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Semantic Structures of Grammatical Systems and Their Realizations
Series: - Empirical Approaches to Linguistic Theory, Volume: 26
Author:
The theory proposed in this book enables linguists to explain how utterances are formed in individual languages and why languages differ in how they denote events and states that may appear physically identical.
The formation of utterances is guided by the principle of functional transparency, which consists of three components:
1. Transparency of the utterance’s role in discourse,
2. Transparency of the functions selected from the set coded in the grammatical system of the given language,
3. Transparency of the role of each constituent within the utterance.
These principles of transparency are realized through various coding means, including lexical categories, inflectional and derivational morphology, linear orders, prosodic features, adpositions, subordinators, and complementizers.
The formation of utterances is guided by the principle of functional transparency, which consists of three components:
1. Transparency of the utterance’s role in discourse,
2. Transparency of the functions selected from the set coded in the grammatical system of the given language,
3. Transparency of the role of each constituent within the utterance.
These principles of transparency are realized through various coding means, including lexical categories, inflectional and derivational morphology, linear orders, prosodic features, adpositions, subordinators, and complementizers.
Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Ph.D. (1968), University of Warsaw, is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the university of Colorado. He has published grammars of West, Central, and East Chadic languages, authored and co-authored monographs on complex sentences, reference systems, locative predications, linguistic theory. He published many articles on semantics, syntax, phonology, and grammaticalization.
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1 The Aim of the Volume
2 Main Questions Addressed in the Present Study
3 Semantic Structures of Languages
4 Basic Task in Linguistic Analysis
5 A Preview of Implications
6 The Structure of the Book
7 Summary of the Chapter
2 Functions Encoded in the Grammatical System Are Ontological Categories
Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Kyung-Im Han
1 Introduction
2 Categories Generated in the Grammatical System
3 Locative Predication in Mina
4 Two Locative Predications: A Case of Korean
5 No Locative Domain: A Case in English
6 Summary
7 Implications
3 Category ‘Event Predication’ in the Grammatical System
1 The Terms and the Aim of the Study
2 Main Approaches to the Notion of ‘Event’ so Far
3 The Aspectual System of Hdi
4 ‘Pragmatically Dependent Event Predication’ as a Category of Semantic Structure
