Index
12th Five-year Plan
31
13th Five-year Plan
34, 43, 61, 103, 106, 109, 173, 178–179, 182
14th Five-year Plan
61
15th Five-year Plan
61
18th Session of the 12th NPC Standing Committee
19
18th Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People’s Congress
5
1964 Census
2
2000 Census
189–190, 200
2005 Census
191–192
2007 World Population Data Sheet
10
2008 financial crisis
92
2010 Census
6–7, 43, 45–46, 134–136, 188, 197
2010 Chinese General Social Survey
30
5-Point Scale
139, 155
absolute poverty
106–109, 125
accounting computerization
75
administrative costs
19
administrative interference
104
administrative system
130–131, 164
admittance of migrant children to public school
123
affordable housing
31, 122–123
age distribution
46
age structure
68, 72–73, 76
age-appropriate population
39
age-structure effect
26
aging countries
11
aging population
2, 10, 14, 24, 73
agricultural sector
85
All-China Women’s Federation
134
Amendment to the Population and Family Planning Law
34
Amendment to the Population and Family Planning Law (the Draft)
19
Americas
109
An Open Letter to All Communist Party Members and Communist Youth League Members on the Control of Population Growth of Our Country
3
annual fiscal burden
181
annual growth rate
52, 54, 111
annuity system
176–180, 183
annuity tax
177
Anthony Giddens
69
Asian countries
85
Australia
84, 99
average growth rate
14
average income
108, 110–111
average level of income
108
average monthly living expense
116
average monthly wage
111–113
average resident income
94
average wage
96, 110–113
baby boom generation
16
bachelor’s degree
139, 188–189, 200
basic national condition
82
basic necessities
107
basic old-age insurance for urban employees
165, 172
basic old-age insurance system
182
basic pension insurance
175, 179
basic public health fund
125
basic public service
68, 80, 105, 124, 130–132
basic public service delivery mechanism
80
basic public service system
105, 124
basic public welfare institution
131
behavioral adaptation
132
benefits exclusively for female employee
146
benefits from marriage
187
benefits transferability
180
biostatistics
20
birth control
1–6, 17–19, 21–25, 32–33, 61–62
birth intervals
3–4
birth level
19
birth rate
2, 4, 14, 18, 20, 28, 43
birth restrictions
6–7, 9, 22, 24
breast-feeding
156, 158
buffer period
1, 19
burden on enterprise
177, 183
business administration
75
business crisis
16
business tax
104
Cai Yifei
39 n. 1
Canada
99, 118
candidates for and holders of master’s and doctoral degrees
197–199
capacity for implementation
164, 194
capital gain
95–96
capital input
12
capital market
104
capital-exporting country
15
care services for infants
30–31
career bottleneck
156
career development
28, 105, 134, 156, 160
career goal
149–152, 157
Career planning
149–151, 156
career preference
149
central SOE
179
Chen Youhua
21
child care
28
child development
32–33, 36
childbearing age
12, 18, 20–21, 24, 26–27, 33, 60
childcare centers
32
children’s education
28–29, 37, 54, 124
children-specific costs
28
China Industrial Economics
94
China Labor Statistics Yearbooks
172
China Population and Development Research Center
26
China Report of the Development on Aging Cause 2013
7
China Rich List
151
China Statistical Yearbook
90, 112, 115, 118–119, 121, 165, 168, 172, 177
China Statistical Yearbook for the Regional Economy
52
Chinese citizen
166
Chinese colleges and universities
186, 194
Chinese national
181
Chinese people of marrying age
187
Chinese policymaker
183
Chinese population
40
Chinese Premier
32, 38
Chinese society
109
Chinese Working Women Survey 2016
137–141, 143–155
city-based dualistic structure
109
civil right
166, 181
Club of Rome
8
coefficient of variation
93
cohort component method
40, 43, 45
college age students
61
college entrance examination
124
common good
37
communication between superiors and subordinates
143–144
communication cost
141
communications engineering
75
comparative advantage
191, 202
compensation and incentive mechanisms
130
comprehensively and moderately prosperous society
161
compulsory education
80, 105, 123–124
compulsory participation
164–165
constant price
106
consumer goods
118, 137, 140–141, 147, 149
consumer market
14
consumer spending
116–119, 121–122
contemporary women
