Index
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics)
192, 205
academic isolation
270, 273
academic studies
116, 228
academic success
89, 223, 244
ACARA
146, 164, 193, 205
access Online Educational Resources, open
6, 194, 198
acculturation
301
activities
cultural
229, 278
language comparison
94, 96
sequences of
195, 199
adaptation process
256, 262
adaptation process of international students
262, 269
additional languages
5, 7, 16–18, 20–21, 23, 26–27, 52, 55, 111, 114–15, 117, 146–50, 156–57
additional learning needs (ALNs)
16, 22–25, 27
additional support
16, 26–27, 30–32, 34, 251
Additional support for learning
25–26
adolescence
105, 235, 259
early
215
Adolescent Mental Health
280
affective
131, 139–40
affective factors
236
age-at-migration
228, 230–33
age effect, distinct
232
agency
4, 50, 78, 100, 223–24, 231
parental language
232
agency and language teacher educators
50
age of arrival
219, 224–26, 256
age of immigration
216, 231–33
Americas
41, 43–44, 252, 294
analysis
critical
63, 105, 196
thematic
116, 125, 296
thematic content
286, 299
anxiety
124, 256, 263, 273, 279–80
applied linguistics
xi–xii, xiv, 49, 54, 56–59, 62, 104, 107, 111–12, 115, 126, 209–10, 300–303
approaches
awakening to languages
130, 307
critical
95, 106
integrated
99, 167
post-monolingual
194
areas, rural
6, 245, 248, 253
Asia
41, 58, 77, 128, 246
Asia-Pacific region
77
assessment
xii, 21, 27, 31, 48, 141, 146–48, 157, 163–64, 166, 174
attitudes
131, 133–34, 136–37, 168, 183–84, 244, 247, 252, 254, 257, 265, 267–68, 278, 280
favourable
170–71, 173, 218
parental
231, 255
Australia
xi–xiii, 115, 119–20, 146, 159, 161–62, 164, 198, 224–27, 229, 235–36, 281–83, 292–94, 301, 303
Australia by First Nations people
159
Australian context
123, 192–93, 203
Australian Curriculum
146, 164, 205
Australian National Languages
300, 302–3
autonomy
78, 99
awareness
2, 63, 151, 154, 189, 191, 244, 285, 289, 296, 299
BAC (Basque Autonomous Community)
167, 169–72, 183–85, 187
BAC curriculum
170
background, migrant
12, 168, 171
Bahasa Indonesia
5, 60–76, 78–81, 83–84, 86
barrier
21, 89, 128–29
Basque Country
xii, 6, 170, 172, 185–86
Basque Education System
167, 169, 183
Basque immersion model
171, 180, 182
Basque immersion programme
180–81, 189
behaviours
xiii, 74, 113, 136, 263, 265, 267, 269, 278, 284–85, 287
common cultural
285
behaviours and experiences
265
beliefs
108, 113, 159–60, 179, 183, 185, 248, 254, 284–85, 292, 298
bilingual
5, 28–29, 32, 34, 36, 39, 93, 111, 116–18, 120–24, 126, 290, 292
children
20, 29, 33–36, 184
education
33, 77, 93, 106–8, 126, 141, 207, 246
bilingualism
xii, xiv, 30, 32–36, 38, 77, 106, 108, 116–17, 121, 123, 125–26, 184, 203, 235
bilingualism and education
7, 106, 142
British colony
243, 258
British Council
48, 56, 259
CEFR
48, 129, 201
CEFR framework
139
Changing contexts, evolving competences
140, 143
child
21, 23, 26–29, 181, 190, 215, 224–25, 247, 249–51, 253, 256
agency
223, 236
education
243–44
childcare
26, 36
children
foreign
128, 140
young
33, 227
children’s education
14, 104, 223, 228, 244, 248, 259
children’s learning
6, 247–48, 255
Chilean system
53, 55