5 Conclusions
6 Implications
4 Effects of Functions Encoded in the Grammatical System on the Lexicon
1 The Aim of the Chapter
2 Frequent Approaches to Lexical Properties
3 Reminder of the Theoretical Background
4 The Main Hypotheses
5 The Lexical Categories ‘Noun’, ‘Verb’ and ‘Adjective’
6 Locative Predication with Respect to Entities in Korean
7 Aspect and the Properties of Verbs
8 Verbal Number
9 Benefactive in English
10 Modification of Relational Nouns
11 Why Only Some Functions Encoded in the Grammatical System Are Reflected in the Lexicon
12 Conclusions and Implications
5 Marking of Lexical Categories and the Marking of Functions: The Domain of Attributive Modification
1 The Aim of the Study and the Hypothesis
2 Frequent Approaches to Attributive Modification
3 The Terms
4 A Reminder of Theoretical Assumptions and Methodology
5 Attributive Modification by Morphologically Marked Adjectives
6 Attributive Modification by Morphologically Unmarked Adjectives: The Case of English
7 Modifying Function through Genitive Construction and Comment Marker
8 Inherent Adjectives and Derived Modifiers
9 The Attributive Predicator
10 Conclusions and Implications
6 The Non-Autonomous Sets in the Lexicon
1 Current Assumptions about Verbs and the Claims in the Present Study
2 Major Claims in the Present Chapter
3 Sample of the Questions Addressed
4 Locative Functions Coded in the Grammatical System of Mupun
5 Predication of Motion
6 Conclusions and Implications
7 What Gets Combined in Complex Sentences?
1 The Issues, the Questions, and the Preview of the Outcomes
2 Claims of Clause Combining as a Source of Complex Sentence
3 Against Clause Combining as a Source of Complex Sentences
4 Complex Sentences Are Generated by Combining Propositions
5 Inflectional Coding of Propositions on the Verb
6 Obligatory Realization of Propositions by Clauses
7 Conclusions
8 Equational, Identificational, Attributive, and Existential Predications: An Introduction
1 The Reason the Five Predications Are Discussed
2 State of the Art: The Issue of Verbless Predication
3 The Content and the Goals in next Five Chapters
4 The Problems
5 Theoretical Assumptions and Terms
9 Equational Domain
1 Terms, and Questions to Be Examined
2 Equational Predication with and without a Copula
3 Equational Predication without a Copula
4 Equational Predication with Obligatory Copula
5 Predicate—Identified Constituent Order in Equational Predication
6 A Unified Equational and Attributive Domain
6 Motivation for Copula in Equational Predications
7 Verb Insertion in Equational Clauses
8 Linear Order in Equational Predication Distinct from Linear Order in Verbal Predication
9 Expanded Functions of Equational Predication
10 Conclusions about Equational Predications
10 Identificational Predication
1 Definition, Terms, and Questions
2 Identificational Copula the Same as Equational Copula
3 Identificational Predicate Distinct from Equational Copula
4 Identificational Copula the Same as Focus Marker
5 Demonstratives as Identificational Predicates
6 Demonstrative and 3 p.sg. Pronoun as Identificational Predicates
7 Question about Identity of an Entity
8 Identificational Copula from Focus Marker
9 Conclusions about Identificational Predications
11 Attributive Predication
1 Definition, Terms, and Questions to Be Explored
2 Attributive Copula the Same as Equational Copula
3 Coding Number in Attributive Predicate
4 Attributive Domain Coded by a Lexical Subcategory
5 Attributive Predications through Adjectives and Possessive Constructions
6 Attributive Predication through Reduplication of Non-Adjectives
7 Attributive Predication through Nominalization of the Verb
8 Attributive Predicate Precedes the Noun
9 Absence of Distinct Attributive Predication
10 Summary of Attributive Predications
11 Overall Conclusions for Chapters 9–11
12 Implications
12 Existential Predication
1 Definitions, Terms, and Questions
2 Existential Predication through the Non-Verbal Predicate of Existence
3 Existential Predication through Associative Preposition
4 Existential Predication through Locative Predicate and a Copula
5 Existential Predication through a Locative Anaphor
6 Negative Existential Predications
7 Conclusions about the Existential Predication
13 Possessive Expressions
1 Definitions, Terms, and Questions
2 Possessive Expressions through the Predicate ‘Be in Place’ and Associative Preposition
3 Possessive Expressions through the Locative Complement
4 Conclusions about Possessive Expressions
14 Typology of Semantic Structures
1 Aims of Typology for Semantic Structures
2 Typology of Semantic Structures
3 An Illustration of the Typology of a Functional Domain
4 Types of Locative Domains
5 Language with One Marker of Locative Predication Deployed When Either the Predicate or the Noun Is Not Inherently Locative
6 Different Prepositions for Inherently Locative and Inherently Non-Locative Nouns
7 Languages That Do Not Code Locative Domain
8 Overall Conclusions
15 Conclusions and Implications
1 Fundamental Findings
2 How the Functional Domains and Function Are Discovered
3 The Coding Means
4 Consequences of Postulating the Semantic Structure
5 How Utterances Are Formed
6 An Explanation of the Forms of Utterances
7 An Explanation of Lexical Categories
8 An Explanation for Lexical Subcategories
9 Implications for Linguistic Typology
10 The Non-Autonomy of Some Verbs
References
Index
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1 The Aim of the Volume
2 Main Questions Addressed in the Present Study
3 Semantic Structures of Languages
4 Basic Task in Linguistic Analysis
5 A Preview of Implications
6 The Structure of the Book
7 Summary of the Chapter
2 Functions Encoded in the Grammatical System Are Ontological Categories
Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Kyung-Im Han
1 Introduction
2 Categories Generated in the Grammatical System
3 Locative Predication in Mina
4 Two Locative Predications: A Case of Korean
5 No Locative Domain: A Case in English
6 Summary
7 Implications
3 Category ‘Event Predication’ in the Grammatical System
1 The Terms and the Aim of the Study
2 Main Approaches to the Notion of ‘Event’ so Far
3 The Aspectual System of Hdi
4 ‘Pragmatically Dependent Event Predication’ as a Category of Semantic Structure