159
contribution base
174–176
contribution rate
182
corporate annuities
176–179, 183
corporate annuity coverage
176–177
corporate annuity policy
179
corporate annuity system
176–179
corporate benefit
159
corporate contribution
176
corporate employee
161, 175
corporate management system
156
corporate payroll
176
corporate tax reduction
179
cost of education
37
costs of living
115
cost-sharing mechanism
131
cost-sharing responsibility
131
county town
58
CPC Central Committee
80, 106
CPC Central Committee’s Proposal on Formulating the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) on National Economic and Social Development
106
CPC Committee
2
CPC Committee of the Family Planning Commission
4
cross-regional compensation mechanism
131
cultural cohesion
132
Cultural Revolution
3
current-period contribution
169
Czech Republic
29
dating choice
188
dating market
186–187, 189–192, 194, 197–198, 201–202
Decision of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on the Full Implementation of the Two-Child Policy and the Reform and Improvement of Family Planning Service Management
32
Decision on Reforming the Pension Insurance System for the Staff of Government Departments and Public Institutions
174
Deepa Narayan
108
deferred taxation
183
deindustrialization
15
demographic change
47
demographic conditions
17
demographic dividend
13–14
demographic group
5
demographic problem
4, 6, 12, 23
demographic situation
1–2, 17, 39–40
demographic structure
4–5, 10, 21–22, 24, 26, 68, 73
demographic transition
13–14, 28
demographic window of opportunity
22
Denmark
36, 99
dependency burden
15
dependency ratio
13–14, 16–17, 22
developed countries
95–102, 187, 201–202
developing countries
17, 98–99
developmental factor
88
developmental stage
82
direct tax
98
Directive on Promoting Family Planning
2
discontinuation of premium payment
169
dispatching of labor
169
distributive inequity
104
early education service
35
East Asia
10, 13
East Asian economies
13
East Asian miracle
13
East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy
13
e-commerce
75
econometric model fitting
40
economic and social development
40, 45, 85, 106, 134–135
economic and social structures
65
economic basis
102
economic burden
14
economic development pattern
75, 102, 104, 151
economic gap
94
economic globalization
15
Economic Growth and Income Inequality
84
economic growth pattern
24, 194
economic growth rate
12, 102
economic structure
102, 133
economic systems
24
economic take-off
14
economically developed region
133
economies of scale
77
education level
67, 71, 81, 89, 127, 129, 139, 187, 189, 191–197, 199–202
education resources
37, 59, 61
education supply
105
educational background
29–30
educational barriers
60
educational budget
123
educational expense
29
educational fairness
61
educational materials
40
educational resources
123
educational spending
29, 31, 37
educational stage
41, 43
educational system
39–40
elderly care service
24
elderly population
11–12, 14–16, 22, 39
elementary school
124
elementary school student
6, 54
elementary school teacher
58
elementary school-age population
41, 43, 47
elementary schoolers
61
empirical studies
194
employee wage
163, 181
employment discrimination
136, 156–157
employment potential
31
employment situation
134
employment stability
77–78, 168
empty nesters
7
Engel’s coefficient
118–120
entrance examination
124
environmental pollution
8
environmental pressure
8
environmental problems
8
environmental protection
136–137, 140–141, 145, 147–149
equal citizen treatment
166
ethnic minorities
4
EU member countries
17
European Commission
180
European Debt Crisis
16–17
European Union
17
Eurozone
17
exit and entry document
81
expenditure cap
110
extra-curricular educational services
37
fair access to residents’ rights
161
fair and equitable employment
133
fair rule
183
fair treatment
174
fairness in education
40
family planning
3, 5, 19
family planning authorities
2–3
Family Planning Commission
2, 4, 27–28
family planning committees
3
family policy reform
32–33
family structure
201
family support policies
32–33
family welfare
132
family-planning policy
1–5, 7–10, 12, 18, 23
family-planning regulations
4
fast-moving consumer goods
137, 140–141, 147, 149
feelings of being excluded
