb (later rabad) of Ramitan (Rilievi srl 2017) 65
- 63 3D view of the ancient city (citadel and the shahrestan), the rabad and the Islamic city of Ramitan (Rilievi srl 2017) 65
- 64 Satellite view of Vobkent with possible ancient area (Digital Globe cnes 2018) 66
- 65 Satellite view of Gijduvan with possible ancient area (Digital Globe cnes 2018) 67
- 66 Map showing urban categories 1 and 2 (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2017) 68
- 67 Topography of Iskijkat (Rilievi srl 2015) 69
- 68 Aerial photo of Iskijkat (iconem 2014) 70
- 69 Thermo-topographical view of Iskijkat (iconem 2014) 70
- 70 Topography of Vardana (Rilievi srl 2017) 71
- 71 Satellite view of Vardana (Google Earth 2017) 72
- 72 Topography of Varakhsha (Rilievi srl 2017) 73
- 73 Topography of Kakishtuvan (Rilievi srl 2017) 74
- 74 Aerial photo of Kakishtuvan (Sagory 2017) 74
- 75 Topography of Barkad (Rilievi srl 2017) 75
- 76 Satellite view of Barkad (Google Earth 2017) 75
- 77 Topography of Ramish tepe (Rilievi srl 2017) 76
- 78 Satellite view of Ramish tepe (Digital Globe cnes 2018) 76
- 79 Topography of Sivanj (Rilievi srl 2017) 77
- 80 Topography of site 0560 (Rilievi srl 2017) 78
- 81 Map showing urban categories 1, 2 and 3 (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2017) 79
- 82 Photo of Tavovis (Rilievi srl 2017) 80
- 83 Topography of Tavovis (Rilievi srl 2017) 80
- 84 Satellite view of Karmana (Digital Globe cnes 2018) 80
- 85 Satellite view of Kumijkat (Google Earth 2017) 81
- 86 Topography of Kumijkat (Rilievi srl 2017) 82
- 87 Topography of Gulyamata (Rilievi srl 2017) 83
- 88 Topography of Afshana (Rilievi srl 2017) 84
- 89 Topography of Tarab (Shishkin 1940) 85
- 90 Topography of Khunbun (Rilievi srl 2017) 86
- 91 Topography of Pinjan (Rilievi srl 2017) 87
- 92 Topography of Kaththa (Rilievi srl 2017) 88
- 93 Topography of Mughkan (Rilievi srl 2017) 89
- 94 Topography of site 0572 (Rilievi srl 2017) 90
- 95 Topography of site 0190 (Rilievi srl 2017) 90
- 96 Topography of site 0003 (Rilievi srl 2017) 91
- 97 Map showing urban categories 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2017) 92
- 98 Topography of Marzangon (Rilievi srl 2017) 93
- 99 Aerial photo showing the remains of Shargh (iconem 2014) 93
- 100 Topography of Zandana (Rilievi srl 2017) 94
- 101 Satellite view of Zandana (iconem 2014) 94
- 102 Topography of site 0035 (Rilievi srl 2017) 95
- 103 Topography of Farghandad (Rilievi srl 2017) 95
- 104 Topography of Warka (Rilievi srl 2017) 95
- 105 Topography of Khama (Rilievi srl 2017) 95
- 106 Topography of Narshak tepe (Rilievi srl 2017) 96
- 107 Topography of Daymun (Rilievi srl 2017) 96
- 108 Topography of Banab (Rilievi srl 2017) 97
- 109 Topography of site 0005 (Rilievi srl 2017) 97
- 110 Topography of site 0006 (Rilievi srl 2017) 98
- 111 Satellite view of site 0513 (Google Earth 2017) 98
- 112 Topography of site 0518 (Rilievi srl 2017) 99
- 113 Topography of site 0531 (Rilievi srl 2017) 100
- 114 Topography of site 0495 (Rilievi srl 2017) 100
- 115 Topography of site 0571 (Rilievi srl 2017) 101
- 116 Topography of site 0566 (Rilievi srl 2017) 101
- 117 Topography of site 0546 (Rilievi srl 2017) 102
- 118 Topography of site 0609 (Rilievi srl 2017) 103
- 119 Topography of Mamastin (Rilievi srl 2017) 103
- 120 Topography of site 0133 (Rilievi srl 2017) 104
- 121 Topography of site 0192 (Rilievi srl 2017) 105
