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Brill's Companion to Courage and Cowardice in Ancient Warfare
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This volume contains contributions from global experts on the nature of military courage and cowardice in ancient Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia, Israel, and Egypt. Using ground-breaking concepts in human emotions (including fear), behavior (bravery, boldness, recklessness, flight), and motivation (tangible and intangible rewards), the book problematizes traditional dichotomies associated with expected reactions to danger on the battlefield. In analyses of historiography, epic, epigraphy, numismatics, philosophy, and myth, authors demonstrate that no individual was impervious to the stresses of ancient battle. Most importantly, the volume encourages a new paradigmatic continuum for understanding the range of these conceptual terms in ancient military history.
Jenn Finn, Ph.D. (2012, 2015), is Associate Professor of Classical Studies at Loyola University Chicago. She regularly publishes on ancient warfare, cultural interactions in the ancient Mediterranean, first millennium BCE empires, and revisionist history.
Contributors are: Jenn Finn, David Potter, Sabine Müller, Lee Brice, Angela Hobbs, Jared Secord, Matthew Christ, Philippe Clancier Gina Konstantopoulos, Katherine Lu Hsu, Philip de Souza, Emrys Schlatter, Andrei Zavaliy, John Hyland, Sarah Melville, Rhiannon Ash, Sara Phang, Kathryn Milne, Edith Foster, Lidewij van Gils, Luuk Huitink, Anthony Spalinger, Philip Rance, Charlie Trimm, Nikolaus Overtoom, Cezary Kucewicz.
Contributors are: Jenn Finn, David Potter, Sabine Müller, Lee Brice, Angela Hobbs, Jared Secord, Matthew Christ, Philippe Clancier Gina Konstantopoulos, Katherine Lu Hsu, Philip de Souza, Emrys Schlatter, Andrei Zavaliy, John Hyland, Sarah Melville, Rhiannon Ash, Sara Phang, Kathryn Milne, Edith Foster, Lidewij van Gils, Luuk Huitink, Anthony Spalinger, Philip Rance, Charlie Trimm, Nikolaus Overtoom, Cezary Kucewicz.
Preface
List of Figures and Tables
Abbreviations
Notes on Contributors
Introduction
1 Courage and Cowardice in Ancient Mediterranean Warfare: a Continuum of Virtue?
Jenn Finn
Part 1 Courage and Cowardice: Setting the Groundwork
2 lū awīlāt! (Be a Man!) The Vocabulary of Courage in Mesopotamian Royal Inscriptions
Sarah C. Melville
3 Dancing for Ares: Courage and Concepts of Martial Excellence on the Homeric Battlefield
Emrys Schlatter
4 “Standing Your Ground”: Discourses of Courage on the Battlefield in Greek and Roman Historiography
Luuk Huitink and Lidewij van Gils
5 “Deserted by His Men, He Fell” (Tacitus, Annals 3.20.2): Paradigms of Courage and Cowardice in Roman Historiography