122
female employment
34–35, 133, 157
female employment rate
133
female labor force participation
36
female leader
151–155, 159
Female Leadership
152–153, 159
female-exclusive benefit
133
Feng Guanggang
101
fertility behavior
25, 27
fertility control
3
fertility indicators
24
fertility policy
3
fertility rate
2
fertility rebound
19
fetal gender identification
12
Fifth National Population Census of the People’s Republic of China
6
Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee
106
financial management
75
financial stress
27–28, 30
first-mover advantage
129
fiscal deficits
102
fiscal expenditure
101
five insurances and one fund
125–126
floating population
30–31, 58, 64, 68, 75–77, 79–80, 109–111, 122–126, 129–131, 167, 169
flying geese paradigm
93
foreign investment
93
formal schooling
36
Four Asian Tigers
85
France
11, 17, 29, 84, 98
full coverage with basic benefits
181
further social development
78
Gao Wenshu
39
Gary Fields
85
gender awareness
156
gender difference
134, 138–139, 147, 151, 153–155, 195
gender discrimination
135, 137, 143, 155, 157
gender equality
32–33
gender preference
23, 145
gender selection technique
186
gender structure
23
Gender-specific Benefits for Women
148–149
general hospital
34
Germany
29, 84, 98
Gini coefficient
82–84, 86–88, 90–91, 93, 98–99, 101
glass ceiling
138–141
global
118, 133, 202
government agencies
175–176, 178
government departments
70, 78, 174
government officials
8
government organ
161, 165, 171–175, 178, 183
government quota
194
government subsidies
157, 163, 166
government work report
32
graduate education
188
grass-roots authorities
164
graying
11
Greece
17
growth curve method
46
He Lixin
100
Health and Family Planning Commission of Shandong Province
27–28
health care
14, 32, 137, 140–141, 147, 149
health problems
125
Healthcare Handbook for Children Aged Zero to Six
124
Henan Provincial Regulations on Population and Family Planning
18
hidden income
88, 100
high school
66, 105, 124, 139, 189, 194
high school-age population
41
high schoolers
61
high welfare trap
17
high-end industries
77, 93
high-income bracket
89
high-income group
90, 145
highly-educated women
159, 196
high-welfare system
17
Hiroshi Sato
100
hollowing-out
15
Hong Kong
85, 134
host society
109
Hou Huili
100, 171
household contract responsibility system
186
household income
118
household registration
18, 64–67, 69, 71, 73, 76–78, 81, 131
household registration reform
64, 66–68, 76, 78, 130
household registration system
64–69, 72, 75–76, 79, 110, 129–130
housekeeping service
196
housing fund
112, 114, 123, 125–126
housing fund program
126
Huang Wenzheng
20
hukou
115–121, 18, 24, 43, 45–46, 61, 64–69, 71, 73–76, 78–81, 114, 123–127, 129–130, 169–170, 182, 186, 190–192
hukou quota
66
hukou system reform
24, 67
human capital
71–72, 76, 95, 105, 132, 196, 201
Human Development Report 1996
86
human resources
8, 13, 73, 77, 98, 124, 182
human resources flow
182
Hurun Reports
151
importance index
154
incentivized effect
178
incidences of poverty
106, 110
inclusive and transferable pension insurance system
182
inclusive and transferable urban employee pension insurance system
182
inclusive basic family welfare system
132
inclusive basic welfare system
131
inclusive national pension system
166
inclusive social insurance reform
167
income distribution
30, 38, 82, 84–86, 91
income distribution reform
82–83
income distribution system
83, 110
income earner
105, 111
income gap
71, 82–93, 95–96, 98–104
income level
91, 114, 145
income redistribution
96, 99
individual ability
89
individual contribution
162–164, 169, 176, 178
industrial capital
15
industrial economies
16
industrial restructuring
74, 78
industrial structure
12, 24
industrial transformation
11
industrial upgrading
75–76, 78
industrialization
8, 20, 45, 70, 84–85, 95
industrialized countries
109
infant care class
36
informal employment
127, 168
information engineering
75
information technology
75
in-hospital delivery
33
initial income distribution
38, 96
initial value
45
input-output ratio
163
Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
173
institutional arrangement
164–165, 167, 170, 176, 183
institutional barriers
95, 129–130
institutional conflict
161
institutional isolation
110
