Index
Athens, battle, Rome, Sparta and soldier are so common they have been excluded.
Achilles
5, 20, 62, 66n34, 68–77, 104, 144, 187, 200, 291–292, 295, 299, 301–304, 359, 370, 374–375, 493, 615, 617–618, 620n57
Aelianus Tacitus
245–252, 259, 261, 409n77, 458n51
Aeneas
17, 66n40, 70–71, 294, 615
Aeneid
17, 176, 331, 425n5
Aeschylus
19, 146, 147n15, 186, 305n51, 606, 664, 695n1
Agamemnon
5, 60, 74, 144–145, 146n14, 291–293, 297, 302–303, 615, 625n46, 618, 630
agathós/esthlós
59–61, 67–68, 73, 75–76, 144, 195
Agricola (Julius)
177, 325–326
Ahuramazda
655–656, 658, 660, 668
Aias/Ajax
59n13, 61–62, 66, 68n46, 76, 144, 292, 296, 498, 513n133, 615, 618
Akkadian, empire
39, 52
Language/vocabulary
39, 42, 271–272, 344, 352, 576, 589, 659
texts
19, 43, 270, 272n8, 273, 275, 278n33, 279–280, 284, 573n2, 656n8, 694, 703–704
Alcaeus
188, 612–613, 619, 624, 714
Alcibiades
156, 158, 192
Alcinous
238–239, 241, 247, 252
Alexander the Great
23, 120–122, 243–244, 248–249, 261, 358–360, 367–369, 372–378, 389, 395, 409, 463n59, 493, 574, 657–659, 666–668, 708
visual depictions of
361–363, 365, 369–372
alkē
61–68, 76
Amazons
288, 297–300, 304, 500n82, 705
Ammianus Marcellinus
97n33, 387, 390, 393–396, 401, 453, 459n52, 488–489, 515
Ancient Near East
4–5, 9, 12, 21, 23, 53, 337–338, 350–351, 353–354
andreía
57, 213, 373, 695.
courage
as battlefield quality
185, 188, 190, 207, 232, 239–241, 248, 252–253, 256–257, 260–261, 711
as philosophical virtue
185–186, 189, 192–194, 197–201, 234–238, 251, 254–261, 700–703
as masculine
186, 191, 205, 212, 293
as reserved for generals, kings, and emperors
232–234, 240–241
Antiochus III
93n25, 174, 387, 396–402, 677
Antiochus VII
405n62, 406–410
aporía
114, 213, 650
Appian
171, 389, 404n59, 453, 460n54, 467
Archilochus
117, 188, 601–602, 607, 610–613, 617–619, 624, 626, 698–699, 714
Ares. see warrior deities
aretē
58–60, 65, 71, 73, 189, 195, 233n8, 256–257, 261, 373, 431, 485–487, 524, 622, 710
Argeads
359–364, 366–367, 373, 377–378
aristeia
18n87, 92, 302, 308, 372, 498–499, 619n53
áristoi/aristeiai
5, 59–60, 64
Aristophanes
10, 140, 146, 188–189, 309, 601, 606–607, 610, 696
Aristotle
6, 19–20, 81n3, 105n54, 147, 185n2, 186–187, 190n18, 191–192, 201–206, 208, 210, 229n37, 237, 243, 501n89, 605–606, 610, 695, 700–701, 708–709
armor
4, 68–69, 71, 77, 144, 192–193, 295, 299–300, 306, 320n14, 327, 331, 337, 375–376, 463, 470, 472n78, 489, 495n55, 518, 601, 604, 609, 612–614, 621, 677
Arrian
245–246, 249–251, 261, 373n57, 389, 458n51, 666–667
Arsaces
388–389, 392–402, 404, 411–412
Ashurbanipal
51, 342–347
Assyria, Assyrians
10n35, 17n81, 21, 23, 36, 43–47, 49–52, 217–218, 337–338, 342–351, 389, 573–583, 585–586, 588–593, 596–598, 657, 658–659, 662, 667–668
Athena
63n23, 65n35, 66n40, 69n49, 70–71, 74–75, 145, 161, 187, 289, 292, 294–297, 305n52, 364, 370, 612
audacia
7n23, 84, 109n2, 126, 157
Augustus
114, 176–177, 238, 315, 317, 321, 386, 493, 675, 680–684, 687–688, 702
Babylon/Babylonia
42, 47–48, 351, 371, 389, 404, 406–407, 409, 411, 573–576, 578–579, 582, 588, 590–595, 655, 667
Brasidas
632, 634–635, 637, 640, 642–648
Bravery
3–10, 12–13, 17–19, 22, 24, 36–37, 43, 53, 58, 84, 87–88, 90–93, 95–97, 99, 103, 109, 112–116, 119, 126–130, 133–134, 139, 152, 172, 174, 176, 178, 209, 218, 221, 223–224, 236, 271, 283, 300, 318–319, 341–342, 349, 354, 358, 365, 367, 373–378, 396, 401–402, 408, 411, 413, 423–424, 432, 437, 440, 491–492, 500–503, 505, 507, 512, 515, 555, 581, 585, 596–597, 604–605, 615, 624, 630, 640–643, 645–648, 650, 653, 669.
