Index
Illustrations are denoted by italics.
Ablgharib Pahlavid, prince
184
Abrahim Ibn Ezra
146
Aedicula of Christ, church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
115, 177, 179, 180, 184, 185
Aetos, Greece
43
Against Heresies (Irenaeus)
218
Agia Triti (Holy Tuesday), church, Vasilopoulo
43
Agioi Theodoroi monastery
64
Agitria, church, Mesa Mani
59, 67
Agraphoi, church
63, 67, 71
Akathist Hymn
38n90
Akathistos cycle
58, 70
Alexios Angelos Komnenos
194
Ambrose, Saint
80
Anagnostakis, Elias
56, 66
Anastasius I, emperor
30–31, 109, 134
Andronikos II, emperor
56, 69
Andronikos III, emperor
62n104
Andronikos Palaiologos Asanes
65
aniconism, in Jewish art
147, 150, 161
Annia Galeria Faustina, empress
30
Antiquities of the Jews (Josephus)
158
antitype
1, 2n5, 18, 38, 41, 219, 234
Aphendiko, church, Mystras
202
Apolpaina, church
63–64
apotheosis, symbols of
103, 110n21, 119, 120, 122, 134
arcade
117, 122, 124–127
Arcadius, emperor
139
arch
103–127, 105, 107, 108, 111, 112, 116, 118, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 236
on ‘Christ and Mary’ diptych
109–110, 111
on consular diptychs
104–109, 105
in funerary art
117–122, 120, 121, 123
passage, symbol of
104, 117
pediment and
127
as transcendental gateway
103, 117–120, 122, 124
triumph, as symbol of
103, 104–105, 109–117, 119, 122–124
over death
120–122, 126–127
archaeological artifacts
evolutionist approach to architectural typology and
8
typology of
17–18
Archangel Michael on Mount Auxentios, monastery
68
arched fastigium
137–141
archetype
of bodily relics, body of Christ as
75, 77–79, 100
definition of
2, 12–14, 191, 194, 216–220, 213, 233–240
of the divine heiress (empress)
15–42
five-domed churches
191, 194
the Great Mother
16–17
Hodegetria icon as
45, 47, 71
goddesses as
16–17, 37–38, 41
Jungian psychology and
16
likeness and
237
mental image and
16, 18–19, 42
primitive hut as
210–232
Theotokos, the
37, 38, 51
type and
12–14, 100, 145, 191, 210, 216–217, 231, 233–239
architectural motifs in imagery
101–103, 236–237
arcade; arch; arched fastigium; pediment; portico
architectural types
2n5, 4–11, 103, 168, 176–177, 188–191, 210, 211, 213–220, 231, 233–240
planning types
architecture, rhetoric of
145, 168
Arediou, church
53, 67
Areobindus, consul
106, 107, 109
Ariadne, empress
30–32, 32, 33n67, 35, 40–41, 109, 134
Aristotle
210, 216, 238
Ark of the Covenant
12, 146, 150, 156, 180n37, 218, 219, 220, 224n44, 225, 229
Armenian origins of domed octagon structural type
166, 184–185
Arsenius, patriarch
82
Artemis, goddess
38n90
Ascension ivory, Munich
177, 178
Ashburnham Pentateuch
117, 118
Ashkenazi haggadot, representation of the Temple in
153, 159–161
Athanasios I, patriarch
54
Athena, goddess
38n90
Augustine, Saint
216n20
Babić, Gordana
91
Balaban Ağa Mescidi, mosque
175n24
Balajnac, bronze portrait from
33–34, 34
Bandmann, Günter
101n2, 102n4
bar Kochba, Simon
149, 180
Bar Kochba Revolt silver coinage
149, 149, 180
Bartholomew di Simeri
51
Basil I, emperor
191, 193
basilica, building type
5, 7, 8, 10, 202, 226
Basilakes Nomikos
54n55
Bebaia Elpis monastery
69
Bede
1, 215
Bedestan, church, Nicosia
52
Benjamin of Tudela, Rabbi
147n10
bilateral icons
49–50
Birds’ Head Haggadah
153n26, 159–161
Blachernai monastery
55, 60n90, 67
Blachernitissa icon
59, 60
Bland, Kalman
146, 147
Boethii, the