institutional linkage
181
institutional reform
82
institutionalized risk
70
Insurance account
169, 175, 182
insurance coverage
165, 167–171
insurance fund
174–175
insurance fund raising
175
insured contributor
171
interest rate
104
inter-generational distribution of income
16
inter-generational support structure
16
inter-generational transmission
201
inter-group equity
181
inter-group income gap
88
Interim Measures for Household Registration of Migrant Workers in Shenzhen City (SFHB [2012] No. 40)
66
Interim Regulations on Residential permits
80
international community
10
international economics and trade
75
International Labor Organization
34
international migration
41
interpersonal interaction
159
interpersonal relationship
138, 141–142, 159
interpersonal relationships at work
138, 141
inter-provincial difference
54
inter-regional continuation of education funding
132
inter-regional difference
124
inter-regional disparities
76, 78, 130
inter-regional gap
45, 71–73, 77
inter-regional imbalance
62
interrelationship between family and work responsibilities
158
intra-group gap
89
intra-group income gap
89
inverse relationship
188
investment-driven growth pattern
95
Italy
17, 29, 84
Japan
11, 14–15, 25, 29, 101, 118
Japanese economy
14
job objective
156
job performance
158
job stability
151
Johns Hopkins University
20
kindergarten education
52
kindergarten population
52
knowledge-based economies
133
Kuznets curve
82–86, 90
labor authority
127
labor contract law
104, 167–168
labor costs
12, 15, 17
labor force
65, 74, 77–78, 89, 91, 95, 166–167, 182
labor input
13
labor market
77, 130, 162, 167, 169, 171, 180–182, 186–187, 190, 192, 201
labor mobility
65, 86
labor productivity
96, 173, 183–184
labor resources
95
labor shortage
12
labor supply
15, 96, 111
labor-intensive industries
12, 103
land management system
130
land market
130
land transfer system
130
large and ultra-large cities
66
large-scale cancellation of insurance
169
late birth
39
late childbirth
4
late marriage
3–4, 24
Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women
156
least square
43, 46
legal aid
81
legal service
81
less-developed region
73
levels of education
71–72, 105, 191, 197
Lewis Turning Point
7–8, 12, 111
Li Keqiang
32, 38
Liang Jianzhang
20
life expectancy
15–16, 40, 43, 46, 163
lifetime pension benefit
163
limitations on household registration
67
living environment
20, 110
living standards
40
local people’s congress
4
logistic model
46
logistics management
75
low fertility trap
10, 24
lowest-earning group
89
low-fertility countries
28
low-level welfare
166
low-skilled worker
96
Lu Jiehua
21
Ma Xiaohong
19
Ma Yinchu
3
macroeconomy
103
male chauvinism
156
male leader
152–154
male supremacy
160
male/female ratio
41
male-to-female ratio
187
Malthusian trap
8
mandatory contribution
179
marginal product of capital
95
marital status
151, 156, 189, 191, 197
market economic system
65, 95
market economy
67, 70, 180
market environment
104
market mechanism
89, 96
marketization
65, 71
market-oriented employment reform
167
marriage law
188
marriage match
187–188, 202
marriage rate
187–188, 197–198, 201
married men
191–193
married people
200
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
159
Master’s and Doctoral Degrees
197–199
master’s degree
139, 189
maternal allowance
158
maternity and paternity leave
34
maternity and reproductive health services
33
maternity insurance
125–126
maternity leave
34, 133, 158
Matthew Effect
59, 89–90
means of production
8
Measures for Migrant Workers to Participate in Basic Old-Age Insurance Programs
167
median value
20
medical and healthcare workers
33
medical care
15, 111, 122, 130–131, 137, 140–141, 147, 149
medical costs
14, 20, 28
medical institutions
33
medical insurance
126, 132
medical service systems
24
medical services
11, 33–34
medical treatment
24
medium-sized and large cities
66, 118
member states
17
method of least squares
43
method of repeated forecasting
42
Mexico
29
micro-empirical studies
194
middle and high school students
41
middle school
58, 61, 124
middle school-age population
41, 46–47
middle-income group
89
migrant children
123–124
migrant inflow
64
migrant integration
132
migrant population
45
migrant workers
24, 65–66, 68, 73, 91–92, 110–112, 116, 121–122, 125–127, 167–171