Chinese
216, 228
community schools
217, 221, 225–26
families
217, 219
identity
228, 230, 232
immigrant families
216, 221, 233–34, 236
language
222, 227, 232, 260
language maintenance
228, 233
language proficiency
223, 228, 231, 233
classes, mainstream
6, 91, 158
classrooms
50–53, 98–100, 103, 145–46, 153–54, 167, 169, 173–76, 181–83, 187–88, 190, 192, 194–96, 285–86, 299–300
diverse
3, 92, 101–2, 108
cognitive development
34, 137
colonial
174, 193, 197
languages
58, 174, 207–8
communication
23–24, 66, 68–73, 76, 84, 86, 154–55, 229, 234–35, 246, 248, 250, 280
Communication Disorders
33–36, 38
communities
2, 4, 114, 129, 139, 216, 219, 244–45, 264, 284, 289, 291–96, 298–300
diverse
2, 290, 292, 298
local
233, 285
marginalised
196, 199
community schools
6, 222, 225–26, 231, 237–42
competence
42, 86, 96, 99, 131, 300
communicative
52, 165, 292, 295, 302
connections
emotional
161, 269–70, 272, 279
reversed
219, 233
contexts
diverse
xii, 149, 155, 296, 298
linguistic
90, 119, 223
local
53–54, 124
socio-cultural
283, 296–97
critical pedagogy
xi, 6, 50, 57, 194, 197
critical reflection
156, 159, 203, 209
cultural backgrounds
145, 162, 181, 264–65, 268, 274, 277, 279, 304
cultural differences
133, 244, 264, 278
cultures
collectivistic
266, 269–70, 276, 278
emergent
285, 298
multiple
291, 293, 295
polychronic
264, 275, 279
decolonial
194, 205, 211
decolonization
8, 50–51, 206, 210
definition of plurilingualism
120, 122, 129
developing
3, 62, 66, 132, 149, 154–55, 157–58, 205, 231
differentiation
118, 121, 217
dilemma
105, 225, 303
dimensions, cross-lingual
130, 141
disabilities
11–12, 16, 21, 26, 28, 32
discourses
2, 4, 7, 42, 48, 115, 218, 296, 299
educational
223, 225
parental
223–24, 226
dispositions
148, 156, 278
diversity
xiii, 54, 56–57, 96–97, 100–102, 127–29, 133–34, 139, 141–42, 154, 157, 181, 183, 195–96, 210–11
cultural
7, 93, 101, 146, 153, 173, 180, 182, 189, 193, 298
dynamic process
51, 100, 151
dynamics
xiii, 89, 101, 103–4
EAL
16–18, 21, 23, 27, 31, 94–96, 98–103, 117
Early Childhood Literacy
257–58, 261
ecology, linguistic
40, 62, 192
ecology of language
2, 8, 41, 57, 76, 259
education, primary
57, 107, 171–72
education policy
18, 24, 27, 258
emotions
51, 126, 162, 166, 197, 268–69, 276
Endangered Languages
17, 182
English language
48, 56, 125, 162, 203, 250, 255–56, 307
English Language Education
xiv, 6, 78, 245, 256, 259
English language learning
49, 59, 247, 254–55
epistemological racism
56–57
epistemologies
51, 55
ethnic groups
61, 75
ethnic identities
215–16, 219, 227–28, 230–31, 233–36, 282
ethnicity
4, 26, 60, 147, 193, 216, 235, 246
families
118–19, 159–60, 167–69, 173–74, 189–90, 216, 219–20, 226, 231–32, 235–36, 244–45, 248–51, 256–58, 263–64, 269–73
family domains
216, 226
family language policy
234–35, 247
first language
16, 28, 119, 160, 174, 207, 245–46
FLP (Family Language Policies)
216–17, 222, 224, 228, 232
FML (Functional Multilingual Learning)
xi, xiii, 5, 89–109
foreign
21, 43, 83, 208
foreign language competence
65, 67
foreign language education
40–59, 140, 143, 211
foreign language education in Chile
40, 49
foreign language learning