131
Boethius, consular diptych of
131, 132
Bogdanović, Jelena
9, 11, 145, 168n8
Brephokratousa icon
59
Brontocheion monastery
54–56, 66, 71
Bruttia Crispina, empress
30
Bryas, Palace of
169n10
Buildings (Procopius)
10, 11
Bulgakov, Sergius
79
Busac, Hugues
56
Bynum, Caroline
79
Capernaum, synagogue
180
canopy
altar
223–225
dome as
9, 10, 11, 172, 208, 226, 227, 228
as representative of religious structures
217–221, 223–224
as unit of design
9, 10, 11, 208n39, 217–221, 225–226, 230–232
‘living’ canopy
Cappella Arcivescovile, Ravenna
206
Cappella Palatina, Palermo
51, 71
Caričin Grad-Iustiniana Prima
36, 41
Carroll, Michael
16
Celestial Hierarchy (Dionysius the Areopagite)
216–219, 238 239
centrally planned church type
5, 7, 10, 163, 168–169, 175–176, 185, 226, 236
Chalke Gate
10
Chalkoprateia, church, Constantinople
55
Choli, church
53, 67
Chorio, church
66–67, 71
Christ, body of
77–79, 100
‘Christ and Mary’ diptych
109–110, 111
Christ Pantokrator, church of see Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator
Chronography of 354
110–111, 112, 129, 130
church buildings
changes in
6–9
decorative programs of
7n14, 197–200, 202, 204–208
evolutionist approach to typology of
7–8, 10, 235
liturgical changes and
6–7, 204–206
planning types
ciborium, as canopy
218–226, 231
Clementinus, consul
106, 108, 109
coins
Bar Kochba Revolt silver coinage
149, 149, 180
empress imagery on
23, 24n31, 25–26, 27, 28, 35, 36, 36, 38–41
images of pediments on
127
Commentary on Mishneh (Maimonides)
160
colonnettes, double
as architectural feature
163, 165n4, 166–169, 172, 176
in representations of the church of the Holy Sepulchre
176–177, 179–180, 185, 236
concha, symbolism of
110, 117, 118, 120, 124, 128, 131, 134
consul, Roman office of
106, 109n17, n18, 134n68
consular diptychs
arches on
104–109, 105
empress imagery on
30–31, 35
pedimented front on
129, 131–134, 132, 133
Constantine VII, emperor
191n10
Constantine IX Monomachos, emperor
163, 174
Constantine the Great, emperor
20, 23, 28, 36, 193
mausoleum of
163
Constantine Lips, North Church of, Constantinople
193
Constantius II Augustus
28, 129, 130, 131
Constantius Gallus Caesar
129, 131
Coptic stelae
120, 121
cross-domed church type
7–8, 10, 193
cross-in-square church type
5, 7–8, 10, 176n25, 193, 197n22, 202, 226
curtains, symbolism of
110, 117, 124–125, 148, 221, 227
Cybele, goddess
37
Cyriacus of Ancona
63n111
Daniel, Russian abbot
50
Danilo II, archbishop
59–61, 62, 68, 83, 88
Life of
60–61
David, king
plates
141, 142
psalm
226–227, 229
Dečani monastery, church of the Christ Pantokrator
72, 73, 74–75, 76, 83–100, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
decorative programs of churches
7n14, 197–200, 202, 204–208
della Dora, Veronica
226–227
De Michaele et Andronico Paleologis (Pachymeres)
82
Descent of the Holy Fire
179
De tabernaculo (Bede)
215
De templo (Bede)
215
diadem, in imperial imagery
22, 23, 28, 31, 41, 129n58
Didymoteichon, monastery
57, 71
Diocletian, palatial complex of in Split
138
Dionysius the Areopagite
13, 216–219, 238–239
Dionysus
38n91
Divine Liturgy, the, in decorative programs of church domes
204–206
dolphin, symbolism of
135
domed octagon church type
10, 163, 165–166, 176
Domentijan, author of Life of Saint Sava
83
domes see canopy; cross-domed church type; domed octagon church type; five-domed churches