- 122 Topography of Khujada (Rilievi srl 2017) 105
- 123 Topography of site 0330 (Rilievi srl 2017) 106
- 124 Topography of site 0357 (Rilievi srl 2017) 106
- 125 Topography of site 0896 (Rilievi srl 2017) 107
- 126 Map showing all urban settlements (the tripartite and bipartite sites and the unique tepes) with the 1893 hydrological network (srtm Map 2018) 110
- 127 Urban settlements within the area of Varakhsha (Esri Imagery 2017; Rante 2017) 112
- 128 Satellite view of the Kampir Duval and Subbuk tepe (Google Earth 2018) and photo of Subbuk tepe (Rilievi srl 2014) 113
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129 Satellite view of the northern part of the oasis (Digital Globe cnes 2018) 113 - 130 Map showing the tripartite sites within the 1893 hydrological and road networks (srtm Map; Rante 2018) 115
- 131 Map showing the urban settlements within the 1893 hydrological and road networks (srtm Map; Rante 2018) 116
- 132 Khorasan route joining Merv to Bukhara (Rante 2017) 117
- 133 Khorezm route joining Bukhara to the oasis of Khorezm (Rante 2017) 119
- 134 Karshi route joining Bukhara to the oasis of Karshi (Rante 2017) 120
- 135 Two examples of fortified and unfortified bipartite sites (Rante 2016; Sagory 2017) 122
- 136 Tripartite and bipartite sites within the oasis limits (srtm Map; Rante 2018) 123
- 137 Map showing the urban distribution in the micro-oasis of Qaraqöl and the oasis of Bukhara (Esri Imagery 2018; Rante 2018) 124
- 138 Socio-economic connections between the tripartite and bipartite sites (Rante 2017) 128
- 139 Map showing the bipartite sites in the hydrological network (astgmt2 Map; Rante 2017) 130
- 140 Map showing the bipartite sites in the 1983 hydrological network (astgmt2 Map; Rante 2017) 131
- 141 Map showing the bipartite sites in the hydrological and road networks (astgmt2 Map; Rante 2017) 132
- 142 Paykend, citadel, general plan of the discovered architecture (Omelchenko 2015) 136
- 143 Map showing the tripartite sites, the Khorasan road and the possible “Maginot Line” of the southern part of the oasis (srtm Map; Rante 2017) 138
- 144 Photos of the fortified cities located south of the oasis (Rilievi srl 2014) 139
- 145 3D satellite view of the oasis with paleochannels and the excavated sites (qgis 2017) 143
- 146 Ramitan, mausoleum of Ramitani on the ancient suburb (Rante 2016) 146
- 147 Ramitan, aerial photo of the modern bazaar within the shahrestan (Sagory 2017) 147
- 148 Ramitan, limits of the shahrestan (aerial photo Sagory 2017; Rante 2017) 148
- 149 Ramitan, north-south and east-west cross sections of the city (Rilievi srl and Rante 2017) 149
- 150 Ramitan, Trench A, cross section (Broglia de Moura, Rilievi srl, Rante 2013) 153
- 151 Ramitan, plan of the citadel and the royal palace (Mouton, Rilievi srl and Rante 2018) 154
- 152 Ramitan, Trench C, cross section (Bonora Andujar, Rilievi srl, Rante 2013) 155
- 153 Ramitan, Trench F, cross section (Broglia de Moura, Rilievi srl, Rante 2013) 157
- 154a Ramitan, plan and axonometric projection of the 1st century ce city (Rilievi srl 2017 and Rante 2018) 159
- 154b Ramitan, 3D reconstitution of the 1st century ce city (Sanchez Calero 2018) 159
- 154c Ramitan, plan and axonometric projection of the 3rd century ce city (Rilievi srl 2017 and Rante 2018) 160
- 154d Ramitan, 3D reconstitution of the 3rd century ce city (Sanchez Calero 2018) 160