courage
Britain
143, 174, 176, 316, 461, 679, 699n3
Cannae, battle
95–96, 115n21, 127, 427, 439–440, 698
Carthaginians
8, 95–96, 127, 166–167, 174, 435
Cassius Dio
171n78, 209, 387, 453, 461n56, 675
Cataline
85, 331
army of
126–127
conspirators
95n30, 314, 332
Cicero
8n26, 16n74, 236–238, 240–241, 244–245, 247, 432n25, 683
Civil war
9–10, 23, 123, 125, 127, 191n18, 192, 201n35, 235, 313–315, 317, 319–320, 327–328, 330–331, 473, 580, 590, 645, 706
Cohesion, military principle
105, 455–457, 466–467, 472, 474, 489–490, 625, 676–677, 711
Courage. andreía, bravery, enemy and Socrates
ancient terminology
7, 22, 43–44, 59, 83–85, 187, 203, 206, 236, 246, 373, 499
as masculine
46, 62n22, 63n23, 207, 212, 292, 297–298, 654, 660, 663–664, 676n12, 717
Greek conception of
57–78, 81–105, 185–209, 212–229, 288–310, 480–527, 630–650
Mesopotamian conception of
16–17, 207n2, 578, 597, 694, 704
Roman conception of
109–134, 313–332, 423–440, 673–688
Thucydidean definition of
84–85, 91–93, 97, 104–105, 140, 148, 157–178, 189–190, 480–487, 630–650, 697, 712, 715–716
Cowardice. enemy and femininity
ancient terminology
10, 51n66, 57–58, 82, 236n15, 271–272, 324, 444, 500–501, 608, 640
as social construct
443–475
Greek conception of
57–59, 73n62, 82–83, 85, 139–175, 186–210, 215–216, 236, 288–294, 296, 298, 302, 304, 309–310, 490, 501, 602–603, 605–611, 613, 615–619, 621, 626, 643–644
Mesopotamian conception of
50, 269–70, 275–277, 279–283, 340–341, 573–598
Roman conception of
94, 100, 109–135, 313–332, 432, 437, 443–475
Crassus
133n70, 256, 386n2, 389, 413, 461, 471, 684
Curtius Rufus
20n102, 113, 119–122, 360, 373, 375–377, 666, 668
Cyrus the Great
213n5, 217–219, 221–223, 225–226, 374, 661, 663
Darius I
148–150, 152, 653
Darius III
373, 377, 409, 653–660, 662, 666–669
Decimation
11, 133, 471–472
defeat
18, 39–40, 70, 86, 90–92, 95–96, 101–102, 111, 114–116, 118, 126–127, 134, 149–150, 153, 159, 163, 174, 275, 284, 300, 302, 306, 319, 327–328, 330, 350–352, 355, 365, 378, 393, 395, 406, 409–410, 428, 438–439, 467, 497, 509, 556, 559, 582–586, 591–592, 596–597, 609n26, 625, 633, 639, 641, 643–644, 650, 663–664, 667–669, 676, 679, 688, 707, 715, 718
loss of divine favor as cause for
25, 658–661
king’s role in
5, 47, 258, 282, 338, 349
relation to cowardice