Rhiannon Ash
6 Courage and Cowardice in Ancient Naval Warfare
Philip de Souza
Part 2 Philosophy
7 Courage and Cowardice in Greece and Rome: the Philosophical Debate
Angela Hobbs
8 Xenophon on Leadership and Courage
Matthew Christ
9 Emperors and Courage in the Military Handbooks of the Roman Empire
Jared Secord
Part 3 Courage and Its Limits
10 May It Learn to Fear Me: Divine and Human Models of Courage and Cowardice in Sumerian Texts
Gina Konstantopoulos
11 Beyond Heroes: an “Economy of Kleos” in Greek Myth
Katherine Lu Hsu
12 Courage and Cowardice in Tacitus’ Histories
Sara Elise Phang
13 Praising Courageous Enemies in the Ancient Near East as the Background to Hardening Pharaoh’s Heart
Charlie Trimm
14 Courage and Cowardice in Ancient Warfare: Alexander the Great between Fact and Fiction
Sabine Müller
15 Concepts of Courage and Cowardice in the Formation of the Parthian State
Nikolaus Leo Overtoom
Part 4 The Individual and the Collective
16 Military Courage and the Ordinary Infantryman in the Roman Republic
Kathryn H. Milne
17 Fear and Collective Action in the Roman Military
Lee L. Brice
18 Heroes, Homer, and Historiography on the Late Antique Battlefield: Constructing Courage in Procopius’ Wars
Philip Rance
Part 5 Fear and Flight, Punishment and Reward
19 Courage and Cowardice in Egyptian Royal Narratives: Some Literary Aspects of Human Behavior
Anthony J. Spalinger
20 The Courage of the Victor and the Cowardice of the Vanquished in First Millennium BCE Mesopotamia
Philippe Clancier
21 Rhipsaspia in Ancient Greek Literary Tradition
Cezary Kucewicz
22 Courage in Thucydides
Edith Foster
23 Flight from Battle and Constructions of Cowardice in Achaemenid Persia
John O. Hyland
24 Imperial Courage
David Potter
Epilogue
25 Courage: an Ambivalent and Elusive Virtue
Andrei G. Zavaliy
Index
List of Figures and Tables
Abbreviations
Notes on Contributors
Introduction
1 Courage and Cowardice in Ancient Mediterranean Warfare: a Continuum of Virtue?
Jenn Finn
Part 1 Courage and Cowardice: Setting the Groundwork
2 lū awīlāt! (Be a Man!) The Vocabulary of Courage in Mesopotamian Royal Inscriptions
Sarah C. Melville
3 Dancing for Ares: Courage and Concepts of Martial Excellence on the Homeric Battlefield
Emrys Schlatter
4 “Standing Your Ground”: Discourses of Courage on the Battlefield in Greek and Roman Historiography
Luuk Huitink and Lidewij van Gils
5 “Deserted by His Men, He Fell” (Tacitus, Annals 3.20.2): Paradigms of Courage and Cowardice in Roman Historiography
Rhiannon Ash
6 Courage and Cowardice in Ancient Naval Warfare
Philip de Souza
Part 2 Philosophy
7 Courage and Cowardice in Greece and Rome: the Philosophical Debate
Angela Hobbs
8 Xenophon on Leadership and Courage
Matthew Christ
9 Emperors and Courage in the Military Handbooks of the Roman Empire
Jared Secord
Part 3 Courage and Its Limits
10 May It Learn to Fear Me: Divine and Human Models of Courage and Cowardice in Sumerian Texts
Gina Konstantopoulos
11 Beyond Heroes: an “Economy of Kleos” in Greek Myth
Katherine Lu Hsu
12 Courage and Cowardice in Tacitus’ Histories
Sara Elise Phang
13 Praising Courageous Enemies in the Ancient Near East as the Background to Hardening Pharaoh’s Heart
Charlie Trimm
14 Courage and Cowardice in Ancient Warfare: Alexander the Great between Fact and Fiction
Sabine Müller
15 Concepts of Courage and Cowardice in the Formation of the Parthian State
Nikolaus Leo Overtoom
Part 4 The Individual and the Collective
16 Military Courage and the Ordinary Infantryman in the Roman Republic
Kathryn H. Milne
17 Fear and Collective Action in the Roman Military
Lee L. Brice
18 Heroes, Homer, and Historiography on the Late Antique Battlefield: Constructing Courage in Procopius’ Wars
Philip Rance
Part 5 Fear and Flight, Punishment and Reward
19 Courage and Cowardice in Egyptian Royal Narratives: Some Literary Aspects of Human Behavior
Anthony J. Spalinger
20 The Courage of the Victor and the Cowardice of the Vanquished in First Millennium BCE Mesopotamia
Philippe Clancier
21 Rhipsaspia in Ancient Greek Literary Tradition
Cezary Kucewicz
22 Courage in Thucydides
Edith Foster
23 Flight from Battle and Constructions of Cowardice in Achaemenid Persia
John O. Hyland
24 Imperial Courage
David Potter
Epilogue
25 Courage: an Ambivalent and Elusive Virtue
Andrei G. Zavaliy
Index
This book will be relevant to specialists and students of military history and the study of human emotions. Subject areas include History; Classical Studies; Military Science; and Psychology.