- 155a Ramitan, plan and axonometric projection of the 4th century ce city (Rilievi srl 2017 and Rante 2018) 161
- 155b Ramitan, 3D reconstitution of the 4th century ce city (Sanchez Calero 2018) 161
- 155c Ramitan, 3D reconstitution of the 4th century ce city viewed from the western suburb (Sanchez Calero 2018) 162
- 155d Ramitan, 3D reconstitution of the 8th–9th century ce city (Sanchez Calero 2018) 162
- 156 Ramitan, geophysical survey and interpretations (Vella and Rante 2015) 164
- 157a Ramitan, 3D reconstitution of the royal palace (Sanchez Calero 2018) 166
- 157b Ramitan, 3D reconstitution of the royal palace, detail on the gate of the palace (Sanchez Calero 2018) 166
- 157c Ramitan, 3D reconstitution of the royal palace, view from the east (Sanchez Calero 2018) 166
- 158 Ramitan, room E, rectangular fireplace, probably private altar (Rante 2015) 167
- 159 Ramitan, square Room 1, view of the probable base of altar and the small podium (Rante 2016) 168
- 160 Ramitan, square Room 1, view of the probable base of altar and the clay slab with engraving (Rante 2016) 168
- 161 Ramitan, square Room 1, photo of the semicircular projecting columns (Sagory 2017) 169
- 162 Ramitan, square Room 1, plan of the semicircular projecting columns (Sagory 2017) 169
- 163 Ramitan, views of the baked-brick walls (Rante 2017) 171
- 164 Ramitan, photo of the silo (Mouton 2013) 172
- 165 Ramitan, photo of the two external buildings (Mouton 2017) 173
- 166 Ramitan, 3D reconstitution, view of the fortification of the 1st century ce city (Sanchez Calero 2018) 174
- 167 Ramitan, trench B, plan of the 3rd century ce western fortification (Crusco, Rilievi srl and Rante 2014) 176
- 168 Ramitan, trench B, cross section of the northern tower of the 3rd century ce western fortification (Crusco, Rilievi srl and Rante 2014) 177
- 169 Ramitan, trench B, photo of the soldier room inside the tower of the 3rd century ce western fortification (Crusco 2014) 178
- 170 Ramitan, trench B, cross section of the southern tower of the 3rd century ce western fortification (Crusco, Rilievi srl and Rante 2014) 179
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171 Ramitan, aerial photo showing the western fortification of the city and its towers (iconem 2014) 180 - 172 Ramitan, trench E, plan of the 3rd century ce eastern fortification (Crusco, Rilievi srl and Rante 2015) 181
- 173 Ramitan, trench E, cross section of the southern tower of the 3rd century ce eastern fortification (Crusco, Rilievi srl and Rante 2014) 182
- 174 Ramitan, trench E, relief of the eastern fortification (Crusco, Rilievi srl and Rante 2015) 184
- 175 Ramitan, photo of the eastern fortification (Crusco 2015) 185
- 176 Ramitan, 3D reconstitution, view of the western gate of the city, view from the suburb (Sanchez Calero 2018) 186
- 177a Ramitan, trench G, phase 1, plan of the commercial and artisanal complex (Rilievi srl and Rante 2015) 187
- 177b Ramitan, trench G, phase 2, plan of the commercial and artisanal complex (Rilievi srl and Rante 2015) 187
- 177c Ramitan, trench G, phase 3, plan of the commercial and artisanal complex (Rilievi srl and Rante 2015) 188
- 178a Ramitan, trench G, phase 4, plan of the commercial and artisanal complex (Rilievi srl and Rante 2015) 189
- 178b Ramitan, trench G, phase 5, plan of the commercial and artisanal complex (Rilievi srl and Rante 2015) 189
