1.1 Felix Romuliana, imperial palace (1a) and imperial tumuli on the hill Magura (1b). Photo: After Popović, “Sakralno-funerarni kompleks na Maguri” [Sacral and funerary complex at Magura], fig. 105, and Milka Čanak-Medić and Brana Stojković-Pavelka, Felix Romuliana—Gamzigrad (Belgrade: Arheološki institut, 2010), fig. 27 21
1.2 Jewelry (2a) and golden foils of the diadem (2b) from the crypt of the mausoleum in Šarkamen. Photo: Nebojša Borić, documentation of the Institute of Archaeology 22
1.3 Early Byzantine oil lamp from the Belgrade City Museum (Helena and Constantine?). Photo: Documentation of the Belgrade City Museum 25
1.4 Aureus of Empress Galeria Valeria from the National Museum in Belgrade (4a) and cameo with female bust from Horreum Margi (Galeria Valeria?) (4b). Photo: After Anđelković Grašar, “Image as a Way of Self-Representation,” figs. 1a and 1b 27
1.5 Cameos in medallions from Remesiana (Fausta?) (5a, 5b). Photo: After Anđelković Grašar, “Image as a Way of Self-Representation,” figs. 2a and 2b 29
1.6 Steelyard weight from the National Museum in Belgrade (Ariadne?). Photo: After Starinar 64/2014, book cover 32
1.7 Portrait of Byzantine empress (Euphemia?). Photo: Arheološko blago Niša [Archaeological Treasure of Niš] (Belgrade: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, 2004), inside book cover 34
1.8 Obverse of the coin of Emperor Justin II. Photo: Documentation of the National Museum of Leskovac, Numismatics collection I/2 (inv. NI/2, 78) 36
3.1 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, viewed from the southwest. Photo: Ljubomir Milanović 73
3.2 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, sarcophagi in the west bay of the south aisle. Photo: Ljubomir Milanović 73
3.3 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, original iconostasis with fresco surrounding it and the coffin of Saint Stefan Dečanski. Photo: Ljubomir Milanović 76
3.4 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, original iconostasis with fresco surrounding it and the coffin of Saint Stefan Dečanski, oblique view. Photo: Ljubomir Milanović 84
3.5 Coffin of the holy king Stefan Dečanski, about 1340, Museum of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Belgrade. Photo: Aleksandar Radosavljević 85
3.6 Coffin of the holy king Stefan Dečanski, about 1340, detail, Museum of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Belgrade. Photo: Aleksandar Radosavljević 86
3.7 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, old position of the reliquary, picture taken c.1941. Photo: After Petković and Bošković, Dečani 87
3.8 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, relics of the holy king Stefan Dečanski. Photo: Dečani monastery (Serbian Orthodox Church) 89
3.9 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, the holy king Stefan Dečanski, fresco, south face of the northeast pier. Photo: Ljubomir Milanović 90
3.10 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, the holy king Stefan Dečanski, fresco, south face of the northeast pier, detail. Photo: Ljubomir Milanović 92
3.11 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, holy king Stefan Dečanski, fresco, south face of the northeast pier, detail. Photo: Ljubomir Milanović 93
3.12 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, Saint Stephen Protomartyr, fresco, west wall of the south bay of the naos. Photo: Ljubomir Milanović 94
3.13 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, Christ Pantokrator from Deesis, fresco, west wall of the south bay of the naos. Photo: Ljubomir Milanović 95
3.14 Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator, Serbia, 14th century, iconostasis, viewed from the back, picture taken c.1941. Photo: After Petković and Bošković, Dečani 96
4.1 Consular diptych of Probus; Rome or northern Italy, 406; Aosta, Tesoro della Cattedrale. Photo: Diego Cesare, Regione autonoma Valle d’Aosta, Archivi dell’Assessorato Beni culturali, Turismo, Sport e Commercio della Regione autonoma Valle d’Aosta—fondo Catalogo beni culturali 105
4.2 Consular diptych of Areobindus; Constantinople, 506; Paris, Musée national du Moyen Âge—Cluny, inv. Cl. 13135. Photo: © RMN-Grand Palais (musée de Cluny—musée national du Moyen Âge) / Thierry Ollivier 107
4.3 Consular diptych of Clementinus; Constantinople, 513; Liverpool, National Museums Liverpool—World Museum, inv. M10036. Photo: Courtesy National Museums Liverpool, World Museum 108
4.4 Christ and Mary diptych; Constantinople, mid-6th century; Berlin, Staatliche Museen, Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, inv. 564–565. Photo: Fotonachweis: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst / Antje Voigt 111
