1 Isaac Casaubon. Icones Leidenses 44, Collection Leiden University 51
2 Joseph Justus Scaliger. Jacob Marci and Justum a Colster, Illustrium Hollandiae Westfrisiae ordinum alma academia Leidensis (Leiden, 1614), Dedication 55
3 Thomas Erpenius. Engraved portrait by (studio) de Passe. Joannes Meursius, Athenæ Batavæ. Sive, De vrbe Leidensi, & academiâ, virisque claris (Leiden: Andries Clouck, Bonaventura en Abraham Elzevier, 1625) 72
4 Portrait of Adriaen Reland by Johan George Colasius, c. 1710. Collectie Universiteitsmuseum Utrecht, inv.nr UG-5123 130
5 General view of St Paul’s Monastery from the southeast (2005). Photograph © Nicholas Warner 150
6 Claude Sicard (1677–1726), Carte des déserts de la Basse-Thébaïde aux environs des monastères de St Antoine et de St Paul hermites avec le plan des lieux par où les Israëlites ont probablement passé en sortant d’Egypte. 1717. Source: gallica.bnf.fr/Bibliothèque nationale de France 159
7 The Cave Church of St Paul from the northwest with the keep and the Church of St Mercurius in the background (2005). Photograph © Nicholas Warner 164
8 A dome in the Cave Church painted with Christ surrounded by the living animals of the Evangelists above a row of the 24 elders of the Coptic Church (2005). Photograph © Nicholas Warner 165
9 Richard Pococke, A Description of the East, and Some Other Countries. Volume the First. Observations on Egypt (London, 1743), p. 128, pl. 51 168
10 St Paul’s Monastery seen from the east. Georg Schweinfurth, Auf unbetretenen Wegen in Aegypten (Hamburg, 1922) 178
11 St Paul’s Monastery seen from the walls. Johann Georg Herzog zu Sachsen, Neueste Streifzüge durch die Kirchen und Klöster Ägyptens (Leipzig, 1931) 187
12 The monks of St Paul’s Monastery. Johann Georg Herzog zu Sachsen, Neueste Streifzüge durch die Kirchen und Klöster Ägyptens (Leipzig, 1931) 188
13 Georg August Wallin. Image from Leopold Henrik Stanislaus Mechelin (ed.), Finland in the Nineteenth Century by Finnish authors. Illustrated by Finnish artists (Helsingfors, 1894), p. 305 192
14 The entries in Bedwell’s album amicorum by Frans Raphelengius Jr. and Joost Raphelengius. Leiden University Library, MS BPL 2753, fols 93v–94r 220
15 William Bedwell’s letter to Frans Raphelengius Jr. Leiden University Library, MS Pap.15 222
16 William Bedwell’s Arabic edition of the Johannine Epistles, D. Johannis Apostoli et Evangelistae Epistolae Catholicae omnes, Arabicae anti aliquot secula factae (Leiden, 1612), p. 47 223
17 Franciscus Raphelengius. Icones Leidenses 26, Collection Leiden University 230
18 Engraving of Friedrich Eberhard Boysen by Friedrich Schlüter. Friedrich Eberhard Boysen, Eigene Lebensbeschreibung. Erster Theil (Quedlinburg, 1795), Frontispiece 349
19 Jacobus Golius. Icones Leidenses 81, Collection Leiden University 385
20 Ludovico Marracci. Portrait held in the Church of Santa Maria in Campitelli, Rione Sant’Angelo, Rome. Painter and date unknown 395