Figures and Maps
1.1.1, 1.1.2 The shrine (maqam) of Shaykh Arslan al-Dimashqi (photos by Daniel Demeter/Syrian Photo Guide) 39
1.2 Sufi lodges in mid-fourteenth-century Damascus (map by Daphna Ephrat) 43
1.3 The Levant around the mid-thirteenth century (map by Daphna Ephrat) 49
1.4 Sufi lodges in mid-fourteenth-century Jerusalem (map by Daphna Ephrat) 55
1.5 The zawiya in Dayr al-Shaykh (Wikipedia.org) 57
2.1 Villages and trade routes in Upper Egypt (Cartographer: Daniel Quintanilla) 66
3.1 Map of North Africa (© Bulle Tuil Leonetti) 92
3.2 Diras ibn Ismaʿil’s mausoleum, Fes (© Bulle Tuil Leonetti) 94
3.3 Abu Jida’s mosque, Fes (© Bulle Tuil Leonetti) 95
3.4 Abu Bakr b. al-ʿArabi’s mausoleum, Fes (© Bulle Tuil Leonetti) 96
3.5 Ibn Hirzihim’s mausoleum, Fes (© Bulle Tuil Leonetti) 97
3.6 Abu Madyan’s complex, Tlemcen (© Bulle Tuil Leonetti) 98
3.7 Abu Ishaq al-Tayyar’s mausoleum, Tlemcen (© Bulle Tuil Leonetti) 99
3.8 Al-Hulwi’s mosque, Tlemcen (© Bulle Tuil Leonetti) 100
3.9 Muhriz b. Khalaf’s mausoleum, Tunis (© Bulle Tuil Leonetti) 101
3.10 Abu Saʿid’s complex, Tunis (© Bulle Tuil Leonetti) 102
3.11 Diras b. Ismaʿil’s stele, Fes (© Bulle Tuil Leonetti) 107
4.1 “Rediscovered” footprints of right foot of Sari Saltuq (left) and of the right foot of the 16th-century grand master Balim Sultan of the Bektashi Sufi order (right), tekke complex of the Albanian Kryegjysh Reshat Bardhi, Saranda, southern Albania (photo by Sara Kuehn) 118
4.2 Tekke complex of the Albanian Kryegjysh Reshat Bardhi, Saranda, southern Albania (photo by Sara Kuehn) 119
4.3 Inside the türbe of Sari Saltuq, Blagaj Tekke, Blagaj near Mostar, present-day Bosnia-Herzegovina (photo by Sara Kuehn) 113
4.4 Cave of Sari Saltuq on Mount Sari Saltuq (Mali i Sari Salltëkut), Kruja, northern Albania (photo by Sara Kuehn) 134
4.5 Pilgrims collecting pebbles as relics, Cave of Sari Saltuq on Mount Sari Saltuq, Kruja, northern Albania (photo by Sara Kuehn) 136
4.6 Maqam with the footprint of Sari Saltuq in a small forest between Fushkruja and Kruja, northern Albania (photo by Sara Kuehn) 137
4.7 Footprint of Sari Saltuq in a small forest between Fushkruja and Kruja, northern Albania (photo by Sara Kuehn) 138
4.8 Print of Sari Saltuq, maqam with the footprint of Sari Saltuq in the small forest between Fushkruja and Kruja, northern Albania (photo by Sara Kuehn) 140
4.9 St. Spyridon, Icon, 1500 to 1600, Museum of Byzantine Culture, Thessaloniki, Greece (photo: public domain) 141
5.1 Shrine of Khoja Ishaq Khuttalani (photo by Jo-Ann Gross) 151
5.2 Grave of Khoja Ishaq Khuttalani (photo by Jo-Ann Gross) 152
6.1 Entrance to the Pahlvān Maḥmūd shrine complex, Khiva (photo by Devin DeWeese) 192
6.2 The shrine of Sayyid ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, Khiva (photo by Devin DeWeese) 193
6.3 Interior of the Üch Awliya shrine, Khiva (photo by Devin DeWeese) 194
6.4 The shrine of Ismamut Ata (photo by Devin DeWeese) 197
6.5 The shrine of Najm al-Dīn Kubrā, Köneurgench (photo by Devin DeWeese) 199