4.5 Chronography of 354, fol. 7 Natales Caesarum; Rome, 354; Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, inv. Romanus 1 MS, Barb.lat. 2154. Photo: © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana 112
4.6 Rabbula Gospels, fol. 9v Matthew and John; Syria, 586; Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana inv. cod. Plut. I, 56. Photo: © Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, MS Plut. 1.56, f. 9v. Su concessione del MiC. È vietata ogni ulteriore riproduzione con qualsiasi mezzo 116
4.7 Ashburnham Pentateuch, fol. 2r Genesis; Italy (Rome?), 6th century; Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, inv. MS nouv. acq. lat. 2334. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 118
4.8 Ravennese sarcophagus, 3rd–4th century; Ravenna, Museo Arcivescovile. Photo: After Kollwitz and Herdejürgen, Die Sarkophage, fig. 19.1, cat. A 49 120
4.9 Coptic funerary stela; Egypt, 5th–8th century; Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, inv. 47.8.10. Photo: Museum Associates/LACMA 121
4.10 Silver plaque with representation of Saint Paul; Syria, 550–600; New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. 50.5.1. Photo: Fletcher Fund, 1950 123
4.11 Ambo from Hagios Georgios; Thessaloniki, 500–550; Istanbul, İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri, inv. 1090 T. Photo: Cecilia Olovsdotter 125
4.12 Votive bronze situla; Constantinople (?), 6th century; Istanbul, İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri, inv. 852. Photo: Cecilia Olovsdotter 126
4.13 Gold bracelet with representation of a temple to Isis; Egypt (Alexandria?), 4th century; Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, inv. Seyrig.1972.1318. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 128
4.14 Chronography of 354, fol. 13 Constantius II as consul; Rome, 354; Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, inv. Romanus 1 MS, Barb.lat. 2154. Photo: © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana 130
4.15 Consular diptych of Boethius, Rome or northern Italy 487; Brescia, Museo di Santa Giulia. Photo: Su concessione della Fondazione Brescia Musei 132
4.16 Consular diptych of Anastasius; Constantinople, 517; Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MMA, inv. 55. Photo: Bibliothèque nationale de France 133
4.17 Funerary stela of a couple; Byzantium/Constantinople (?), 3rd–4th century; Istanbul, İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri (courtyard). Photo: Cecilia Olovsdotter 136
4.18 Lead sarcophagus; Roman Syria (mod. Baabda), 3rd century; Istanbul, İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri, inv. 1149 M. Photo: Cecilia Olovsdotter 137
4.19 Silver missorium of Theodosius I; Constantinople (?), 388; Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia. Photo: After Delbrueck, Die Consulardiptychen, plate 62 140
4.20 ‘David’ silver plate, (3/9) David before Saul; Constantinople, 613/629–630; New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. 17.190.397. Photo: Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917 142
5.1 Representation of the Jerusalem Temple on the silver tetradrachm of Bar Kochba, undated issue, year 134/5 CE. Obverse: representation of the Temple with the rising star. Photo: Public domain Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com [Accessed June 16, 2022] 149
5.2 Synagogue, Dura-Europos, 3rd century. Torah Shrine. Photo: © Alamy 151
5.3 Hammat Tiberias 4–5th century synagogue. Detail of the mosaic floor depicting the holy Ark surrounded by two large candelabra and other ceremonial objects. Photo: Zev Radovan/Bible Land Pictures © Alamy 152
5.4 Representation of the Temple in the Sarajevo Haggadah (14th century CE), National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Photo: © Jewish community of Bosnia and Herzegovina 155
5.5 Tentative reconstruction of the Herodian Temple facade. Drawing: Schwartz and Peleg, “Notes on the Virtual Reconstruction of the Herodian Period Temple and Courtyards,” 81, illustration 7. Courtesy of Prof. Joshua Schwartz and Yehoshua Peleg 157
6.1 Nea Moni, Chios, 11th century. Exterior view. Photo: Marina Mihaljević 164
6.2 Nea Moni, Chios, 11th century. Plan. Drawing: Marina Mihaljević 165
6.3 Nea Moni, Chios, 11th century. Reconstruction of the interior. Drawing: Marina Mihaljević after Anastasios Orlandos (in Bouras, Nea Moni, figs. 57 and 78) 166
6.4 Nea Moni, Chios, 11th century. Reconstruction of the west elevation Drawing: Marina Mihaljević (after Bouras, Nea Moni, figs. 104 and 115) 167
6.5 Nea Moni, Chios, 11th century. Reconstruction of the dome. Drawing: Marina Mihaljević after Bouras, Nea Moni, figs. 89–90 and 107 168