12, 86, 96, 124, 134, 446, 452–453, 597, 640, 664
Diodorus Siculus
14, 90, 141, 165n60, 194, 365, 367, 374, 377, 387, 402–404, 408, 516, 604, 662, 666
Diomedes
5, 12n49, 59n13, 62, 64n30, 66n40, 70–71, 74–77, 292, 294, 296–297, 301, 615–616
disciplina militaris
314, 318, 322, 329, 495, 688
Discipline
11, 23, 25, 82–83, 91–92, 94, 97, 139, 200n29, 221, 313–326, 366, 399, 445, 452, 454–458, 460, 466, 470–472, 474, 489, 495, 515, 604, 624, 642, 674–676, 680, 683, 685, 687
Duel
61–62, 66, 74, 290–292, 296, 307, 486, 492–499, 501–506, 509, 522, 524, 526, 660, 711
Egypt/Egyptians
15, 17, 21, 43, 45, 145, 149, 177, 305–306, 338, 340–343, 346, 349–350, 352–354, 376, 541–543, 350–351, 554–555, 557–567, 578, 589, 594, 614, 659–660, 687, 693, 706–707, 713, 716
Emperor
9, 114–115, 177, 208, 234, 254, 260, 313, 321, 323, 325, 328, 680, 702–703, 706, 711
leader of military
243, 247, 257–258, 260–261, 315–316, 673, 702–703
non-combatant
233–235, 237, 319, 673, 702–703
pinnacle of courage
232–236, 315–316, 328, 331, 673–674, 702–703
type of courage relating to
240, 242–243, 254, 257, 260–261, 313, 315–316, 328, 331, 673–674, 702–703
Empire
9, 14–15, 17, 25, 88, 142n4, 157, 177, 233–234, 235, 243, 251, 332, 342, 350–351, 359, 371, 374, 386, 388–389, 393, 402, 413, 495, 634, 650, 653, 654, 656, 664–665, 668, 674–675, 682–683, 685–686, 702–703, 709, 716
Parthian
387, 390n19, 403, 412, 709
Persian
223, 716
Roman
14–15, 17, 140, 141, 208, 232, 234, 235–236, 241–242, 245, 251, 255, 261, 433, 468–469, 481, 698, 702–703, 709, 717
Emotion. see fear, panic and shame
Enemy, enemies
6, 13, 17–18, 20–21, 23–25, 36–41, 43, 46–48, 50–53, 65, 70, 74, 81, 86, 89, 91, 95, 98, 102, 104, 110n3, 113, 116, 117, 121, 125, 128, 131–132, 134, 140, 161, 163, 166, 168, 173–178, 193–194, 215, 220–225, 252–253, 255, 258, 275–277, 282, 288, 290, 291n10, 295–296, 301–302, 306, 308, 320, 323, 327–328, 337–355, 390–393, 409, 412, 424–425, 427–430, 435–439, 443, 447, 453–458, 460, 461–463, 465, 469, 470, 472–473, 507, 541–550, 552–567, 573, 576, 578, 580–593, 595–598, 605, 611, 614, 636–637, 640–645, 649, 656–663, 673, 677, 695, 704–705, 707, 709–711, 713–714, 716–717
characterized as courageous
23, 38–39, 134, 290, 338, 347–350, 352, 354–355, 390, 393, 408, 595–598, 695, 705, 707, 709
