Index

Antarctic Treaty

;

CAMLR Convention

;

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS)

;

Environmental Protocol

Antigua and Barbuda

160

–

161

166

Arctic cod

Arctic Council

–

Arctic Ice MPA. see marine protected areas (MPAs): specific MPAs

Arctic Ocean

117

121

central Arctic Ocean (CAO)

the Area

benefit of humankind

–

as common heritage of (hu)mankind

–

–

legal regime ( see Mining Code ; see UNCLOS )

deep-seabed mining

;

International Seabed Authority (ISA)

area-based management tools (ABMTs)

BBNJ Agreement and

–

–

–

marine protected areas (MPAs) and

310

512

Regional Environmental Management Plans (REMPs) and

–

regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) and

–

in space

–

–

–

Areas in Need of Protection (AiNPs)

–

–

Areas of Particular Environmental Interest (APEIs)

–

–

–

–

Areas of Special Tourist Interest (ASTIs)

–

Argentina

166

Artemis Accords (Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes)

about

460

–

461

future

450

legal nature

–

428

–

429

505

on (lunar) heritage zones

–

on safety zones

–

–

signatories

Artemis programme (NASA)

asteroids

–

–

Atlantic Ocean

–

–

213

atmosphere

about

395

–

396

512

as common concern of humankind

491

as used resource

–

–

393

–

–

legal regime for the protection of the ozone layer ( see Montreal Protocol ; see Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer )

legal regime for solar geoengineering ( see Non-use Agreement for Solar Geoengineering (NUA) )

legal regime to address climate change ( see Kyoto Protocol ; see Paris Agreement ; see UNFCCC )

ozone layer

Australia

Antarctica

–

–

dumping

whales and whaling

–

166

Baltic Sea

Banana Hole

Barents Sea

BBNJ Agreement (Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction)

about

–

–

on area-based management tools (ABMTs)

–

–

–

–

Conference of the Parties (COP)

–

–

–

–

decision-making

dumping site selection and

174

512

emergency measures

–

308

environmental principles

–

implementation

–

instruments, frameworks and bodies (IFBs) ( see instruments, frameworks and bodies (IFBs) )

legal flexibility

marine protected areas (MPAs) and

–

–

–

monitoring

–

negotiations

–

non-use measures

–

‘not undermine’

–

–

parts

Preamble

309

Article

–

Article

Article

Article

Article

–

–

–

Article

Article

–

Article

Article

Part III

–

–

309

potential impacts (or contribution)

–

–

–

–

Beaufort Sea

Belgium

benefit (or interest) of all peoples (or countries). see (outer) space

benefit of humankind. see the Area

benthic (or deep-sea) ecosystems

–

–

Bering Sea

485

Central Bering Sea (CBS)

bioprospecting

226

bottom fishing or fisheries. see fishing

Brazil

–

167

Brundtland Report

Building Blocks (BB)

–

–

CAMLR Convention (Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources)

adoption

ecosystem approach

objectives

parts

Article II

–

–

, including ‘rational use’

Article IV

Article IX

precautionary approach

Canada

CAOFA (Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean)

about

103

112

–

113

abstention from fishing

–

–

–

–

–

484

climate change and

Conference of the Parties (COP)

–

decision-making

–

exceptions to abstention from fishing

128

–

132

factors contributing to successful adoption

–

–

–

–

negotiations

–

–

–

–

non-Parties

–

–

non-use measures ( see abstention from fishing (above) )

objective

119

–

120

Parties

Arctic Five

–

–

–

–

Other Five

–

–

–

parts

Preamble

Article

–

Article

–

Article

–

Article

Article

–

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article

precautionary approach (or principle)

–

–

–

restricted-use measures

RFMOs replacing

–

–

–

scopes (temporal, geographical, species)

–

126

sunset clause

–

capitalism

carbon dioxide (CO₂)

capture and storage

–

dependency

–

emissions

–

–

marine geoengineering

–

pump

–

removal (CDR)