40, 206, 210, 243–45, 258
foreign language teaching
4, 40, 42, 46–47, 50–51, 55, 95, 132
French
16–18, 43–47, 114–15, 117–20, 130–31, 167, 183, 187, 252, 286–90, 294, 299–300, 304–5
FREPA
131–33, 139
FREPA descriptors
132, 134–35, 139
Gaelic
15, 17–18, 30, 35
Gaelic-medium education
27, 30
gender
4, 32, 57, 151–52, 172–73, 187, 197–98, 207, 257, 266, 304–6
generation
66, 215, 266
first
192
second
192, 215
globalization
xiii, 42, 58, 169, 165, 185, 208, 215, 254, 299
Global North
4, 53–54
Global South
53, 58
heritage language maintenance
xiv, 219, 221, 235–36
heritage languages
39, 169, 171, 173, 175–76, 182–83, 193, 219–20, 226, 228, 233
heritage language strategies
215, 221
home language environment
216, 224
home language maintenance
216, 235–36
home languages
xiii, 18, 36, 57, 91–93, 98, 103–4, 149–50, 246
home literacy environment (HLE)
244–45, 257
Human Ecological Language Pedagogy
50–51, 53–55, 58
ideal multilingual
286, 294, 298–99
ideal multilingual and multicultural self
283–84, 286–87, 289, 294, 298–300
ideal multilingual and multicultural selves
282, 286, 294, 298–99
Ideal Multilingual Selves
283–305
identification, ethnic
215, 219, 231
identities
5–6, 63, 111, 113–19, 121–26, 152–53, 155–56, 186, 217–18, 228–29, 233–36, 282–83, 286–87, 296–97, 302–3
diverse
6, 195, 197
linguistic
5, 92
personal
287, 295
social
218, 302
Identity & Education
184, 209
identity construction
114, 123–24, 215, 219, 233, 283, 292, 296
identity formation
76, 163, 230
identity negotiation
114, 122, 124, 126, 300
identity positioning
218, 221, 228, 231–33
ideologies
3, 76, 89, 145, 194, 207–9, 264
immigrant children
169, 178, 181, 189–90, 215, 256
immigrant families
169, 178–81, 189–91, 233, 235, 247
immigration
182, 216, 231–33, 235, 237–42, 258
implications
107–8, 112, 124, 126, 141, 207–8, 215, 260, 279, 302
pedagogical
108, 122
implications for applied linguistics
126
inclusion
2, 18, 21, 56, 95–96, 129, 139, 168, 170–71, 194–95, 219–20
inclusivity
2, 33, 54, 154, 199
indigenous
196, 280
indigenous languages
14, 17, 28, 43, 73, 193
inequalities
30, 35, 200
Inequality
104, 164
initial teacher training
20, 131
innovation
48, 56, 58, 209
instruction
41–43, 57, 60–61, 64–67, 71, 77, 89, 92, 97, 100, 130
interactions
108–9, 112, 114, 122, 124, 127, 147–48, 150–56, 159–60, 217–18, 276, 278, 285–86
intercultural
157, 280
capabilities
146, 149–50, 156–57, 160
citizenship
284, 300
communication
xiv, 126, 155, 207, 257, 300–303
competence
131, 140, 282–87, 292, 294–96, 298–303
experiences
151, 153, 291, 298
interculturality
3, 155, 157, 163–64, 285, 295, 300
intercultural language teaching
165, 300, 302
intercultural learning
146, 148, 152, 154, 156–57, 160, 162–63, 298
intercultural orientation
xii, 5, 145, 147–51, 156–58, 163, 166
internationalisation
147–48, 157, 164, 207
international students
xii, 6, 157, 192–94, 262–81, 303
intracultural
160, 163
intraculturality
155, 157
Japanese
42, 57, 60, 152, 157, 161, 218, 290, 304–5
Japanese language program
157, 161
knowledge
3–4, 30–31, 44–45, 92–93, 98–99, 102–3, 113–14, 124, 129, 131, 133–34, 149–53, 155–56, 162, 173–76, 245–46, 279–80, 283–84, 292–94
