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As is often noted, Anselm typically avoids explicit quotations from his authorities and the citation of proof-texts, preferring to weave what he takes from his sources seamlessly into his own arguments. Although observing in the De Veritate that prefaces his treatment of free will in De Libertate Arbitrii and De Casu Diaboli that their subjects pertain to the study of Holy Scripture, he cites biblical texts quite sparsely in these works. But in the third part of De Concordia, his final consideration of that topic, Anselm presents a barrage of conflicting biblical texts on free will and grace. This departure from Anselm’s usual method has been noted in passing but never cogently explained. This chapter proposes that Anselm drew on John Cassian as the model for his strategy of argument in De Concordia 3. Wrongly accused of Pelagianism by would-be defenders of the late Augustine, Cassian dismisses the charge, in particular in his Collation 13, exploring the Bible’s variegated positions on grace and free will and explaining how they should be understood against what he regards as Augustine’s tendentious and monocular reading of St. Paul. Recommended specifically in the Rule of St. Benedict and cited as a patristic authority in the early Middle Ages, Cassian was no stranger to monastic writers in Anselm’s day. A comparison between Anselm’s De Concordia 3 and Cassian’s Collation 13 suggests both Anselm’s appropriation of Cassian’s methodology and his simultaneous dependence on and independence from Cassian’s conclusions in working out his own position vis-à-vis Augustine on grace and free will.
Benedict, The Rule of St. Benedict, Bruce L. Venarde, ed. and trans. (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 2011).
S. Anselmi Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi Opera Omnia, Franciscus Salesius Schmitt, ed., vols. 1–6 (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1946–1961); reprinted in two volumes (Stuttgart: Frommann Verlag, 1968).
Adams, Marilyn McCord, ‘St. Anselm on Evil: De casu diaboli’, Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 3 (1992), pp. 423–451.
Backus, Irena and Aza Goudriaan, ‘Semipelagianism: The Origins of the Term and Its Passage into the History of Heresy’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 65 (2014), pp. 25–46.
Barker-Benfield, Bruce C., St. Augustine’s Abbey Canterbury, 3 vols., Corpus of British Library Catalogues 13 (London: British Library in Association with the British Academy, 2008).
Bauemker, Franz, Die Lehre des hl. Anselms von Canterbury und des Honorius Augustodunensis vom Willen und von der Gnade (Münster: Aschendorff, 1911).
Bonner, Gerald, Freedom and Necessity: St. Augustine’s Teaching on Divine Power and Human Freedom (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2007).
Briancesco, Eduardo, ‘Le dernier Anselme: Essai sur la structure du De concordia’ in Joseph Schnaubelt et al. eds., Anselm Studies 2: Proceedings of the Fifth International Saint Anselm Conference (White Plains, NY: Kraus International, 1985), pp. 559–596.
Casiday, Augustine M., Tradition and Theology in St. John Cassian (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
Clark, Elizabeth A., ‘Vitiated Seeds and Holy Vessels: Augustine’s Manichean Past’ in Elizabeth A. Clark, ed., Ascetic Piety and Women’s Faith: Essays on Late Roman Christianity (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press 1978), pp. 291–349.
Cleaver, Laura, ‘The Monastic Library at Bec’ in Benjamin Pohl and Laura L. Gathagan, eds., A Companion to the Abbey of Le Bec in the Central Middle Ages (11th–13th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2018), pp. 171–205.
Diem, Albrecht, Das monastische Experiment: Die Rolle der Keuschheit bei der Entstehung des westlichen Klosterwesens (Münster: LT Verlag, 2007).
Djuth, Marianne, ‘Anselm’s Augustinianism and the initium bonae voluntatis’ in B. Carlos Bazán, Eduardo Andújar, and Léonard G. Sbrocchi, eds., Les philosophes morales et politiques au moyen âge, Actes du IXe congrès international de philosophie médiévale, Ottawa, 17–22 août 1992, 2 vols. (New York: LEGAS, 1995), II, pp. 844–860.
Franz, Thomas, ‘Die Freiheit des Menschen und die Gnade Gottes: Zur Verhältnisbestimmung von Anthropologie und Theologie in “De concordia”’ in Stephan Ernst and Thomas Franz, eds., Sola ratione: Anselm von Canterbury (1033–1109) und die rationale Rekonstruktion des Glaubes (Würzburg: Echter, 2011), pp. 229–248.
Grégoire, Réginald, ‘L’Utilisation de l’Écriture Sainte chez Anselm de Cantorbéry’, Revue d’ascetique et de mystique, 39 (1963), pp. 273–293.