–

sequestration

CBS Convention (Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea)

–

–

485

central Arctic Ocean (CAO)

484

–

climate change, impact of

116

137

507

geographical boundaries

115

121

Joint Norwegian Russian Fisheries Commission (JNRFC) and

130

legal regime ( see CAOFA )

map

126

Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement. see CAOFA

Central Bering Sea (CBS)

–

Bering Sea

;

CBS Convention

Chile

168

China

Antarctica

–

–

–

–

CAOFA

climate change

dumping

fishing

outer space

whales and whaling

168

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

–

–

–

cirrus cloud thinning (CCT)

–

civil society

–

–

–

non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

;

non-State actors

Clarion-Clipperton (Fracture) Zone (CCZ)

Areas of Particular Environmental Interest (APEIs)

–

biodiversity

–

mining tests

–

polymetallic nodules

–

213

Regional Environmental Management Plan (REMP)

–

–

–

255

–

US mining rights

climate change

BBNJ Agreement and

CAOFA and

dumping regime and

fishing and

–

–

–

–

–

hydrofluorocarbons’ (HFCs) impacts on

405

514

impacts

on the Antarctic and Southern Ocean

–

–

–

–

on the central Arctic Ocean (CAO)

116

137

on the marine environment

legal regime ( see Kyoto Protocol ; see Paris Agreement ; see UNFCCC )

limited-use measures and targets

–

419

–

marine protected areas (MPAs) and

–

–

–

–

mitigation

–

–

393

–

net-zero

–

419

non-use measures and targets

–

419

(outer) space mining and

–

–

–

overconsumption causing

–

scientific research on

420

–

421

solar geoengineering and

–

–

track record of regime

420

–

421

closure of high seas for fishing

about

–

as new non-use measure

509

–

509

characteristics, overview of

485

ecological and environmental reasons for

–

impacts

–

477

knowledge, management and control reasons for

–

opposition to

491

socio-economic reasons for

–

specific closures (CAOFA

;

CBS Convention

;

marine protected areas (MPAs): CCAMLR MPAs

)

coal

427

444

Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)

about

270

287

–

290

‘best available science’

–

challenges

–

–

conservation measures (CMs) ( see conservation measures (CMs) )

decision-making

marine protected areas (MPAs) ( see marine protected areas (MPAs) )

Members and membership

–

MPA Framework

–

–

Scientific Committee

–

CAMLR Convention

Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)

Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS)

332

334

340

common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR) principle

–

–

common concern of humankind. see atmosphere

common heritage of (hu)mankind. see the Area, the Moon

connectivity

–

195

202

248

249

conservation and management measures (CMMs)

–

–

484

conservation measures (CMs)

–

–

–

486

contractors

–

–

–

–

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. see World Heritage Convention (WHC)

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS)

–

–

Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention)

80n53

302

501

OSPAR (Commission)

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

249

Convention on Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (NAFO Convention)

120n32

Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the North-East Atlantic Fisheries (NEAFC Convention)

–

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

–

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)

396n7

Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)

216

Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea. see CBS Convention

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. see CAMLR Convention

Convention on the High Seas

171

–

172

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter. see London Dumping Convention

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD)

386

Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA)

–

–

Costa Rica

–

166

cumulative impacts

customary international law

–

decarbonisation

deep-seabed mining

impacts of, on marine environment

–

–

213

–

–

–

interest (or benefit) of all (hu)mankind (as a whole)

–

International Seabed Authority (ISA) and

218

–

220

legal regime ( see Mining Code ; see UNCLOS )

non-use measures

–

–

–

(

Areas in Need of Protection (AiNPS)

;

Areas of Particular Environmental Interest (APEIs)

;

deep-seabed mining moratorium

;

(precautionary) pause to deep-seabed mining

;

Sites in Need of Protection (SiNPs)

)

precautionary approach

US and

International Seabed Authority (ISA)

;