- 179 Ramitan, trench G, phase 7, plan of the commercial and artisanal complex (Rilievi srl and Rante 2015) 190
- 180 Ramitan, western suburb, pottery kilns (Vella and Rante 2015) 191
- 181 Paykend, southern fortifications (Rante 2012) 194
- 182 Paykend, topography with excavated areas (Rilievi srl and Rante 2011) 197
- 183 Paykend, cross section of the city showing the Neogene soil level (Rilievi srl 2011) 197
- 184 Paykend, trench A, cross section (Crusco, Rilievi srl and Rante 2010) 199
- 185 Paykend, trench D, cross section (Tuil, Rilievi srl and Rante 2010) 201
- 186 Paykend, trench F, cross section (Crusco, Rilievi srl and Rante 2010) 202
- 187 Paykend, trench F, fork-spoon (Rante 2013) 203
- 188a Paykend, 3D model of the citadel (Sagory and Sanchez Calero 2018) 205
- 188b Paykend, 3D model of the citadel and shahrestan-1 (Sagory and Sanchez Calero 2018) 205
- 188c Paykend, aerial photo of the old fortified city and the bazaar area (Sagory 2018) 206
- 188d Paykend, aerial photo of the whole city (Sagory 2018) 206
- 189 Paykend, shahrestan-1, axonometric projection of the phases of the pre-Islamic dwelling (Rilievi srl and Rante 2018) 208
- 190 Paykend, shahrestan-1, typologies of doors of the dwelling (Rilievi srl and Rante 2016) 209
- 191 Paykend, shahrestan-1, general photo of the dwelling from the west (Rante 2016) 210
- 192 Paykend, shahrestan-1, axonometric projection of the phases of the Islamic dwelling (Rilievi srl and Rante 2018) 212
- 193 Paykend, shahrestan-1, Islamic dwelling, photo of the coccio-pesto walls (Rilievi srl and Rante 2018) 213
- 194 Paykend, geophysical survey of the pottery quarter (Brinon and Simon 2011) 217
- 195 Paykend, plan of the pottery quarter (Berthier, Rilievi srl and Rante 2017) 218
- 196 Paykend, pottery quarter, view of bone axes of the potter’s wheel (Rante 2015) 222
- 197 Paykend, pottery quarter, east-west cross section of sector B (Berthier, Rilievi srl and Rante 2017) 222
- 198 Paykend, pottery quarter, aerial photo of sectors B and C (Sagory 2017) 223
- 199 Paykend, pottery quarter, aerial photo of sectors E and I/K (Sagory 2017) 224
- 200 Paykend, pottery quarter, north-south cross section of kiln 9609 (Bessard, Rilievi srl and Rante 2017) 227
- 201 Aerial photo showing the landscape of Iskijkat (iconem 2014) 231
- 202 Iskijkat, plan and cross section of the city (Rilievi srl and Rante 2015) 233
- 203 Iskijkat, trench A, cross section (Aubert, Rilievi srl and Rante 2015) 235
- 204 Iskijkat, trench B, cross section (Glanville-Wallis, Rilievi srl and Rante 2015) 237
- 205 Aerial photo of Kakishtuvan (Sagory 2017) 240
- 206 3D model of Kakishtuvan (Sagory and Sanchez Calero 2017) 241
- 207 Kakishtuvan, trench A, cross section (Glanville-Wallis, Rilievi srl and Rante 2016) 243
- 208 Aerial photo of site 0250 (Sagory 2017) 247
- 209 Site 0250, topography (Rilievi srl and Rante 2017) 248
- 210 Site 0250, cross section (Rilievi srl and Rante 2017) 250
- 211 Aerial photo of the Ark (citadel) of Bukhara (Sagory 2017) 254
- 212 Bukhara, trench A, cross section (Crusco, Rilievi srl and Rante 2018) 255
- 213 Bukhara, trench, A, ceramic sherds belonging to the earliest layers (Gilbert 2018) 256
- 214 Bukhara, trench A, view of the square baked-brick wall (Crusco 2018) 257
- 215 Bukhara, trench A, view of the trapezoidal baked-brick wall (Crusco 2018) 257
- 216 Evolution of the human occupation of Bukhara (Gaube 1999: 20; Rante 2018) 259