6.6 The shrine of Najm al-Dīn Kubrā, Köneurgench (photo by Devin DeWeese) 199
6.7 The shrine of “Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī,” Köneurgench (photo by Devin DeWeese) 200
6.8 The shrine of “Shaykh Sharaf” (Tekish), Köneurgench (photo by Devin DeWeese) 201
6.9 The shrine of “Tura-bek Khanïm,” Köneurgench (photo by Devin DeWeese) 202
6.10 The shrine of Ḥakīm Ata and Sayyid Ata, north of Qongrat (photo by Devin DeWeese) 203
6.11 Map of Khwārazm (Adapted by Eric Ross from Map No. 33, “Khorezm in the 18th–19th Centuries,” in Yuri Bregel, An Historical Atlas of Central Asia (Leiden: Brill, 2003); (used by permission) 204
7.1 Tokat, map of lodge locations and major monuments (map by Eric Ross) 228
7.2 Citadel area with restored Abu Shams lodge in foreground (photo by Ethel Wolper) 229
7.3 Sünbül Baba lodge entrance portal (photo by Ethel Wolper) 233
7.4 Tokat, Halef Gazi lodge facade (photo by Ethel Wolper) 235
9.1 Samma cluster, ca. late 14th–early 16th century, Makli Necropolis (photo by Fatima Quraishi) 271
9.2 Tomb of Jam Nizam al-Din 915/1509–10, Makli Necropolis (photo by Fatima Quraishi) 276
9.3 Central Enclosure of the Tomb of Mirza ʿIsa Khan Tarkhan I, Makli Necropolis (photo by Fatima Quraishi) 280
9.4 Tomb Complex of ʿIsa Khan Tarkhan II, 1062/1651–2, Makli Necropolis (photo by Fatima Quraishi) 286
9.5 Cenotaph, Rabiʿ ul Awwal 967/1558 or Rabiʿ ul Awwal 977/1569 (possible death date from partially legible date inscribed on the cenotaph), Makli Necropolis (photo by Fatima Quraishi) 290
9.6 Cenotaph of Diwan Shurfa with Nad-i ʿAli, 1048/1638, Makli Necropolis (photo by Fatima Quraishi) 295
10.1 Twelve Imams, Erikli Baba Cemevi, Istanbul (built fourteenth–nineteenth century, restored late twentieth century) (photo by Angela Andersen) 307
10.2 Pir Sultan Abdal poster, Diyarbakir Municipality (Büyükşehir Belediyesi) Pir Sultan Abdal Cem and Culture House (Kültür Evi) (built 2011) (photo by Angela Andersen) 317
10.3 Meydan, Garip Dede Cemevi, Istanbul (built c. 1994) (photo by Angela Andersen) 323
10.4 Dais, London England Alevi Cultural Centre and Cem Evi (Londra Ingiltere Alevi Kültür Merkezi ve Cem Evi) (opened 1994) (photo by Angela Andersen) 324
10.5 Exemplars, Yenibosna Cemevi, Istanbul (built 1995) (photo by Angela Andersen) 325
10.6 Girders and lantern, Adalar Cemevi, Adalar Cemevi Vakfı, Burgazada, Princes’ Islands, Istanbul (built c. 1996) (photo by Angela Andersen) 325
10.7 Kirlangıç lantern vaulting in the meydan of the Haci Bektash Veli Tekke (built sixteenth–nineteenth century) (photo by Angela Andersen) 327
10.8 Heart and Soul Nebulas, Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Image, source NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA (2010) https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/multimedia/wiseimage20100524.html 328
11.1 Qawwali performance at Hajji ʿAli dargah (@ Archives Anne & Alexandre Papas) 350
11.2 The police office at the entrance of the Mahimi dargah (@ Archives Anne & Alexandre Papas) 350