Regional Environmental Management Plans (REMPs)

deep-seabed mining moratorium

aims

223

–

226

226

call for

215

–

217

479

characteristics, overview of

486

enforcement

228

–

237

233

policy considerations

237

–

240

scopes (geographical, temporal)

226

–

228

deep-sea ecosystems. see benthic ecosystems

Denmark

166

developed countries 402–403,

–

–

–

developing countries

–

–

–

–

distant water fishing nations (DWFN)

Domain 1 MPA (Antarctic Peninsula MPA). see marine protected areas (MPAs): specific MPAs

Donut Hole

dredged material

driftnets

dumping regime

about

–

capture and storage

civil society

–

climate change and

decision-making

–

evolved from limited-use measures

factors contributing to adoption of non-use measures

180

–

182

Fukushima nuclear power plant and

184

history and development

–

implementation

–

limits

–

marine geoengineering and

–

–

membership

–

non-use measures

–

–

–

485

objective

–

precautionary approach

scientific research

–

site selection

solar geoengineering and

UNCLOS and

–

London Dumping Convention

;

London Protocol

dynamic marine protected areas (MPAs)

–

507

Earth Governance System

Earth System Law

East Antarctica MPA (EAMPA). see marine protected areas (MPAs): specific MPAs

Ecologically and Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs)

–

249

economic interests (or considerations)

Antarctic mining moratorium and

–

climate change and

deep-seabed mining and

238

high seas fisheries and

–

marine protected areas (MPAs) and

281

299

(outer) space mining and

440

443

–

444

ozone layer protection and

–

whaling and

–

ecosystem approach

ecosystem-based management

289n30

ecosystem models (mass-balance models)

–

Ecuador

288n23

335

environmental disasters

–

environmental groups

specific environmental groups (eg Greenpeace; The Pew Charitable Trusts)

environmental impact assessments (EIAS)

–

Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (EMMPs)

242

Environmental Protocol (Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty)

amending

–

civil society and

decision-making

–

duration

history

–

Parties

parts

Article

Article

Article

Article

–

Article

Article

–

Annex III

Annex IV

Annex V

tourism and

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on

330

–

331

497

equity

–

–

485

–

486

490

ethics of use

446

–

449

European Economic Community (EEC)

409

–

410

425

European Parliament (EP)

European Union (EU)

–

exclusive economic zones (EEZs)

–

exploratory fishing. see fishing

extinction

ferromanganese crusts

–

213

seamounts

financial aid

–

–

–

Finland

fish aggregated devices (FADs)

Fisheries Protection Zone (FPZ)

120

130

Fisheries Research Zone (FRZ) 276,

278

–

279

283

Fisheries Restricted Areas

fishing

bottom fishing

–

climate change and

–

–

–

–

–

exploratory fishing

–

–

–

484

fleet

–

gear

–

human rights violations and

–

illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing

109

285

impacts on environment

–

113

legal framework

–

(

CAOFA

;

regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs)

;

specific RFMOs

;

UNCLOS

;

UNFSA

)

management challenges and gaps of

–

maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

152

non-use measures ( see CAOFA: abstention from fishing ; see CBS Convention ; see closure of high seas for fishing ; see marine protected areas (MPAs): CCAMLR MPAs ; see regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs): non-use measures ; see UNCLOS: non-use measures )

overfishing

–

223

potential sustainability

113

223

profitability

–

subsidies for

–

transshipment

–

292

–

294

302

unequitable benefits from

–

use-it-or-lose-it rule and

–

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

–

93n14

211

248

249

fossil fuel

France

Antarctica

deep-seabed mining

fishing

outer space

435

whales and whaling

154

160

166

freedoms of the high seas. see high seas

freedom to use (outer) space. see (outer) space

General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean (GFCM)

General Protection Zone (GPZ)

276

–

283

Geoengineering. see marine geoengineering ; see solar geoengineering

Germany 166,

Glasgow Climate Pact

Global Biodiversity Framework

174

304n125

Global Environmental Facility (GEF)