characterized as feminine/cowardly/fearful
10n35, 17, 25, 36, 39–41, 51–53, 147, 161, 172–173, 277, 282, 288, 337, 393, 340–346, 547–548, 559, 566, 573, 579, 582–589, 641, 658–659
Esarhaddon
49n57, 51, 342, 349, 575n11, 577–578, 580, 588–590, 661
eúdaimonía
189, 201, 207, 227, 304
Euripides
147n15, 305–309, 605
excellence, martial
57–61, 67–69, 72, 76–78, 93, 233n8, 288n2, 289, 296–297, 302, 315, 368, 393, 431, 499, 618, 695–696, 698, 703, 705, 707, 709, 717
exemplarity (as concept)
9, 24–25, 112–113, 116, 130, 134, 326, 331, 468
Fear. flight and enemies
Ancient terminology
40n21, 51, 270–272, 283, 394, 444, 501n89, 631, 656–657
collective, collective response
443–475, 504, 711
of death
47, 52, 104, 237–238, 424, 446, 452, 459, 466, 474, 441
as physiological response
12, 19, 443–475, 711
ways to manage
424, 443–475
Femininity (as associated with cowardice)
16–17, 63n23, 661, 716
ferocity
7n23, 8, 23, 272, 279, 317, 321, 323, 331, 385, 392, 414, 686
Flight
25–41, 50–53, 57, 61, 64, 77, 95, 99, 123, 144, 148, 309, 345, 391–392, 395, 399–400, 444, 446–449, 451n24, 452, 461, 468, 510, 522n179, 584–588, 593, 596, 636, 638, 644, 648, 653, 664, 666, 688, 699
consequence of cowardice
64, 104n53, 118, 139, 144, 151, 172, 179, 292, 354, 591–592, 603
consequence of fear
59, 72–76, 204, 288, 291–292, 337, 443–444, 452–453, 455, 459, 462, 464–467, 469–473, 654, 711–718
lack of divine favor
25, 37, 52, 658–660, 668–669
lipotaxia
605, 608, 610, 622, 625
rhipsaspia
4, 118n32, 188n10, 601–613, 617, 619–626, 714–715
Freeze (inaction as reaction to fear)
330, 444, 445n8, 447, 451–453, 463, 468, 474
Gaugamela, battle
375, 461n56, 657, 659, 666–667, 669
Gilgamesh
276–277, 279–281, 284
glory
5, 7–8, 23, 68–69, 76, 78, 88, 102, 110, 131n64, 148, 187–188, 216, 221, 244, 289, 291n10, 306n54, 307, 374n62, 375–376, 390, 396, 440, 499, 542, 583, 604, 606, 612, 619–620, 626, 649, 696, 708, 709n6, 713.
honor, kléos, timē
gods
12, 22–23, 25, 35–53, 60, 63n23, 65n35, 66, 68–72, 75–78, 146, 175–176, 192, 206, 222–224, 256, 270, 272–278, 280–281, 283–284, 288, 290, 293–297, 300, 308–310, 331, 341–348, 351–352, 354–355, 389, 425, 486n25, 545, 547, 555, 568, 573, 575, 577–580, 585, 588–592, 597–598, 606, 611, 615–619, 643, 654–658, 660, 662, 669, 694, 696, 704–708, 713–714, 716.