11.3 A dervish in the courtyard of the Mahimi dargah (@ Archives Anne & Alexandre Papas) 352
11.4 Pedro Shah dargah (@ Archives Anne & Alexandre Papas) 353
11.5 Inside the Bismillah Shah Jahangiri lodge (khanqah) (@ Archives Anne & Alexandre Papas) 354
11.6 Entrance of the Meera Datar dargah, with the body of a deceased person lying on the floor (@ Archives Anne & Alexandre Papas) 356
11.7 Malang Sufi in the alley to the Meera Datar dargah (@ Archives Anne & Alexandre Papas) 357
11.8 A popular representation of the pilgrimage route sold at the Hajji Malang dargah (@ Archives Anne & Alexandre Papas) 358
11.9 One of the countless temples dedicated to Sai Baba in Bombay (here, Fort quarter) (@ Archives Anne & Alexandre Papas) 361
12.1 Ancien Régime Senegambia, showing location of clerical centers (plan by Eric Ross) 369
12.2 Contemporary Senegal, showing location of Sufi centers (plan by Eric Ross) 373
12.3 Plan of the center of Touba (plan by Eric Ross) 379
12.4 Plan of the center of Darou Mouhty (plan by Eric Ross) 380
12.5 Plan of the center of Madina Baye neighborhood in Kaolack (plan by Eric Ross) 381
12.6 Plan of the center of Ndiassane (plan by Eric Ross) 382
12.7 The Great Mosque of Touba (photo by Eric Ross) 384
12.8 The Great Mosque of Madina Baye in Kaolack (photo by Eric Ross) 384
12.9 Monumentalized well, first dug in 1937, on the public square of Madina Baye (photo by Eric Ross) 385
12.10 Domed mausoleum of Shaykh Bou Kounta next to the Great Mosque of Ndiassane (photo by Eric Ross) 385
12.11 Monumental perimeter wall and gate of Kër-gu Mak in Boukhatoul Moubaraka neighborhood, Diourbel 387
12.12 Newly-built mbar, nearing completion on the central square of Ndiassane (photo by Eric Ross) 387
12.13 The neighborhood mosque in Gouye Mbind ward, Touba, decorated for the Grand Màggal (photo by Eric Ross) 389
14.1–14.4 The dynamic of spiritual movement (drawings by Itzchak Weismann) 419, 425, 428, 432
15.1 Women pilgrims singing praise songs (photo by Pnina Werbner) 442
15.2 Rab Nawaz at Ghamkol Sharif (photo by Pnina Werbner) 444
15.3 The qafilas arriving at the ʿurs (photo by Pnina Werbner) 445
15.4 Zindapirs final duʿaʾ (photo by Pnina Werbner) 453
15.5 Disciples gathered for the final duʿaʾ (photo by Pnina Werbner) 453
15.6 The valley of Ghamkol Sharif (photo by Pnina Werbner) 455
16.1 “Shayk Ahmed, a testimony of faith and charity” (memory album of Pequeña Siria ʿAlawi community) (photo by Silvia Montenegro) 463
16.2 Shaykh Ahmed headstone with photo plaque attached (photo by Silvia Montenegro) 465
16.3 Shrine view from outside (photo by Silvia Montenegro) 468
16.4 Inside the shrine (photo by Silvia Montenegro) 470
16.5 “Homeland objects” (photo by Silvia Montenegro) 471
16.6 “Diaporic objects” (photo by Silvia Montenegro) 474
16.7 “Incongrous objects” (photo by Silvia Montenegro) 475
16.8 Shaykh Daghestani cenotaph, Sufi Haqqani community in La Consulta (Mendoza) (photo by Silvia Montenegro) 477
16.9 ʿAlawi family performing ziyara (photo by Silvia Montenegro) 482
16.10 Healing stones (photo by Silvia Montenegro) 483