–

Global Stocktake

global warming

climate change

goods

–

common pool goods

–

public goods

Green Climate Fund (GCF)

416

greenhouse gases (GHGs)

–

–

419

–

carbon dioxide (CO₂)

;

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Greenland

Greenland Sea

Greenpeace

Grotius, Hugo

The Hague Building Blocks. see Building Blocks (BB)

The Hague International Space Resources Governance Working Group

halons

401

heritage zones on the Moon

–

489

509

high seas

freedoms of the high seas

–

legal regime

–

(

CAOFA

;

dumping regime

;

regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs)

;

specific RFMOs

;

UNCLOS

;

UNFSA

)

Historic Sites and Monuments (HSMs)

–

355

–

human rights

–

485

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 403,

hydrothermal vents

–

–

213

–

–

polymetallic sulphides

Iceland

–

–

167

ICRW (International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling)

about

–

decision-making

–

object and purpose

–

parts

Article I

Article II

Article III

Article V

–

Article VIII

Article IX

Schedule

–

–

–

scientific research and

–

species’ scope

types of whaling

International Whaling Commission (IWC)

;

whaling moratorium

illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. see fishing

imperialism

incineration at sea

–

–

India

166

Indian Ocean

213

Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)

Indigenous Peoples

–

Indonesia

–

industry

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

non-State actors

In-situ Space Resource Utilization (ISRU)

449

instruments, frameworks and bodies (IFBs)

–

265n118

307

–

308

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)

–

103

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO)

–

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters

International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)

–

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)

183

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. see ICRW

International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Substances on Ships

183

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)

142

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

146

163

international environmental law (IEL)

–

International Labour Organization (ILO)

513

International Lunar Research Station

453

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IPOA-IUU)

118

International Seabed Authority (ISA)

the Area and

–

–

–

Assembly

–

261

Council

–

–

–

255

261

data depository (DeepData)

–

decision-making

–

deep-seabed mining and

about

218

–

220

contract blocks (or areas)

–

contracts

–

–

–

–

–

–

Mining Code

–

–

monitoring and enforcement

–

–

prospecting

–

Draft Regulations

the Enterprise

–

233

–

Legal and Technical Commission (LTC)

–

–

255

–

261

mandate

–

–

–

quasi-universality

Secretariat

International Space Station (ISS)

450

466

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

187

236

–

237

Seabed Disputes Chamber (SDC)

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

–

216

227

290

International Whaling Commission (IWC)

about

139

–

140

accession to and membership

–

–

establishment

evolution towards conservation

–

non-members

–

Revised Management Procedure and Scheme

UNCLOS and

–

–

ICRW

;

whaling moratorium

Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC)

118

iron fertilisation. see marine geoengineering

Italy

230

317

Japan

Antarctica

CAOFA

deep-seabed mining

dumping

fishing

–

278

ozone layer protection

whales and whaling

–

167

Joint Norwegian Russian Fisheries Commission (JNRFC)

125

–

130

Joint Program of Scientific Research and Monitoring (JPSRM)

Kaplan Project

–

Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol 401–402,

405

krill

270

274

276

–

277

–

–

–

486

Krill Fishing Zone (KFZ)

298

–

299

Krill Research Zone (KRZ)

293

–

295

494

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Protocol)

about

–

decision-making

Doha Amendments

limited-use targets

–

419

negotiations

–

Latin America

limited-use measures. see restricted-use (or limited-use) measures

‘Limits to Growth’ thesis

440

Lockheed Martin

231

255

London Amendment to the Montreal Protocol 401–403,

404

London Dumping Convention (Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter)

parts

Article

–

Annex I

–

Annex III

prohibited materials

dumping regime

London Protocol (Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter)

parts

Annex

180

permissible materials

–

dumping regime

Loophole

macrofauna

–

marine cloud brightening (MCB)

380

–

381

Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC)