warrior deities
Granicus, battle
368, 370, 374, 377
habituation (to cultivate courage)
206, 213, 490, 500n86, 701, 717
Hadrian
249–250, 261, 674
Hannibal
127, 174, 324, 359, 439
heart
50, 52, 65, 72, 86, 89, 104n51, 291, 293, 462, 615, 658, 707, 713
great-heartedness (eupsychias)
237, 241
in Egyptian conception
338–344, 347–348, 350, 355, 547–549, 554, 558
in Hebrew conception
350–354
in Mesopotamian conception
272, 587
Hector
5, 59n13, 60–62, 64–68, 70–72, 74–77, 144, 187, 291–293, 302–303, 498, 513, 615–616
Helen
291, 293, 305–306
Hera
64n23, 288, 293, 295–297, 299
Heracles
118, 299, 307–309, 359, 362, 364, 370, 374–375, 618
Herodotus
14, 16n73, 24, 84, 91–93, 97, 100–105, 111, 140, 142, 147n17, 148–154, 157, 178, 189–191, 200, 305n49, 362, 440, 480–481, 483, 485–486, 500, 502, 507n111, 509n118, 521n171, 605n11, 612, 632, 661–665, 696–698, 705, 712, 716n8
historiography
4, 7, 9, 13, 22–24, 85, 87–88, 90–91, 97, 100, 103–105, 110–113, 116, 124, 129, 133–134, 148, 159, 165, 168, 171–172, 178, 314–315, 318, 359, 366, 375, 444–445, 453, 483, 486–489, 491, 493–494, 499, 511, 514–515, 518–519, 524, 659n15, 661, 696
as exploration of rhetoric of courage
83–84, 97
Hittites
5, 11, 44, 338–341, 542–548, 549n21, 552, 554–558, 564, 567, 577
Homer
5–7, 9, 24, 57–78, 110, 141, 144–148, 155, 172, 175–175, 178, 186–188, 197, 200, 204–205, 217n13, 224n24, 248, 250, 255, 288–291, 293, 301, 304, 307, 359, 376, 431, 580–527, 612–617, 619, 624, 630–632, 649–650, 694–697, 699–703, 705, 711–714
honor
6–8, 11, 19n92, 60–61, 68, 71, 82, 102, 127, 131, 147, 152–153, 176n92, 176, 187–188, 198, 202–203, 212, 218, 220–221, 227, 320, 323, 328, 330–331, 343, 365, 367–368, 371, 390, 438, 604, 615–616, 626, 661, 666, 674, 680, 707, 709, 711
kléos, timē
Iliad
5, 12, 20, 57–78, 104, 110, 114, 146, 186n4, 187, 224n24, 288–290, 292–295, 297, 300, 302, 304, 307, 484–485, 492, 498, 511, 516, 519–525, 613–620, 705, 707, 713–714
Julius Caesar
209, 430
as author
8, 85n13, 89–90, 113, 123–124, 143, 174–177, 315, 425n6, 433, 435, 437, 445–446, 452–453, 462
as military general
7, 98n33, 115–119, 143, 256, 259, 314, 319, 326, 430–432, 456–458, 461, 464–468, 471–474, 674, 678–684, 698–699
description of virtus
8, 89–90, 116–118, 143, 174, 176, 315
description of cowardice
123–124, 177
Justin
91, 386–388, 391–396, 401–408, 410–411, 413, 666
Justinian
470, 480, 482, 488, 511n126, 525
Kadesh/Qadesh
340, 542–545, 551, 553–554, 557–558, 564–567
battle
5, 339, 341, 541, 544, 551, 553n33, 713
sources for
542–543, 565, 567–568
kakós/kakoi (as synonym for cowardly/cowardice)
58–59, 63, 65, 73, 75–76
king
10, 25, 60, 91–92, 122, 165, 172–173, 240–241, 243, 256, 303, 305, 307–308, 362, 386, 393–397, 399–404, 406, 408–413, 485, 604, 607, 615, 617, 641, 695, 704, 706, 713–714, 716.
emperor
Egyptian
337–355, 541–568, 613.