migrants with non-rural hukous
118, 170
migrants with rural hukou
116, 118
minimum living allowance line
108, 110
minimum standard of living
108
Ministry of Education
37, 58
Ministry of Finance
37, 58
Ministry of Health
2
modernization
6, 20, 129, 180
monopolistic SOE
179
multi-level approach
65
municipal district
126
municipalities directly under the Central Government
2, 4, 18, 34, 46, 170
Nanjing University
21
National Bureau of Statistics
6
National Development and Reform Commission
37
National finances
16
National Health and Family Planning Commission
18
national integration-oriented social security reform
171
National Migrant Workers Monitoring Survey Report 2014
112
National New-Type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020)
64, 80
National Outline for Medium and Long-Term Education Reform and Development (2010-2020)
37
national pension
166, 181–182
national pension function
182
national pension insurance fund pooling
174
national pension scheme
181
national population policy
39
national power
24
national production factor market
182
National Public Expenditure Balance Sheets
172
national revenue
181
national standards for poverty
106
native children
123
neoclassical economy
95
nepotism
143
net population inflow
45–46, 76
net rural-urban population inflow
110
Netherlands
29
new normal
103
New Population Theory
3
New Zealand
99
newborn population
40, 54, 61–62
Newly Poor
125, 129
newly poor in cities
125, 129
new-type urbanization
65
non-agricultural sector
85, 91
non-local migrant workers
91, 116, 121, 125–126
non-profit organizations
136
non-public school
123
non-rural hukou
114–116, 118, 169–170, 190–192
Nordic countries
16, 36
Northeastern China
58
OAIS4RUR-covered
163–164
OAIS4UE pensioner
163
OAS benefit
161, 182
OAS system
161–162, 165–166, 169–171, 175, 180–183
objective criterion
108
obstetric examination
158
obstetric resources
33
obstetric services
33
obstetrics department
33
occupational annuities
162, 175–176, 178, 183–184
occupational annuity fund
176, 178–179
occupational annuity system
178, 183
occupational barrier
140
OECD countries
84, 99, 181
old-age care
186
old-age insurance scheme for rural and urban residents
161
old-age insurance system
169, 175
old-age insurance system for rural residents
161
old-age security
161
one-child families
7, 22
one-child policy
1, 4, 7, 17, 25, 39
operating efficiency
141
Opinions of the State Council on Further Promoting the Reform of the Household Registration System
64
Opinions of the State Council on the Current Development of Pre-School Education
37
Opinions on Developing Elementary and Secondary School Staffing Standards
58
Opinions on Implementing the Phase II Three-Year Action Plan for Pre-School Education
37
Opinions on Promoting the Reform of Household Registration Management System in Small Towns
65
Opinions on the Gradual Equalization of Basic Public Health Services
124
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
34
overabundance
7
overall population
165–166
overall regional impoverishment
106
overall socioeconomic system
181
overcapacity
103
PADIS-INT
40
parameter value
46
parental leave
34
partial bookkeeping-based management method
183
participating companies
179
paternity leave
34
path to urbanization
68, 76
payment upon reception
169
payroll tax
104
peak period
18, 21
peak year
47
peak-clipping effect
98
Pearl River Delta region
54, 58
Pediatric Care Services
33
pediatric service
34
Peking University
21
Peking University’s Institute of Social Science Survey
38
pension
12, 14–17, 76, 114, 125, 162–164, 171–175, 181
pension benefit
163–164, 166, 173–174, 183
pension expenditures
17
pension insurance reserve
169
pension insurance system
101, 166–167, 169, 171–175, 178, 181–183
pension insurance system for government organs and public institutions
175, 178
pension insurance system for urban workers
171, 175, 178, 182
pension insurance system reform
166, 173, 175, 181
pension system
166, 172
pension-based insurance
165, 167
people of marrying age
187, 191
people-oriented management
153
people’s basic livelihood
105
people’s livelihood
33, 98, 101, 121, 130
per capita annual fund
163
per capita consumer spending
116–118
per capita disposable income