184

marine geoengineering

–

–

485

marine pollution

marine protected areas (MPAs)

applicability to third States

513

BBNJ Agreement and

–

–

CBD network criteria

CCAMLR MPAs (

specific MPAs (below)

)

about

–

blocked proposals

–

–

–

duration

–

existing MPAs

–

first steps towards

–

opposition to

–

–

–

–

rationale for

–

–

challenges

–

303

–

characteristics, overview of

486

climate change and

–

–

–

–

definitions

–

dumping and

dynamic

–

ecological benefits

–

–

factors contributing to successful adoption

–

–

in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ)

–

–

–

–

on the high seas ( see in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) (above) )

non-use measures

269

–

271

276

–

277

–

–

–

–

–

486

–

–

–

no-take zone

–

–

509

OSPAR MPAs

–

302

501

recreational use

restricted-use (or limited-use) measures

269

–

271

276

–

277

–

–

scientific fishing and

–

276

–

277

–

–

–

specific MPAs

Antarctic Peninsula MPA (Domain 1 MPA)

–

Arctic Ice MPA

East Antarctic MPA (EAMPA)

–

North Atlantic Current and Evlanov Seamount (NACES) MPA

Ross Sea region MPA

–

–

–

South Orkney Islands MPA

–

–

Weddell Sea MPA

–

276

–

277

282

–

283

296

300n98

304

sustainable use

–

296

territorial claims and

–

Mauritius

maximum sustainable yield (MSY). see fishing

megafauna

–

meiofauna

The Metals Company

Mexico

166

–

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

–

(

Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (N-MAR)

)

migratory animals or species

–

117

204

minerals

Antarctic

–

–

–

487

deep-seabed

–

–

213

–

–

–

485

–

486

exploitation

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

485

exploration

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

non-renewability

–

(outer) space

–

489

prospecting

–

–

–

scientific research activities

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Antarctic mining moratorium

;

Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA)

;

deep-seabed mining

;

ferromanganese crusts

;

polymetallic nodules

;

polymetallic sulphides

Mining Code

–

–

minke whales

monitoring

about

504

Antarctic Treaty

336

504

of deep-seabed mining moratorium

–

of fishing vessels

–

of marine protected areas (MPAs)

–

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol)

Article

(

) Parties

404

coverage and evolution

401

–

403

decision-making

–

exceptions

factors contributing to successful adoption

408

–

411

496

factors leading to effectiveness

–

–

flexibility

–

implementation

–

Kigali Amendment

limited-use measures

403

–

Meeting of the Parties (MOP)

400

405

413

Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol (MLF)

–

negotiations

–

non-use measures

–

401

–

402

–

–

488

universality

the Moon

as common heritage of humankind

438

491

harmful interference on

–

heritage zones ( see heritage zones on the Moon )

human presence on

–

lunar resources

–

protection

safety zones ( see safety zones )

Moon Agreement (Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies)

lack of support

–

on environmental protection

438

on scientific research

437

–

438

parts

Article

Article

Article

–

Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol (MLF)

404

411

–

412

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

National Antarctic Programs (NAPs)

363

366

370

national jurisdiction

15n22

291

natural resources

–

–

Nauru

Nauru Agreement

Nautilus Minerals

neocolonialism

the Netherlands

166

network criteria

–

249

–

NewSpace

New Zealand

166

non-appropriation principle

–

–

non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

–

–

civil society

;

environmental groups

;

non-State actors

;

specific NGOs

non-State actors

–

–

academia

;

civil society

;

contractors

;

environmental groups

;

industry

;

non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

non-use

–

–

–

non-use measures

;

restricted-use (or limited-use) measures

;

use

Non-use Agreement for Solar Geoengineering (NUA)