Pharaoh
Mesopotamian
4–5, 11, 17, 24, 35–53, 146, 217, 269–284, 574–598, 707
Persian
24, 142, 148–150, 152, 223, 225, 654–669
kléos
60–61, 187, 289, 293, 301, 305, 310
access to
290, 301, 303, 305, 310
as immortal
294, 302
as individual glory
60
economy of
13, 288, 304, 307n55
Laches
military general
6, 81–83, 91, 97, 100, 105, 192–194, 605
Plato’s dialogue
6n18, 81, 191–192, 195–198, 200, 204–205, 213, 232n3, 605n12, 700
Late Antiquity
11n43, 21, 387, 390, 458n50, 468, 481, 488–490, 494, 514–515
lipotaxía see flight
Livy
16n74, 21, 95–96, 99–100, 111–114, 123n41, 127–132, 140, 167–174, 176, 389, 426, 428, 432, 435, 437, 439–440, 453, 697
Lucan
124n45, 389, 517
Lucius Verus
254, 256–257
Lysias
154–156, 307n55, 609
Macedonian/s
90, 173, 243, 248, 254n108, 359–362, 364–366, 368, 371–375, 377–378, 388–389, 426, 436, 461n56, 493, 637, 641, 643, 667
conception of courage
359–363, 366, 372–373, 375, 378
rulers
360–361, 366, 708
Mantinea, battle
91–92, 104–105, 604, 632, 636
Marcus Aurelius
As author
192n22, 209n52
As emperor
235, 243, 254, 259–260
As general
207–208, 256–257
Mardonius
100, 102–103, 142, 150
Marduk. see warrior deities
Marius
87–88, 118, 314, 317, 319, 325, 329n31, 423–424, 454, 472, 674, 683
Masculine/masculinity. courage
characteristic of leaders
42, 46, 657
Menander Rhetor
232–233, 240, 260
Menelaus
59n13, 68, 70, 72, 74, 291–293, 296–297, 305–306, 498, 615
Menna
541n3, 542, 545, 549–551, 553–556, 568
ménos
64–67, 69–70, 72, 74, 77
mercenaries
8, 201, 204, 206, 219, 222–223, 226, 323, 400, 409–410, 431, 463, 601, 644–646, 662, 702
Mesopotamia/Mesopotamian
15–18, 22–23, 35–36, 39, 42, 45, 51, 207n2, 272, 274, 277, 282, 293n16, 390, 406–407, 412, 482, 494, 573–574, 576n14, 580–581, 661–662, 667, 693–695
Conception of courage. see courage
military handbooks
22, 234–235, 238, 241–243, 245, 250–251, 254–255, 257–258, 260–261, 316, 318, 702
Mithridates I
244, 401–406
Mithridates II
392, 411–413
monomachía
9n30, 24, 481, 487n29, 492–497, 499, 502, 520, 524, 526, 711
Musonius Rufus
235–235, 239, 241, 256
Muwatalli II/Muwatallis
5, 542–546, 548, 552, 565–566
Naram-Sin
39, 42n27
victory stele
17, 39
naval warfare
15, 91n18, 92, 96, 103, 139–178, 639–643, 699
Neo-Assyrian
40, 50, 273, 342n27, 573–575, 591
royal inscriptions
25, 36n5, 574
Nervii
115–116, 118–119, 435, 437, 445, 452, 679
Nestor
76, 187n7, 291, 301, 615n45, 616, 619
Nicias
158, 161–162, 164, 632, 636, 645
in Plato
192–196, 204
Peace of
634n14
Ninurta. see warrior deities
non-elites
23, 288–289, 300, 203–209, 429, 705
Octavian
471–473.
Augustus
Odysseus
65n34, 75, 141, 145–146, 187, 255, 290n7, 292, 296, 303, 376, 613–615, 619–620
Odyssey
59n14, 141, 145 186n4, 187, 290n7, 304n45, 617n49
Onasander
250–253, 255–257, 260–261, 444n6, 449n20, 548–459, 512n127
Oratory
8, 10, 305, 501n85
order
11n45, 25, 35, 40, 51, 91n18, 114, 131–122, 189n15, 192, 215, 298, 301, 316–318, 321, 325–326, 330–331, 342, 400, 446, 457, 462, 482, 556, 561n53, 637, 642, 654, 667, 676, 679, 693, 714, 716.