29, 93, 114–116
per capita GNP
86
per capita net income
93, 106, 166
per capita resources
8
performance target
141
permanent residence
71, 79
personal income
38
personal income tax
31, 99
personal income tax system
38, 99
personality development
5
Peter Townsend
107
physiological characteristic
158
pilot corporate annuity projects
175
pilot occupational annuity programs
175
planned economic system
70, 186
point-based household registration system
64–67, 75–76, 79
points system
64, 66, 68–69, 71–79, 81
Poland
29
policy arrangement
168–169
policymakers
8, 172–173, 175, 179, 183
population aging
7, 11, 13–16, 19, 21, 23–24, 160, 180, 182
population aging coefficient
15
Population and Family Planning Law of the People’s Republic of China
5
Population Development
20, 23, 40
population mobilization
80
population of singles of marriageable age
186, 188–189, 199–200
population policy
25, 39
population quality
4
postal service
127, 136
post-industrial stage
45
post-retirement benefit
183
post-retirement pension subsidies
183
poverty alleviation
106, 109
poverty eradication
109
poverty incidences
110
poverty line
107–109
poverty relief
132
poverty standard
106
poverty threshold
107
poverty-stricken counties
106
prefectural cities
52, 58
prefectural city
54
pregnancy termination techniques
12
prenatal examination
33
pre-retirement contribution subsidies
183
pre-school age population
pre-school children
pre-school education
37
pre-school-age population
pre-tax wage
112
primary industries
93
prime childbearing years
19
principle of benefits sharing
174
private capital
104
private companies
179
production factor
90, 95, 102, 180
production factor mobility
180
production-factor market
104
productive capacity
13, 96
productivity
8, 13–15, 17, 24, 35, 96, 169, 173, 175, 181, 183–184
professional infant care service
35–36
professional skill
127
Professor of Sociology
21
profit margin
104
provincial-level administrative regions
2, 45–46, 54
provincial-level area
45
Provisional Regulations of the Ministry of Public Security on the Management of Temporary Residents in Urban Areas
80
psychological integration
132
public administration
75, 122, 136, 178
public educational institutions
30
public facility management
136
public relations
137, 140–141, 147, 149
public school
123
public sector
171, 174–175, 179, 182
public service system
105, 124
public spending
101
purchasing power parity
106
Qu Yue
93
quality of life
2, 106, 150–151
real economy
14–15
receiving city
73, 81
redistribution system
65, 99
reform and opening up
42, 67, 80, 83, 91, 102, 106, 129
reform of dual pension insurance systems
171
reform of the hukou management system
66
regional disparities
130, 181
regional distribution
11
Regulations on Protecting Women Workers
156
relationship between superiors and subordinates
141, 143–144
relative deprivation
108, 111, 122
relative poverty
107–111, 116, 118, 122, 125, 128–129
rent-seeking through power
143
replacement level
19, 201
replacement rate
171, 174, 182
Report on Family Planning Work
3
Report on the First Meeting of the State Council Leading Group on Family Planning
3
Report on the Status of Family Planning Work
4
Report on the Work of the Government (2016)
38
reproductive behavior
23–24
reproductive cost
38
reproductive rights
24
reproductive services
32
Research on the Career Development of Chinese Women: Current Status and Problems
134
residence-related expense
120–121
residency expenditures
116
resident income
91, 93, 163
residential permit
65–66, 79–81
residential permit system
80–81
Residents’ disposable income
114
Resolution on Adjusting and Improving the Birth Control Policy
18
resource allocation
110, 169
responsibility of balancing multiple roles
157
retirement income
172
retirement system
171
return on education
89
return on investment
164
returns on capital
95
returns on education
187
right to bear children
19
right to OAS
180
Risk Burden Sharing
162
risk burden-sharing mechanism
162
risk society
69–70
risk-sharing mechanism
70
rural dating market
191
rural hukou
114–116, 118, 165, 168–170, 190–192
rural land ownership system
130
rural migrants
42, 68, 71, 78–79
rural migrants into urban areas
42
rural old-age insurance
165
rural resident