–

–

non-use measures

about

–

475

–

476

and restricted-use (or limited-use) measures

–

269

481

–

483

characteristics, overview of

484

–

489

definition

factors contributing to successful adoption

492

–

500

factors contributing to successful implementation

500

–

for specific global goods and commons (from use)

for Antarctic minerals (mining) ( see Antarctic mining moratorium )

for Antarctic space (tourism) ( see Antarctic tourism: non-use measures )

for the Area (mining) ( see deep-seabed mining moratorium ; see (precautionary) pause to deep-seabed mining ; see Regional Environmental Management Plans (REMPs): non-use measures )

for the atmosphere (emissions of GHGs) ( see climate change: non-use measures and targets )

for the atmosphere (production and consumption of ODSs) ( see Montreal Protocol: non-use measures )

for the high seas and its biodiversity (fishing) ( see CAOFA: abstention from fishing ; see CBS Convention ; see closure of high seas for fishing ; see marine protected areas (MPAs): non-use measures ; see regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs): non-use measures )

for the high seas and its environment (dumping) ( see dumping regime: non-use measures )

for the high seas and whales (whaling) ( see whaling moratorium )

for (outer) space resources (mining and others) ( see (outer) space: non-use measures )

for solar geoengineering (solar radiation modification) ( see solar geoengineering: non-use measures )

for targeted and other species

–

future prospects

–

509

objectives and aims

–

–

–

rationales for

–

terminology

501

typology

–

duration

–

494

geographical scope of applicability

legal nature

–

participation and scope of applicability

–

procedural considerations

–

restricted-use (or limited-use) measures

North Atlantic Current and Evlanov Seamount (NACES) MPA. see marine protected areas (MPAs): specific MPAs

North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO)

125

North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)

–

–

–

Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (N-MAR)

–

Regional Environmental Management Plan (REMP)

–

261

–

North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)

100

North Pacific Fishery Management Council (NPFMC)

117

Norway

Antarctica

CAOFA

deep-seabed mining

fishing

whales and whaling

–

–

167

Norwegian Sea

no-take zone. see marine protected areas (MPAs)

objective regimes

ocean acidification

Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS)

–

oil

–

Oslo Declaration

–

OSPAR (Commission)

–

marine protected areas (MPAs) ( see marine protected areas (MPAs) )

Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention)

(outer) space

applicability of international law in space

as frontier

–

benefit (or interest) of all peoples (or countries)

–

–

expansionism

–

–

freedom to use

–

–

–

legal regime ( see Artemis Accords ; see Building Blocks (BB) ; see Moon Agreement ; see Outer Space Treaty (OST) )

non-use measures

–

–

–

–

–

resources

–

–

–

restricted-use measures

–

–

Outer Space Treaty (OST) (Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies)

as pro-use treaty

–

–

–

history of United Nations (UN) Space Treaties

432

–

433

parts

Preamble

Article I

–

–

–

–

Article II

–

–

Article III

Article IV

Article V

Article VI

–

Article IX

–

Article XI

Article XII

–

‘Oxford Principles’ for geoengineering

388

–

389

ozone depleting substances (ODSs)

about

396

greenhouse gases (GHGs) and

422

scientific research on

407

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

;

greenhouse gases (GHGs)

;

halons

;

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

;

ozone layer

ozone hole

409

ozone layer

climate change regime and

420

–

426

common concern of humankind and

depletion

–

–

economic interests

legal framework ( see Montreal Protocol ; see Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer )

precautionary approach

499

United States (US) role in ozone layer protection

–

Pacific Ocean

–

–

Clarion-Clipperton (Fracture) Zone (CCZ)

pacta tertiis rule

28n98

–

505

–

third State

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Pardo, Arvid

–

Paris Agreement

about

417

–

418

geoengineering and

379

nationally determined contributions (NDCs)

–

negotiations

–

non-use targets

–

419

objectives

417

Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control

73n32

pelagic ecosystems, species

–

–

–

–

Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

Peru

–

168

The Pew Charitable Trusts

–

plastics

plumes

–

Poland

polarisation/polarising

–

–

–

pollocks

–

pollution

–

–

–

–

polluter-pays principle

polymetallic nodules

–

–

–

213

–

abyssal plains

polymetallic sulphides

–

–

–

–

–

hydrothermal vents

Portugal

152

(precautionary) pause to deep-seabed mining 33,

–

–

–

–

–

509

precautionary principle (or approach)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes. see Artemis Accords

Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. see Environmental Protocol

Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter. see London Protocol

quantified emission limitation reductions (QELRs)

–

rays

–

real interest, notion of

135

–

136

Reciprocating States Regime (RSR)

230

–

231

Regional Environmental Assessments (REAs)

251

258

261

Regional Environmental Management Plans (REMPs)

about

242

–

244

264

adoption of new REMPs 261, 509,

–

development

–

–

255

261

factors contributing to successful adoption

493

–

499

for Clarion-Clipperton (Fracture) Zone (CCZ)

–

–

–

255

–

for Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (N-MAR)

–

–

261

in Indian Ocean

in Pacific Ocean

legal nature

–

monitoring

–

non-use measures

–

–

–

485

509

–

(

Areas in Need of Protection (AiNPs)

;

Areas of Particular Environmental Interest (APEIs)

;

Sites in Need of Protection (SiNPs)

)

standardised approach (or procedure) for development

regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs)

about

–

78n49

–

CAOFA replaced by

–

–

Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) as a unique organisation

definition

–

importance

–

Joint Norwegian Russian Fisheries Commission (JNRFC) as an

129

membership

non-members

109

495

non-use measures

–

111

484

(

vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs)

)

specific RFMO s (eg NEAFC; SPRFMO)

regolith

–

Regulations for the Control of Incineration of Wastes and Other Matter at Sea

175

resource domains

–

Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area

327

–

328

restricted-use (or limited-use) measures

for specific global goods and commons (from use)

for Antarctic space (tourism) ( see Antarctic tourism: restricted-use measures )

for the atmosphere (emissions of GHGs) ( see climate change: limited-use measures and targets )

for the atmosphere (production and consumption of ODSs) ( see Montreal Protocol: limited-use measures )

for the high seas and its biodiversity (fishing) ( see CAOFA: restricted-use measures ; see marine protected areas (MPAs): restricted-use (or limited-use) measures )

for the high seas and its environment (dumping) ( see dumping regime: evolved from limited-use measures )

for the high seas and whales (whaling) ( see whaling moratorium: evolved from limited-use measures )

for (outer) space resources (mining and others) ( see (outer) space: restricted-use measures )

relationship with non-use measures

–

–

non-use measures

rights of nature

–

515

Rio Declaration

339

Ross Sea region MPA. see marine protected areas (MPAs): specific MPAs

Russia

Antarctica

–

–

–

–

CAOFA

deep-seabed mining

dumping

fishing

(outer) space

war with Ukraine

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

safety zones

about

–

–

–

and non-use measures

–

–

Artemis Accords on

–

–

as restricted-use measures

–

–

Building Blocks (BB) on

459

–

460

consumptive objective

–

cooperation principle

due regard and

–

international consultations

467

–

468

Outer Space Treaty (OST) and

–

protecting value of safety

462

–

463

‘Save the Whales’ campaign

147

–

148

Scientific Reference Area (SRA) 276–277,

278

–

279

283

scientific research

abuses

–

and Antarctic tourism regulation

–

–

as exception to non-use measures

–

Antarctic mining

–

–

–

–

CCAMLR MPAs

–

–

–

dumping regime and iron fertilisation

(outer) space

–

–

whaling under scientific exception

–

as type of use

–

480

–

481

fisheries

solar geoengineering

375

–

393

Seabed Disputes Chamber (SDC)

236

327

–

328

seabirds

–

359

seafloor massive sulphides. see hydrothermal vents

seals and sealing

–

–

seamounts

–

213

ferromanganese crusts

sea turtles

–

sedentary species

the Seychelles

–

166

sharks

–

–

103

204

Sites in Need of Precaution

247n33

Sites in Need of Protection (SiNPs)