Hwang, Alexander Y., ‘Pauci perfectae amatoris: The Augustinians at Marseilles’ in Alexander Y. Hwang, Brian J. Matz, and Augustine Casiday, eds., Grace after Grace: The Debates after Augustine (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2014), pp. 35–50.
Kaufman, Peter Iver, ‘A Confirmation of Augustine’s Soteriology: Human Will’s Collaboration with Divine Grace according to Anselm of Canterbury’, Medievalia, 4 (1978), pp. 147–160.
Lambert, David, ‘The Making of Authority: Patterns of Augustine’s Reception’ in Karla Pollmann and Willemien Otten, eds., The Oxford Guide to the Reception of Augustine, 3 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), I, pp. 15–22.
Leclercq, Jean, The Love of Learning and the Desire for God: A Study of Monastic Culture, trans. Catherine Misrahi (New York: Fordham University Press, 1961, repr. New York: Omega Books, 1962).
Leyser, Conrad, ‘Augustine and the Latin West, 430–ca. 900’ in Mark Vessey, ed., A Companion to St. Augustine (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), pp. 450–464.
Losoncy, Thomas A., ‘Will in St. Anselm: An Examination of His Biblical and Augustinian Origins’ in Raymonde Foreville, ed., Les mutations socio-culturelles au tournant des XIe–XIIe siècles, Spicilegium Beccense 2: Actes du colloque international du CNRS, LeBec-Hellouin, 11–16 juillet 1982 (Paris: CNRS, 1984), pp. 701–708.
Pereira, Matthew J., ‘Augustine, Pelagius, and the Southern Gallic Tradition: Faustus of Riez’ in Alexander Y. Hwang, Brian J. Matz, and Augustine Casiday, eds., Grace after Grace: The Debates after Augustine (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2014), pp. 180–207.
Pollmann, Karla and David Lambert, ‘After Augustine: A Survey of the Reception from 430 to 2000’, Millennium: Jahrbuch zu Kultur und Geschichte der ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr., 1 (2004), pp. 165–183.
Pranger, Burcht, ‘Anselm, Calvin, and the Absent Bible’ in Alasdair MacDonald et al., eds., Christian Humanism: Essays in Honour of Arjo Vanderjagt (Leiden: Brill, 2009), pp. 457–468.
Quillet, Jeannine, ‘Volonté et liberté dans le De libertate arbitrii’ in David. E. Luscombe and Gillian R. Evans, eds., Anselm: Aosta, Bec, and Canterbury, Papers in Commemoration of the Nine-Hundredth Anniversary of Anselm’s Enthronement as Archbishop, 25 September 1093 (Sheffield: Sheffield University Press, 2006), pp. 247–255.
Ramsey, Boniface, ‘John Cassian and Augustine’ in Alexander Y. Hwang, Brian J. Matz, and Augustine Casiday, eds., Grace after Grace: The Debates after Augustine (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2014), pp. 114–130.
Sønnesyn, Sigbjørn, ‘Experiencing Truth and Attaining Knowledge in Anselm’s Philosophical Theology’, unpublished paper, presented at Anselm of Canterbury: Order, Nature, and the Divine conference, Durham University, 9 July 2019.
TeSelle, Eugene, ‘Background: Augustine and the Pelagian Controversy’ in Alexander Y. Hwang, Brian J. Matz, and Augustine Casiday, eds., Grace after Grace: The Debates after Augustine (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2014), pp. 1–13.
Teske, Roland, ‘1Timothy 2:4 and the Beginning of the Massalian Controversy’ in Alexander Y. Hwang, Brian J. Matz, and Augustine Casiday, eds., Grace after Grace: The Debates after Augustine (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2014), pp. 14–34.
Vanni Rovighi, Sofia, ‘Libertà e libero arbitrio in S. Anselmo d’Aosta’ in Fernand Bossier et al., eds., Images of Man in Ancient and Medieval Thought: Studia Gerardo Verbeke ab amicis et collegis dicatu (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1976), pp. 271–285.
Vaughn, Sally N., ‘Anselm of Le Bec and Canterbury: Teacher by Word and Example, Following the Footsteps of His Ancestors’ in Benjamin Pohl and Laura L. Gathagan, eds., A Companion to the Abbey of Le Bec in the Central Middle Ages (11th–13th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2018), pp. 57–93.
Vogüé, Adalbert de, ‘Les mentions des oeuvres de Cassien chez saint Benedict et ses contemporains’, Studia Monastica, 20 (1978), pp. 275–285.
Wetzel, James, ‘Snares of Truth: Augustine on Free Will and Predestination’ in Robert Dodaro and George Lawless, eds., Augustine and His Critics: Essays in Honour of Gerald Bonner (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 124–141.
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