cohesion
panic154, 160–162, 167–169, 172–175, 327, 377, 397, 444, 446–451, 457, 459–468, 472–474, 512n129, 606, 610, 613–614, 616, 620, 626, 635–638, 641, 643, 656–657, 663, 665–669, 714. flight
ancient terminology
40n21, 50, 52, 87, 657
Paris
62, 64–65, 67, 71, 291–291, 498
Parthian/s
13, 23, 254, 256–257, 259, 385–413, 446, 473, 515n147, 590n56, 660n20, 682, 693
Patroclus
5, 71, 144, 301–302, 304, 613–615
Peloponnesian War
103, 156–157, 159, 165, 167, 630, 633n11, 697, 715
Pericles
6, 159n47, 190, 227n30, 631n3, 632
Funeral Oration
634n16, 647–650, 702
Peripeteia
110, 121, 124n45
Phalanx, battle formation
5, 98, 246, 389, 398–399, 435, 507–508, 603–604, 609–610, 625, 664, 712, 715
Pharaoh
5, 24, 338–350, 352–355, 542–550, 552–555, 558–559, 561–567, 660, 707–713, 716n8
Pharsalus, Battle of
8, 123, 460n54, 679
Philip II
90–91, 361, 363–364, 366–367, 371n47, 375, 709n6
Phormio
635, 640–641, 648
pitched battles
127–128, 131, 139–140, 255, 306, 249, 404, 427–428, 437, 574n4, 699
Plataea, battle
82, 84, 100–104, 147n17, 194, 605n11, 632–633, 637, 658n14, 697
Plato
7, 14, 16, 18, 22, 81, 140, 147, 186–192, 194–196, 198, 200–201, 205, 210, 213, 232, 237–239, 242, 248, 251, 261, 501n89, 605–606, 610, 631n3, 632, 645n29, 696, 700–701, 703.
eudaimonia, Laches, Socrates, sophrosúne, thumos
Pliny
234n14, 248, 325, 438, 461n56, 681n28
Plutarch
16, 91, 101n43, 115–116, 124n45, 255, 256n118, 331, 370, 372, 374–377, 386n2, 389, 423, 427, 430, 434, 463, 467, 601, 604n10, 607–608, 612n36, 622, 659, 661, 666–667, 674
polis, values of
6, 7n22, 155–156, 188–190, 307n55, 493, 602, 608–609, 611, 621, 624–625, 701
Polyaenus
253–258, 260–261, 365n23, 366, 371, 375, 458, 467n69, 609n26, 677n16, 678
Polybius
8, 9n30, 18n88, 90, 92n22, 95–96, 140, 143, 165–167, 170, 172–174, 242, 244–247, 250, 374n60, 378, 396–401, 424, 425n6, 427–432, 454, 469, 471
Pompey
123–124, 240, 244, 314, 402n47, 698
pre-battle exhortation
7, 10, 61–64, 73, 85, 87, 97n37, 217–218, 220n14, 221, 256, 293, 295, 331, 425, 542, 558n42, 635, 639–643, 646–649, 717
Procopius
24, 480–497, 499–514, 517–527, 693, 711–712
as Homerizing
481, 487, 497n71, 502n93, 519–520, 524–525, 527, 711–712
Protesilaus
144, 175, 699n3
Ramses II
339–340, 342, 577, 716n8
depicted as solitary hero
5, 337, 340, 713
frustration with army
340–341, 351
rhipsaspia. see flight
sacramentum militiae
20, 455
Salamis, Battle of
16, 91n18, 93, 103, 147n17, 149, 151n27, 152–154, 163, 189, 192, 364, 661–662, 664
Sallust
8n26, 85, 87, 95n30, 111, 113, 118, 126–127, 314, 329, 674, 697
Sargon II
39, 50, 50n63, 51, 277, 283, 337, 348, 577, 579, 582–586, 592n62, 667
Scars
114, 432, 515, 527n190, 686
Second Punic War
11, 20, 127, 170, 172, 432
Sennacherib
51, 349, 351, 577–579, 582–584, 586–588, 590–592, 595–596, 658
shame
5–7, 11, 13, 19–20, 116, 122, 125, 131–133, 155, 165, 198, 203–204, 218, 271, 283, 315, 320, 328, 330–331, 448, 453, 458, 462, 473–474, 602, 604, 607, 610–611, 615–617, 626, 649
siege