6.6 Küçükyalı (Maltepe), 9th century, Istanbul (Constantinople). Plan of the church. Drawing: Marina Mihaljević after Ricci, “Reinterpretation of the ‘Palace of Bryas’” 170
6.7a Panagia Mouchliotissa (Theotokos Panagiotissa), Istanbul (Constantinople), 10th–11th century. Drawing: Marina Mihaljević after Bouras, “Hē Architektonikē tēs Panagias ton Mouchliou stēn Kōnstantinoupoli” [The architecture of Panagia Mouchliou in Constantinople], figs. 8 and 43 171
6.7b Theotokos Eleousa, Veljusa, 11th century. Plan. Drawing: Marina Mihaljević 171
6.8 Theotokos Eleousa, Veljusa, 11th century. Domes. Photo: Marina Mihaljević 172
6.9 Panagia Mouchliotissa (Theotokos Panagiotissa), Istanbul (Constantinople), 10th–11th century. Dome. Photo: Marina Mihaljević 173
6.10 The Tomb and the Ascension of Christ, ivory, c.400, Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, Inv. Nr. MA 157. Photo: Andreas Praefcke. Wikimedia Commons, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reidersche_Tafel_c_400_AD.jpg [Accessed July 9, 2022] 178
6.11 Tetradrachm of Bar Kochba, undated issue, year 134/5 CE. Obverse: representation of the Temple with the rising star. Photo: Public domain Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com [Accessed June 9, 2022] 181
6.12 Synagogue, Dura-Europos, 3rd century. Torah Shrine. Photo: © Alamy 182
6.13 Surb Prkitch, Ani, 11th century. Exterior, from the south. Photo: Marina Mihaljević 186
6.14 Surb Prkitch, Ani, 11th century. Interior from the southeast. Photo: Marina Mihaljević 187
6.15 Pilgrim’s ampulla no. 18, reverse. Photo: © Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine Collection, Washington, DC 188
7.1 Homilies of James Kokkinobaphos, Vat. gr. 1162, fol. 2v, 12th century. Photo: © Universal History Archive/UIG/Bridgeman Images 192
7.2 Church of the Virgin Kosmosoteira, Pherrai, 1152, southwest view. Photo: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monastery_of _Panagia_Kosmosotira,_Ferres,_Evros.JPG [Accessed June 6, 2022] 195
7.3 Church of St. Panteleimon, Nerezi, 1164, south view. Photo: Ida Sinkević 195
7.4 Church of St. Panteleimon, Nerezi, 1164, floor plan. Drawing: Ida Sinkević 196
7.5 Church of St. Panteleimon, Nerezi, 1164, southeast dome, fresco, Ancient of Days. Photo: Ida Sinkević 198
7.6 Church of St. Panteleimon, Nerezi, 1164, southwest dome, fresco, Christ Priest. Photo: Ida Sinkević 199
7.7 Church of the Virgin of Ljeviška, 1306/1307, floor plan. Drawing: After Ćurčić, Gračanica: King Milutin’s Church, fig. 101D 201
7.8 Church of the Mother of God, Gračanica monastery, 1321, floor plan Drawing: After Ćurčić, Gračanica: King Milutin’s Church, fig. 101F 203
7.9 Church of the Mother of God, Gračanica monastery, 1321, central dome, interior view. Photo: Courtesy BLAGO Fund, Inc. 205
7.10 Church of the Mother of God, Gračanica monastery, 1321, fresco, Evangelist John, southeast dome. Photo: Courtesy BLAGO Fund, Inc. 207
7.11 Church of the Mother of God, Gračanica monastery, 1321, fresco, Evangelist Luke, northeast dome. Photo: Courtesy BLAGO Fund, Inc. 208
7.12 Gospel Book, MS E.D. Clarke 10, f. 2v, 11th century, Oxford, Bodleian Library. Photo: © Bodleian Library Oxford 209
8.1 Primitive hut, engraving, Charles Eisen, frontispiece of Marc-Antoine Laugier, Essai sur l’architecture, 2nd ed., 1755. Photo: Public domain image from DOME, digitized content from the MIT Libraries’ collections, dome.mit.edu [Accessed June 3, 2022] 212
8.2 Presentation of Christ in the Temple, mosaic, katholikon of the Hosios Loukas monastery, Greece, 11th century. Photo: Public domain image by Hans A. Rosbach from Wikimedia commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_(nave,_North-West_squinch)_-_Presentation_02.jpg [Accessed June 3, 2022] 221
8.3 Presentation of the Mother of God in the Temple (also known as the Entry of the Ever Virgin Mary and Most Holy Mother of God Theotokos into the Temple; Vavedenije), icon, Hilandar, Mt. Athos, 14th century. Photo: Courtesy of the Foundation of the Holy Monastery Hilandar 222
8.4 Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, modern Istanbul, Turkey, 6th century, analysis showing light penetration in the central canopy. Drawing: Alex Blum created by using Rhinoceros, Autodesk Revit, and Photoshop 227
8.5 Process from volume to canopy to nine-square design based on canopied parti in Byzantine churches. Drawing: Alex Blum created by using Autodesk Revit and Adobe Illustrator 228
8.6 Five-domed katholikon of the Matejič monastery, Skopska Crna Gora, Northern Macedonia, 14th century. Photo: Ivan Drpić 228
8.7 ‘Windblown’ capital with acanthus leaves, Hagios Demetrios, Thessaloniki, Greece, 5th century. Photo: Nebojša Stanković 230