91, 116, 118–119, 121, 128, 130, 161, 163, 165–167, 169, 181–182
rural singles of marriageable age
186
rural women of marrying age
186, 201
rural worker
105
rural-urban migrant
109–110, 127–130, 167–171, 190
sample survey
110, 189–190, 193, 200
savings rates
13
scale of enrollment
186
school district
37
school-age children
60–61
school-age population
39, 41–42
Second National Population Census of the People’s Republic of China
2
secondary education
32, 195–196
secondary school
66, 71, 123
secondary sector
102
secondary vocational school
61
security level
163, 180–181
Seebohm Rowntree
107
segmented assimilation theory
109
selective two-child policy
1, 5, 9, 18, 20–21, 25–28, 31, 39
self-fulfillment
150, 152
sense of belonging
141, 150–151, 159
sense of happiness
194
sense of identification
159
sense of responsibility
155
sense of safety
127, 150, 152
sense of social marginalization
116
service industries
95, 97, 133
sex ratio at birth
service sector
97, 145, 148
sex-ratio change
187
sex-ratio imbalance
186, 191, 201
Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning
18, 29
shanty town
122
sharing of social security benefits
180
sharing-dominated economic development pattern
151
Simon Kuznets
84
simulation analysis system
84
Singapore
85
single institutional framework
182
single urban and rural land market
130
single women
187, 193, 196
singles of marriageable age
186–189, 199–200
Sixth National Population Census of the People’s Republic of China
6
Sixth Session of the Twelfth NPC Standing Committee
18
small and medium-sized cities
64, 71
social adaptation
132
social conflict
70, 109
social development
65, 78, 85, 106, 134–135, 150–151, 160
social disparities
70
social exclusion
108
social forces
social inequality
65, 70, 110
social insurance
14, 67, 78, 105, 127–128, 131, 162, 166–167, 170, 177, 182
Social Insurance Law
167
social insurance program
167
social insurance system
105, 167, 170, 177
social interaction
110, 129
social networking platforms
27
social organization
136, 178
social policy spending
98
social pooling
162, 167, 169
social prejudice
157
social redistribution mechanism
16
social responsibilities
36
social risks
70, 76
social security
12, 15, 32, 66, 75, 79–80, 88, 100, 116, 125, 127–130, 169, 178, 180–181
social security and welfare system
158, 169
social security premium
112, 128, 170
social security spending
15
social security system
11, 100–101, 127–130, 162, 165, 167, 170–171, 174, 180
social status
193–197
social stratification
78, 109
social stratum
199
social structure
161
social supervision
123
Social Support System
157
social transformation
20
social welfare
130, 162, 180
social welfare system
16
socially-pooled account
169
societal organization
75
societal problems
11
societal risks
7, 70–71, 75
socioeconomic developments
4
socioeconomic integration-oriented reform
167
socioeconomic progress
8
South Korea
29, 84–85
Southern China
54, 58–59, 61
Southern Europe
16
Spain
17, 29
spatial distribution
52, 54
Special Regulations on Protecting Women Workers
156
spending power
118
spousal candidate
199
spouse combination type
187, 191–194, 196, 199, 202
standard for poverty
106
standards of living
106
State Commission Office of Public Sectors Reform
58
State Council
64–66, 74, 78, 80, 83, 172, 174
state expenditures
16
state leaders
3
state-owned enterprise
164
state-owned monopolies
183
State-specified minimum level
166
State-subsidized basic pension
166
Statistical Communiqué of the People’s Republic of China on the 2015 National Economic and Social Development
134–135
Statistical Communiqué on the 2014 Human Resources and Social Security Development
164
Statistical Communiqués on Human Resources and Social Security Development
168, 177
statistical unit
52, 54
steering group for family planning
3
structural change
186
structural imbalance
179
student-teacher ratios
54
subjective well-being
194–196
subsidy policy
183
supplemental annuities
179
supply and demand relationship
16, 201
supply-side reform
101, 103
supply-side structural reform
101
survival with dignity
108
sustainability
24, 161–162, 173
Switzerland
11
system consolidation
173, 181–182
systemic fairness
180
Taiwan
85, 134
target population
19–20
tax burden
105, 183
tax evasion
100
tax relief
38
tax revenue