89, 131, 140, 149, 159, 163, 251, 291, 303, 319–320, 324, 365–366, 368, 373n59, 373n63, 391, 400–401, 427, 435–436, 460, 466, 480, 482, 489n36, 489n37, 506, 509, 525, 554, 558, 560–562, 574n4, 590
Socrates
definition of courage
81–82, 100, 186, 188–192, 206, 209–210, 700–701
in Plato
81–82, 192–200, 204–205, 605, 700
in Xenophon
214–215, 220–221, 227n32, 243, 249, 702
sophrosúne
191, 193, 198–200, 205, 239
Sphacteria, battle
11, 92, 633, 634n14, 636, 644
Stele
17, 38, 623
Stasis
85, 310, 644n26
sthénos
63–65, 68–69
Strabo
169n71, 315, 388–389, 393, 395, 402n47
strategos/oi
156, 158
strategy
4, 73, 83, 90, 96, 105, 157–165, 167, 177, 282–283, 291, 303, 307n55, 340–341, 364, 366, 375, 395, 400, 405, 407, 427, 457–458, 474, 482, 497, 503n96, 509, 560–561, 563, 565, 581, 633, 637, 641, 647n38, 665, 712, 719
Sulla
314–315, 463–464, 469, 472–474
Tacitus
23, 93–94, 111, 113,115, 125–126, 127n52, 130–133, 140, 177, 208–209, 235, 313–317, 319–332, 389, 453, 460–461, 464, 471, 475, 675, 686, 697, 706
Telephus
118–119, 617–620
tharsos/thrasos
58, 75
Therapontes
68, 300–301
Thermopylae, battle
18, 102, 104, 165, 189, 194, 439, 480, 509n118, 608n21, 664, 668
Thersites
146n14, 303–304
Thucydides
6, 10, 14, 20, 24, 84–85, 91–93, 97, 104–105, 111, 140, 148, 157–178, 189–190, 227n30, 305n49, 480–487, 492n47, 502n93, 509n118, 630–650, 697, 712, 715–716
Thumos
65–67, 199, 201, 204, 290n10, 700, 713
Thutmose III
338, 560, 562–567
timē
60–61, 71, 187
Trajan
18, 234n14, 244, 247–249, 259, 261, 472, 674, 680–682, 687
Trojan War
69, 144, 292, 306n54, 630
Tyrtaeus
615n45, 619–620, 622–623, 625
Umma-Lagash, conflict
38
Valerius Maximus
112–113, 115–117, 471, 698
Vergil
17, 140–141, 176, 517
Vespasian
235, 314, 319, 327, 331, 469
victory
7–8, 11, 17–18, 25, 37–39, 42, 45–46, 48, 53, 76, 81n3, 88, 91–92, 100, 103–104, 119, 123, 130, 132n65, 149, 162, 168, 176–177, 187, 194, 212, 217–218, 222–224, 227–228, 253, 255–256, 274, 279, 282, 306–308, 313, 329, 341n2, 345, 349, 351, 362–363, 365, 368–371, 375, 394–396, 403, 405–406, 412, 426, 458, 497, 512, 549, 585, 612, 625, 633, 641–642, 644, 650, 657–658, 660, 663, 668, 679, 683, 687, 696–697, 707, 713, 716, 718
virtus
7–9, 11, 14, 16n74, 22, 84, 176, 186, 209, 233–237, 240–241, 243–245, 248, 257–258, 260–261, 313–318, 321, 324, 332, 373, 393, 402, 429–433, 435–439, 493, 702, 706, 711
warrior deities
272–273, 275–278, 284
Ares
62–63, 66n40, 67–70, 72, 74–75, 77–78, 288, 294–296, 696
Ninurta
273, 275–276, 588
Marduk
47–48, 284, 348–349, 576, 578, 587, 592, 668n35
Women
62, 152, 187, 200, 213, 277, 486n25, 580, 606, 613
Access to courage
16–17, 189, 191, 193, 205, 209, 236, 255–256, 289, 293–300, 304–305, 310, 645–646, 701–702, 705–706
Association with weakness
42, 44–45, 50, 62, 153, 189, 277, 343, 391, 615, 661–663
Wounding, action
429, 431–434, 436
Wounds, positioning
126–127, 332, 506, 514–527, 615n45, 677, 711–712
Xerxes
16, 143, 153, 189, 366, 653–654, 656–657, 661–662, 664–665, 668
Zeus
67n40, 69, 71, 76–77, 197, 293–296, 362–365, 368–369, 372, 616