cultural
132, 146–47, 149, 160, 285, 294, 297
linguistic
100, 162
knowledge and skills
96, 114
knowledge production
51, 53–54
language acquisition
11, 27, 303
language and culture
150, 152, 159, 196, 257, 285, 297
language and education
14, 59, 106
Language and Education
104–5, 107–8, 166, 184
language attitudes
220, 231, 236
language attrition
218, 233, 235
language awareness
xiii, 5, 90, 92–94, 99, 101–2, 106, 125, 140–41, 143, 209
language change
43, 45, 77, 154
language competence
95, 123, 286
language diversity
6, 59, 105, 109, 130, 173, 207
language education
4, 53, 55, 125, 127, 129, 131, 140, 142–44, 300, 302–3
decolonize
54
heritage
226, 233
language identity
77, 247, 301, 303
language ideologies
xi, 115, 198, 202–3, 216, 234, 303
language learning
28–29, 50, 52, 126, 129–31, 149–50, 152, 154, 156, 162, 165–66, 282–83, 296, 299, 301
intercultural
297, 302
language maintenance, minority
223, 232
language planning
43, 58–59, 78, 234, 259
language policies
xii–xiii, 3–4, 11, 14, 19–22, 25, 27, 60, 63–65, 76–77, 231, 233–34
language proficiency
42, 119, 122, 130, 139, 141, 218, 228, 232–33, 247, 254
heritage
215, 219, 236
language programs
30, 53, 157, 193, 217
language repertoires
100, 102–3, 106, 288
languages
dominant
41–43, 117, 183, 217
international
24, 61, 65–66, 76, 254
minoritised
6, 167, 183
languages and cultures
127, 129, 131–32, 134–35, 137, 139–40, 148–50, 152, 154, 160–61, 163, 166–67, 192, 197, 199
languages education
xi–xii, 6, 77, 105, 145–46, 194–95, 207
language skills
130, 170, 231, 233
language teachers
xii, 5, 50–51, 53–55, 111–15, 118, 122, 124, 148
language teaching
43, 50–51, 53, 104, 107, 114, 123, 126, 129, 131–32, 143–44, 165, 170
language use
62–64, 68, 71, 73–74, 76, 93, 98–99, 154, 156, 217–18, 228–29, 235
language varieties
61, 118, 129, 199
languaging
xi, 5, 111–25
learning process
52, 150, 158, 204, 244, 254, 274, 290
Linguistically Diverse Practices
169–91
linguistic diversity
xiii, 2–3, 6–7, 89–90, 93, 96, 107–8, 142, 167–68, 173, 176, 178, 180–83, 186–87, 190
linguistic hegemony
40–41
linguistic hierarchies
44, 169, 203, 217, 223, 228
linguistic imperialism
41–42, 58, 62, 78, 258
linguistic landscapes
xiv, 5, 141–42, 154, 166, 258, 302
linguistic racism
193, 207
linguistic repertoires
3–4, 7, 92–94, 97, 99–102, 123, 201, 206, 250, 273
Literacy
xiii, 23–24, 34, 261
literacy development
245, 255
literacy practices
231, 244
meanings
64, 100, 145, 147, 149, 154–55, 162
cultural
154
embodied
153
MFL (Maltese as a Foreign Language)
5, 127–44
migrants
36, 128–29, 139, 169, 183
migration
xiv, 7, 41, 128, 140, 142, 215, 220, 226, 228, 230
minorities
41, 246
local
169
minority children
109, 215
minority languages
16–17, 39, 42, 62, 167–68, 186, 217, 223
local
168, 171, 178, 181, 183
motivation
7, 245, 247, 270, 276–77, 282–83, 285–86, 288, 290, 292, 294, 298, 301–3
motivational self-system
282, 301
multicultural
2–6, 8, 127, 298–99
development
186, 234
education
2, 7–8
multiculturalism
xiii, 2, 4, 7, 146, 213, 248, 290
multicultural selves
283–84, 286–87, 289, 294, 296–300
multilingual
5–6, 32–33, 99–100, 116–20, 122, 124, 146, 148–51, 154–55, 158, 160, 163, 246, 288–90, 295–300