Domitilla catacombs, ‘Passion’ sarcophagus
118–119
Dormition of the Virgin, church, Gračanica monastery
197, 203, 205
door motif on funerary monuments
117
Dura-Europos, synagogue in
149, 151, 161n51, 180, 182
Đurić, Vojislav
60
eagle, symbolism of
119, 120, 122n46
Ecclesiastical History and Mystical Contemplation (Germanus)
218
elevatio corporis
81
empress imagery
antitype
18, 38, 41
Annia Galeria Faustina
30
archetypes of
15, 16–17, 37–38, 41
Ariadne
30–32, 32, 33n67, 35, 40–41, 109, 134
Christian iconography and
23–26, 35–36
Christian typology and
18
on cameos
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 38, 40
on coins
23, 24n31, 25–26, 27, 28, 35, 36, 36, 38–41
on consular diptychs
30–31, 35
co-rulers
25, 35–36, 41
empress as mother
19–25, 36, 38–39, 41
empress as wife
19, 25–35, 40
Euphemia
32–34, 34, 41
Fausta
26, 28, 29, 30, 39, 40
Galeria Valeria
26, 27, 28, 38
Goddess archetype
16–17, 37–38, 41
Helena, mother of Constantine the Great
20, 23–24, 25, 26, 28, 36, 38–39, 40
ideal type
18, 26, 34–35, 41, 42
imperial garments on
24n31, 31, 33, 41
as imperial propaganda
15, 19, 25–36, 40–42
maternal type
15, 17, 38–39, 41
Mother of God archetype and
16–17, 37–38
mothers of emperors, glorification of
19–23, 39–40
on oil lamps
24–25, 25
as prototype
15, 17, 26, 40, 42
religious archetypes
15, 16, 18, 37–38
Romula, mother of Roman emperor Galerius
19–20, 21, 38n91
sculptures of
33–34, 34, 41
Sophia
25, 35, 41
Theodora
15n1, 33n70, 35
on steelyard weights
31–32, 32, 40–41
Eirene Doukaina Komnene, empress
69
Eisen, Charles
211, 212
Eliezer ben Nathan, Rabbi
161
Empedocles
210
Enniameritissa, church, Chalki
59
Enlightenment, architectural scholars of the
211–213, 231
Entry of the Ever Virgin Mary and Most Holy Mother of God Theotokos
220, 222–225, 222
erotes, symbolism of
134n66, 134, 135, 140
Essai sur l’architecture (Laugier)
211, 212, 216, 220, 229, 231, 232
essentialism, philosophy of
17–18
Euphemia, empress
32–34, 34, 41
Euphrosyne-Marina, nun
56, 65–66, 71
Eusebius of Caesarea
174n18, 179, 190
evolutionist approach in architectural typology
7, 8, 10, 235, 240
Fasti consulares
109n18
fastigium
columned fastigium see pedimented front
palatial fastigium see arched fastigium
Syrian fastigium see arched fastigiumRavennese fastigium
Fausta, empress
26, 28, 29, 30, 39, 40
Felix, Saint
80
Felix Romuliana, imperial palace
20, 21
First Temple
145, 146, 150n18
five-domed churches
approaches to
189–190
Byzantine perceptions of
190, 197, 198, 206
Constantine Lips, North Church of
193
decorative program of
197–200, 202, 204–208
Heavenly Jerusalem as archetype
190–193, 192, 236
Nea Ekklesia church as archetype
191, 193–194, 197
St. Panteleimon, church, Nerezi
194, 195, 196, 198–200, 198, 199, 202, 204
subsidiary domes, placement of
202–206, 203
symbolism of
190–191, 193, 197, 208
Virgin Kosmosoteira, church, Pherrai
194, 195, 198, 200, 204
Virgin of Ljeviška, church, Prizren
197, 200, 201, 202, 204
Flavius Anastasius, consul
131–134, 133
funerary art
arches in
117–122, 120, 121, 123
pediments in
134n66, 135–137
Galla Placidia, mausoleum of
206
Galeria Valeria, empress
26, 27, 28, 38
Galerius, emperor
19–20, 23, 26, 38n91, 39
Gamzigrad (architectural complex)
20n20, 21, 38n91
Gedankenbild
18
Germanus, Saint
77n16, 218
Geromeri monastery