–

–

Sites of Particular Environmental Interest (SPEIs)

247n33

solar geoengineering

about

380

as entirely new non-use measure

509

characteristics, overview of

488

climate change and

–

–

equity issues

governance

–

letter calling for Non-use Agreement

–

non-use measures

–

–

393

–

opposition to

–

–

political reasons for caution

381

–

384

389

preventative ban

–

scientific research on

–

–

use and

–

Non-use Agreement for Solar Geoengineering (NUA)

solar radiation modification (SRM). see solar geoengineering

Solwara

mining project

South Africa

168

–

South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)

101

Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)

Southern Ocean

–

–

–

–

South Korea

–

–

168

South Orkney Islands MPA. see marine protected areas (MPAs): specific MPAs

South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)

–

sovereignty

–

–

–

space. see (outer) space

Spain

–

spatial-extension resource(s)

–

–

393

–

Special Protection Zone (SPZ) 277,

279

–

280

283

Special Research Zone (SRZ)

–

Spitsbergen Treaty

stakeholders

–

–

–

St. Lucia

167

Strategic Environmental Management Plan for Mining in the Mid-Atlantic (SEMPIA)

257

–

259

stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI)

380

392n36

sustainable development

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Sweden

167

Taiwan

–

–

third State

–

pacta tertiis

Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III, 1973–1982)

toothfish

–

tourism

–

Antarctic tourism

trade restrictions

–

transshipment. see fishing

Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. see Outer Space Treaty (OST)

tuna

–

–

–

Ukraine

UK Seabed Resources

UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)

Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of UNCLOS (1994 Agreement)

CAOFA and

environmental principles, lack of

flexibility

–

limitations

–

London Dumping Convention and

185

–

187

505

marine protected areas (MPAs) and

mineral exploitation and

327

–

328

non-use measures

on deep-seabed mining

–

–

–

–

parts

Article

–

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article

–

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article

–

Article

Article

Part VII

Part XI

Part XII

whale conservation and

–

BBNJ Agreement

;

Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III, 1973–1982)

;

UNFSA

UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)

–

UNFSA (United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement)

–

parts

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article

regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

–

Russia

United Kingdom (UK)

Antarctica

CAOFA

deep-seabed mining

–

dumping

whales and whaling

167

United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS)

–

–

United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNHE)

151

497

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. see UNCLOS

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

391

408

United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement. see UNFSA

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. see UNFCCC

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)

–

–

–

–

–

United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA)

432

468

472

United Nations Secretary General (UNSG)

147

462

468

United States (US)

Antarctica

–

CAOFA

–

–

climate change

–

–

deep-seabed mining

–

dumping regime

–

fishing

outer space

–

ozone layer protection

–

solar geoengineering

UNCLOS

use-it-or-lose-it rules

whales and whaling

–

167

universality

–

–

–

Uruguay

use

–

–

393

–

–

–

–

non-use

;

non-use measures

;

restricted-use (or limited-use) measures

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

about

–

–

Conference of the Parties (COP)

–

decision-making

negotiations

Visitor Site Guidelines (VSGs)

356

–

vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs)

deep-seabed mining and

–

249

regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) and

–

–

–

–

waste

disposal/release

–

–

–

–

frontiers

hazardous waste

industrial waste

–

management

nuclear (or radioactive) waste

–

Waste Assessment Guidelines (WAG)

173

181

water, as space resource

–

Weddell Sea MPA. see marine protected areas (MPAs): specific MPAs

Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)

–

whale

oil

–

preservation

–

Sanctuaries

484

whaling history and early regulation

141

–

142

Whaling in the Antarctic, Australia and New Zealand (intervening) v Japan

146

163

whaling moratorium

about

139

–

140

anti-whaling movement

148

cautionary lessons

165

characteristics, overview of

484

compatibility of, with the ICRW

–

debates on

–

decision-making

–

–

–

–

–

evolved from limited-use measures

140

144

factors contributing to successful adoption

493

–