and intercultural learning
146, 148, 154, 163
and intercultural orientation
5, 145, 147–51, 156–57, 163
multilingual classrooms
3, 106–9, 140, 142–43, 184
multilingual identities
4, 6–7, 118, 302
multilingual individuals
97, 283, 287
multilingualism
xii–xiv, 4, 11–12, 19, 31–33, 108–9, 118, 120–21, 125–26, 129, 140–43, 164–66, 168–71, 184–86, 248
multilingual learners
92, 147–65, 184
multilingual pedagogies
3, 90, 103–4
multilingual turn
58, 90, 105, 107, 111–12, 143, 149, 165
multiple languages
5, 11, 92, 94, 98, 118, 145, 149–50, 218
national identity
66, 68–69, 74–77, 84, 86, 160, 295
national language
60–63, 65–66, 70, 75–76, 91, 274
native languages
44, 119, 168, 170, 174, 178, 181–82, 189–91, 250, 274
OERs (Online Educational Resources)
6, 194–99, 204–6, 210
online learning
262, 269, 273, 278–79
online studies
262, 272–73, 277, 279
Open Educational Resources
196, 206, 211
parental involvement
6, 243–44, 247–48, 253–57, 259–61
pedagogical approach
90, 102–4, 127, 195
pedagogical practice
3–4, 6, 90, 162, 184
pedagogical translanguaging
3, 5, 7, 90, 92–93, 100, 102, 105, 108
pedagogies
sustaining
195, 209
transcultural
298, 303
pluralistic approaches
5, 127–28, 130–32, 139–42
plurilingual
5, 111, 116–17, 119–20, 122–24, 129, 131, 136, 164
plurilingual approaches
127, 131, 142
plurilingualism
91, 106, 111, 116, 119–20, 122, 129, 131, 139–41, 143, 209
plurilingual language education
140, 143
plurilingual pedagogies
3, 8
policies
2–4, 7, 11–14, 18–22, 24–25, 27–33, 36, 38, 42, 44, 62, 89, 91, 104, 106–7
language-in-education
12, 58, 217
national
27, 29
positioning theory
114–15
power
40–41, 43, 45, 58, 61, 93, 102, 104, 154, 198, 266
power dynamics
217, 225
power relations
40, 232
primary schools
xi, 18, 67, 103, 105, 167, 171, 185, 246
primary school teachers
82, 182, 187
Principled Pedagogy
145–65
proficiency
117–22, 124, 129, 132, 135, 194, 201, 223, 225, 228–29, 232–33, 282–83
proficiency levels
121–22, 132, 201, 228, 282, 297, 300
race
32, 151, 198, 246
Raciolinguistic Ideologies
105, 207
reflexive
116, 125, 149, 154
reflexivity
154–56, 163–64
send (Special Educational Need)
4, 11–32, 34–38
send and multilingualism
21, 31–32
send in multilingual provisions
27, 32
send Policies
19–29
social change
126, 141–42
social cohesion
91, 129, 169, 183
social connectedness
7, 262, 269
social environment
263, 287, 292, 296
social interactions
63, 75, 183, 235, 302
social justice
54–55, 57–58, 106, 184, 186, 209–11
sociocultural theory
127, 143
sociolinguistics
109, 134, 164, 302
speech
22, 24, 31–32, 36, 38, 265
speech communities
118, 284, 287, 292, 296, 299
teacher cognition
111, 113–14, 126
teacher education
5, 106, 115, 183
teacher educators
117, 132, 195
teacher identity
123, 126
translanguaging
7, 90, 92–96, 99–100, 102, 104–10, 118, 123, 125–28, 142, 154
translanguaging classroom
7, 106
translanguaging spaces
92, 98
vocabulary
70, 181, 200, 203, 244, 286
academic
122
Welsh
15–17, 23–25, 38, 94
Welsh in Education Strategic Plans (WESPs)
22, 24–25
Welsh Language Act
17, 23, 39
World language
48, 193
world languages education
6, 194