57–58, 67
Gonia monastery
58
Gorgon head
135, 137
Gospel Book, MS E.D. Clarke
206, 209
Gračanica monastery
197, 201, 202–206, 203, 205, 207, 208
Gradac monastery
83
Great Mother, the, archetype
16–17
Greek octagon church type
165–166
Gregorios, author of Life of Saint Romylos
61
Gregory of Kykkos
52
Gregory of Nazianzus
79
Gregory Pachymeres
62, 82
Grigorije Camblak (Gregory Tsamblak)
74, 88
Gül, church, Constantinople
8
haggadot, illuminated
145, 153–162
Hagia Eirene, church, Constantinople
7n17, 11
Hagia Sophia, church, Constantinople
10, 11, 82, 138n77, 215, 226, 227
Hagioi Apostoloi, church, Chios
165
Hagios Demetrios, church, Thessaloniki, ‘windblown’ capitals
230
Hagios Georgios, church, Thessaloniki, marble ambo
124, 125
Hagios Menas, church, Constantinople
175n24
Hamilton Psalter
68
Hammat Tiberias, synagogue mosaic floor
150, 152, 161n51
Heavenly Jerusalem
11, 12, 160, 161, 190–193, 192
Helen, Serbian queen
83
Helena, empress, mother of Constantine the Great
20, 23–24, 25, 26, 28, 36, 38–39, 40
Helena Palaiologina
64
Hera-Juno, goddess
37, 122n46
Heraclius, emperor
25, 36n83, 141n83
Herodian Temple see Second Temple
Hodegetria icon
confraternities of
44, 47, 48, 53, 60, 62–63, 71
foundations dedicated to
43–45, 47–66
Agioi Theodoroi monastery
64
Agitria, church, Mesa Mani
59, 67
Agraphoi, church
63, 67, 71
Apolpaina, church
63–64
Arediou, church
53, 67
Bedestan, church, Nicosia
52–53, 71
Brontocheion monastery
54–56, 66, 71
Cappella Palatina, Palermo
51, 71
Choli, church
53, 67
Chorio, church
66–67, 71
Didymoteichon, monastery
57, 71
Enniameritissa, church, Chalki
59
Geromeri monastery
57–58, 67
Gonia monastery
58
Hodegetria cathedral, Nicosia
52–53, 71
Jerusalem monastery dedicated to the Hodegetria
48–50, 67, 71
Kouklia, church of Panagia Katholiki
53, 67
Kouvouklia, church
64
Maurochorion, church
64
Meronas, church
58
Monembasia, church
56–57, 71
Mušutište, church
61
Mytilene, monastery
64
Peć, church
59–60, 67
Spelies, church
62
St. Nicholas tis Stegis, church, Cyprus
52
St. Sophia, church, Thessaloniki
47, 71
Strumica, church
61
Veliko Tarnovo, monastery
61
Xenophon monastery
65
copies of
44–47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66, 70, 71, 237
development of the cult of
43–67, 70–71
funerary role of
62
likeness
46
miracle-working powers of
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 52, 58, 60, 67, 70
mislabeling of
59
patron feasts of Hodegetria-dedicated foundations
67–70
political powers of
47n17
as prototype
44–47
veneration transfer and
45–48, 66, 71, 235–236, 237
Hilandar monastery
61, 72n5
icon showing the Presentation of the Mother of God in the Temple
220, 222–225, 222
Hodegon monastery
44, 47n16, 61, 62, 68, 235
Holy Apostles, church, Constantinople
163, 190n4
Holy Apostles, church, Thessaloniki
202, 204
Holy Sepulchre, church, Jerusalem
Aedicula of Christ and, conflation of
177, 185
Constantine IX Monomachos and
174
copies of
11, 168, 175–177, 183–188
as model for the church of Nea Moni
168, 175–177, 183–184, 236
as prototype
11–12, 168, 236
reconstruction of
174
Temple, associations with
179–180
visual representations of
176–181, 178, 183, 185
Holy Tuesday
43–44, 70
Homilies of James Kokkinobaphos
191, 192
Honorius, emperor
104, 105n10, 135n72
Horreum Margi, cameos from
26, 27, 38
Horus, god
120
