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This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder.
The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation.
Cover illustration: Akhtala Monastery – refectory. Photographer: Matthew Kinloch/Manar al-Athar (
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ISSN 2405-7045
ISBN 978-90-04-52739-3 (hardback)
ISBN 978-90-04-52760-7 (e-book)
DOI 10.1163/9789004527607
Copyright 2022 by Federico Alpi, Robin Meyer, Irene Tinti and David Zakarian. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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