99
taxation system
98, 100
taxed-exempt-exempt
177
technical school
139
technical secondary school
66
technical skills training system
105
temporary residential permit
80
terms and conditions
65
tertiary sector
102
The Decision of the Communist Party of China Central Committee on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms
5
The Limits to Growth
8
The National Economy Grew Steadily in 2015 with Regular Progress
112
Theil Index
93
Third National Economic Census
176
Third Plenary Session
1, 5, 25
Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee
5, 25
three-year college
139, 187, 189, 196, 199–200
threshold of relative poverty
108
time management
158
time-series extrapolation
40
top-down design
132
total female population
134
total fertility rate
2
total household income
29
transactional compensation
131
transfer payment
130–132, 162
transfer payment mechanism
132
transferability of benefits
180
transferability of insurance account
169
trans-regional transference
181
trend extrapolation
43
tripartite coordination mechanism
104
tunneling
143
Turkey
29
Two Systems, Two Kinds of Outcome
79, 161–165, 173–174
two-child families
22
Two-child Policy
1, 4–5, 9, 17–21
two-year college
139, 196
Ulrich Beck
69
underdeveloped region
72, 76–77
Unemployment
17, 75, 125, 128
unemployment insurance
114, 126
unemployment insurance premium
114
unemployment rates
17
unfulfilled pension
169
uniform management
128
uniform set of institutional rules
180
uniform social security system covering all of China
130
United Kingdom
11, 29, 84, 98–99
United Nations
10, 118
United Nations Development Programme
86
United States
11, 84, 98–99, 109, 118
universal OAS development
162
Universal OAS system
161–162, 165, 175, 180–181, 183
Universal Social Security System for the Elderly
161
universal two-child policy
1, 19–23, 25, 31–34, 37–41, 62
university student
187, 202
university-age population
41–42, 44
unmarried urban women
187
unmarried women
194, 196, 201
unwritten rule
138, 143–147, 155
unwritten rules in the workplace
138, 143, 145–147
upper class
76–77
upward mobility
124
urban and rural populations
42–43
urban dating market
186–187, 190–192, 201–202
urban employee
110, 112, 161, 165, 167–168, 172, 174, 176–177, 181–182
urban households
29
urban hukou
74, 76, 78, 182, 190–191
urban minimum living allowance
181
urban poor
109–110
urban relative poverty
109–111
urban resident
110–111, 116, 118, 121–122, 127–128, 161, 169, 172
Urban Singles of Marriageable Age
186
urban social insurance system
167
urban women of marrying age
187
urbanization
20, 24, 40, 42–44, 60–61, 64–65, 68–69, 71, 73–74, 76–77, 79, 81, 85–86, 89, 109–110, 122, 128–132, 161, 166–167, 182, 186, 191
urban-rural dualism
65, 68, 73, 91, 109, 129, 162, 166, 169, 171
urban-rural gap
73–74, 88, 91, 111, 129
urban-rural migration
43
urban-rural population structure
42
U-shaped trend
13, 47, 84
valley-filling effect
98
value orientation
149
value-added tax
104
village-like compact residential areas inside cities
122
village-like compact residential areas on the outskirts of cities
122
vocational high school
139
vocational qualification
81
vocational skill
105, 110
vocational skills training
105
vocational training
105
vulnerable group
166, 180
Wang Yanzhong
101
Wang Zhiyong
39
water conservancy
136
welfare policies
16, 34
welfare system
132, 158, 169
Western China
29
Western Europe
16
Western European countries
16
white-collar worker
135
women and children’s hospitals
32
women business leader
133
women employees
148
women of marrying age
12, 186–188, 201
Women’s Advantages at Work
159
women’s employment
32, 133, 146
women’s federation
134, 157
women’s rights and interests
156–157
women-specific benefits
159
work injury
125
work injury insurance
126
worker representative
157
working age population
7, 201
working environment
134
working women
134–135, 137–155, 157–158
work-life balance
150, 152, 158
workplace environment
142
World Bank
13, 106, 108, 181
World Development Indicators
103
World War I
199
Yang Cuiying
101
Yang Ge
1
year of the sheep
26
year-over-year
12
youth population
12, 44
Zhang Juwei
89
Zhang Xinfeng
19
Zhao Wen
82 n. 1
Zhaopin.com
134–135, 137–141, 143–155
Zheng Bingwen
177, 179, 183
Zheng Zhenzhen
19, 30