5 Conclusions
6 Implications
4 Effects of Functions Encoded in the Grammatical System on the Lexicon
1 The Aim of the Chapter
2 Frequent Approaches to Lexical Properties
3 Reminder of the Theoretical Background
4 The Main Hypotheses
5 The Lexical Categories ‘Noun’, ‘Verb’ and ‘Adjective’
6 Locative Predication with Respect to Entities in Korean
7 Aspect and the Properties of Verbs
8 Verbal Number
9 Benefactive in English
10 Modification of Relational Nouns
11 Why Only Some Functions Encoded in the Grammatical System Are Reflected in the Lexicon
12 Conclusions and Implications
5 Marking of Lexical Categories and the Marking of Functions: The Domain of Attributive Modification
1 The Aim of the Study and the Hypothesis
2 Frequent Approaches to Attributive Modification
3 The Terms
4 A Reminder of Theoretical Assumptions and Methodology
5 Attributive Modification by Morphologically Marked Adjectives
6 Attributive Modification by Morphologically Unmarked Adjectives: The Case of English
7 Modifying Function through Genitive Construction and Comment Marker
8 Inherent Adjectives and Derived Modifiers
9 The Attributive Predicator
10 Conclusions and Implications
6 The Non-Autonomous Sets in the Lexicon
1 Current Assumptions about Verbs and the Claims in the Present Study
2 Major Claims in the Present Chapter
3 Sample of the Questions Addressed
4 Locative Functions Coded in the Grammatical System of Mupun
5 Predication of Motion
6 Conclusions and Implications
7 What Gets Combined in Complex Sentences?
1 The Issues, the Questions, and the Preview of the Outcomes
2 Claims of Clause Combining as a Source of Complex Sentence
3 Against Clause Combining as a Source of Complex Sentences
4 Complex Sentences Are Generated by Combining Propositions
5 Inflectional Coding of Propositions on the Verb
6 Obligatory Realization of Propositions by Clauses
7 Conclusions
8 Equational, Identificational, Attributive, and Existential Predications: An Introduction
1 The Reason the Five Predications Are Discussed
2 State of the Art: The Issue of Verbless Predication
3 The Content and the Goals in next Five Chapters
4 The Problems
5 Theoretical Assumptions and Terms
9 Equational Domain
1 Terms, and Questions to Be Examined
2 Equational Predication with and without a Copula
3 Equational Predication without a Copula
4 Equational Predication with Obligatory Copula
5 Predicate—Identified Constituent Order in Equational Predication
6 A Unified Equational and Attributive Domain
6 Motivation for Copula in Equational Predications
7 Verb Insertion in Equational Clauses
8 Linear Order in Equational Predication Distinct from Linear Order in Verbal Predication
9 Expanded Functions of Equational Predication
10 Conclusions about Equational Predications
10 Identificational Predication
1 Definition, Terms, and Questions
2 Identificational Copula the Same as Equational Copula
3 Identificational Predicate Distinct from Equational Copula
4 Identificational Copula the Same as Focus Marker
5 Demonstratives as Identificational Predicates
6 Demonstrative and 3 p.sg. Pronoun as Identificational Predicates
7 Question about Identity of an Entity
8 Identificational Copula from Focus Marker
9 Conclusions about Identificational Predications
11 Attributive Predication
1 Definition, Terms, and Questions to Be Explored
2 Attributive Copula the Same as Equational Copula
3 Coding Number in Attributive Predicate
4 Attributive Domain Coded by a Lexical Subcategory
5 Attributive Predications through Adjectives and Possessive Constructions
6 Attributive Predication through Reduplication of Non-Adjectives
7 Attributive Predication through Nominalization of the Verb
8 Attributive Predicate Precedes the Noun
9 Absence of Distinct Attributive Predication
10 Summary of Attributive Predications
11 Overall Conclusions for Chapters 9–11
12 Implications
12 Existential Predication
1 Definitions, Terms, and Questions
2 Existential Predication through the Non-Verbal Predicate of Existence
3 Existential Predication through Associative Preposition
4 Existential Predication through Locative Predicate and a Copula
5 Existential Predication through a Locative Anaphor
6 Negative Existential Predications
7 Conclusions about the Existential Predication
13 Possessive Expressions
1 Definitions, Terms, and Questions
2 Possessive Expressions through the Predicate ‘Be in Place’ and Associative Preposition
3 Possessive Expressions through the Locative Complement
4 Conclusions about Possessive Expressions
14 Typology of Semantic Structures
1 Aims of Typology for Semantic Structures
2 Typology of Semantic Structures
3 An Illustration of the Typology of a Functional Domain
4 Types of Locative Domains
5 Language with One Marker of Locative Predication Deployed When Either the Predicate or the Noun Is Not Inherently Locative
6 Different Prepositions for Inherently Locative and Inherently Non-Locative Nouns
7 Languages That Do Not Code Locative Domain
8 Overall Conclusions
15 Conclusions and Implications
1 Fundamental Findings
2 How the Functional Domains and Function Are Discovered
3 The Coding Means
4 Consequences of Postulating the Semantic Structure
5 How Utterances Are Formed
6 An Explanation of the Forms of Utterances
7 An Explanation of Lexical Categories
8 An Explanation for Lexical Subcategories
9 Implications for Linguistic Typology
10 The Non-Autonomy of Some Verbs
References
Index
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