Abbreviations
| 1 |
first person |
| 2 |
second person |
| 3 |
third person |
| aa |
additional argument marker |
| abs |
absolutive |
| acc |
accusative |
| addr |
addressee |
| adj |
adjective |
| adv |
adverb |
| again |
verbal extension coding the repetition of an action |
| all |
allative |
| also |
verbal extension coding the truth of the proposition in relation to a previous proposition |
| anaph |
anaphor |
| appl |
applicative |
| Ar. |
Arabic |
| assc |
associative |
| att |
attributive |
| aux |
auxiliary |
| away |
verbal extension coding motion away |
| c.foc |
contrastive focus |
| caus |
causative |
| coll |
collective |
| com |
comment marker |
| comp |
complementizer |
| compl |
completive |
| cond |
conditional |
| conj |
conjunction |
| cons |
consecutive |
| cont |
continuative |
| contrast |
contrastive |
| cop |
copula |
| d |
distal marker |
| d. |
dependent |
| dat |
dative |
| dat.or |
dative orientation |
| deb |
debitive |
| ded |
deduced reference |
| def |
definite |
| dem |
demonstrative |
| det |
determiner |
| dimin |
diminutive |
| down |
movement down extension |
| du |
dual |
| dub |
dubitative |
| ee |
end-of-event |
| emph |
emphatic |
| Eng. |
English |
| ep |
epenthetic |
| ex |
existential |
| excl |
exclamation |
| exclu |
exclusive |
| ext |
extension |
| f |
feminine |
| F. |
Fula (Fulfulde) |
| foc |
focus |
| for |
preposition coding benefactive/dative |
| Fr. |
French |
| freq |
frequentative |
| fut |
future |
| gen |
genitive relation marker (not only case marker) |
| gen:pl |
genitive plural |
| go |
goal |
| gr |
grade |
| h. |
Hausa |
| hab |
habitual |
| hl |
human locative |
| hum |
unspecified human subject |
| hyp |
hypothetical |
| i.o. |
indirect object |
| icp |
‘Intransitive Copy Pronoun’ (possessive pronouns coding subject added to intransitive verbs, from Frajzyngier 2011b) |
| imp |
imperative |
| impf |
imperfective |
| in |
spatial specifier coding movement into a space |
| incept |
inceptive |
| incl |
inclusive |
| indef |
indefinite human subject |
| inf |
infinitive |
| inn |
inner space marker |
| instr |
instrumental |
| interj |
interjection |
| interr |
interrogative |
| intns |
intensifier |
| inv |
inverse |
| ipfv |
imperfective |
| K. |
Kanuri |
| l |
logophoric |
| l.c. |
locative complement marker |
| Lam |
Lamang |
| loc |
locative |
| m |
masculine |
| mod |
modal |
| n |
noun |
| neg |
negative |
| Ng. |
Ngambay |
| nls |
new location/state |
| nom |
nominative |
| norm |
normative |
| np |
noun phrase |
| num |
numeral |
| o |
object |
| obj |
object |
| obl |
oblique |
| od |
direct object (in citations from Newman 2000) |
| oi |
indirect object (in citations from Newman 2000) |
| on |
extension ‘on’ |
| onom |
onomatopoeic |
| out |
verbal extension coding motion out |
| p |
proximate |
| part |
partitive |
| past |
past |
| pb |
phrasal boundary |
| pfv |
perfective |
| pl |
plural |
| pnct |
punctual |
| po |
potential object |
| pol |
polite |
| pos |
point of view of subject/source |
| poss |
possessive |
| pred |
locative predicator |
| prep |
preposition |
| pres |
present |
| prf |
perfective |
| pro |
pronoun |
| prog |
progressive |
| proh |
prohibitive |
| pst |
past |
| purp |
purpose |
| pvg |
point of view of goal |
| q |
question |
| quant |
quantifier |
| r |
remote |
| r1 |
first reduplicant |
| r2 |
second reduplicant |
| re |
reverse |
| rec |
recent past |
| recip |
reciprocal |
| redup |
reduplication |
| ref |
referential |
| refl |
reflexive |
| rel |
relative |
| rem |
remote previous mention |
| s |
sentence |
| s |
source; subject |
| s.o. |
subject oriented |
| seq |
sequential |
| sg |
singular |
| so |
point of view of source |
| spec |
spatial specifier |
| sq |
specific question marker |
| stat |
stative |
| sub |
subjunctive |
| subj |
subjunctive |
| svc |
serial verb construction |
| tag |
tag question |
| temp |
temporal |
| to |
destinative preposition ‘to’ |
| top |
topic |
| tq |
question about the truth |
| uh |
unspecified human subject |
| up |
verbal extension indicating movement upward |
| v |
verb |
| vent |
ventive |
| vn |
verbal noun |