Hosios Loukas monastery
165n5, 220, 221
Ioannitzopoulos, monk of foundation of the Hodegetria in Maurochorion
64
iconoclasm
45–46, 75, 146, 147, 193–194
iconographical studies
2, 4
iconographical approaches to architecture
2n3, 11–12
iconophiles, visual hierarchy and
45–46
iconostasis
Dečani monastery
75, 76, 84, 84, 86, 89, 91, 96, 99–100
symbolism of
99–100, 237
icons, religious
architectural representations and
181n42
John of Damascus on
45, 75, 98
likeness and
4, 45–46
miracle-working powers of
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 52, 58, 60, 67, 70, 77
prototypes and
4, 44–47, 75, 77
origins of
75
relics and
75, 77, 98, 100
typology and
4, 14
visual hierarchy of
46
aniconism, in Jewish art; bilateral icons; Blachernitissa icon; Brephokratousa icon; Hodegetria icon; Kykkotissa icon; Megaspelaiotissa icon; Monembasiotissa icon; Presentation of the Mother of God in the Temple
ideal type
18–19, 42
church
7
empresses
18, 26, 34–35, 41, 42
Ignatios, patriarch of Constantinople
169n10
Ioannes Likinios
56
imaged architecture
101–103
arcade; arch; arched fastigium; pedimented front; portico
image theory
4, 45–46
imago clipeata
134
inventio crucis See True Cross, legend of the
Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons
216, 218, 225
Isaak Komnenos
69, 194
Isis-Fortuna, goddess
37, 128–129, 128
Jacob ben Reuben, Rabbi
146
Jacoby, Sam
239
Jacopo Ruffo/Rosso
63–64
Jerome, Saint
80
Jerusalem see Heavenly Jerusalem; Holy Sepulchre; Renewed Jerusalem
Jewish art
aniconism in
147, 150, 161
Ark of the Covenant in
146, 150, 156, 180n37
development of
144–148, 150, 152–153
floor mosaics
150, 152
illuminated manuscripts
145, 153–162
Jewish attitudes to Christians and
150, 152–153, 160
perceptions of Jewish artlessness
147
Temple representation in
148–150, 149, 151, 153–162, 155
visions of sages and
146
word-driven imagery
145–147, 162
Jewish Wars (Josephus)
158
John, ktetor of St. John the Forerunner Phoberos monastery
69
John Chrysostom, Saint
54n55
John of Damascus
45, 75, 98
John II Orsini
57
John V Palaiologos
62n104
Johnson, Mark
8
Josephus Flavius
156n33, 158
Jovan Dragoslav, kaznac
61
Judah Halevi
146
Jung, Carl Gustav
16–17
Justin I, emperor
32, 33, 34, 41
Justin II, emperor
25, 35, 36, 41
Justinian, emperor
10, 11, 33, 34, 41, 106, 134n67, 190n4, 215
Kale-e Zerzevan votive bronze situla
126, 126–127
Kalenderhane Camii, church, Constantinople
8
Kalligas, Haris
56
Karydis, Spyros
63
Kogman-Appel, Katrin
150, 153n26, 159, 162
Koinōnia type
41
Korać, Dušan
74n7, n8
Kouklia, church of Panagia Katholiki
53, 67
Kouvouklia, church
64
Krautheimer, Richard
2n3, 11–12, 175
Küçükyalı, church
169, 170
Kühnel, Gustav
49
Kutlumus 220 manuscript
56, 57
Kykkotissa icon
52
Laderman, Shulamit
162
Lampl, Paul
102n4
Laugier, Marc-Antoine
2n5, 211, 212, 216, 220, 229, 231, 232
Lavra monastery
65
Lazaros of Galesion, Saint
98, 99n89
Le Corbusier
2n5, 213n11
Leo I, emperor
30–31
Leo II, emperor
30–31
Leonardo III Tocco
63n111, 64
Lidov, Alexei
49
likeness in typology
1, 4, 11–12, 45–46, 71, 98, 236, 237
lion, symbolism of
122
‘living’ canopy
224–225
Lossky, Vladimir
75
Luke the Evangelist, Saint
44, 46, 51, 68, 79, 114, 208
Luna, symbolism of
110, 119
Machaira monastery
68
Madrazo Agudin, Leandro
2n5, 213, 216n20
Magdalino, Paul
193
Maimonides, Moses
146, 160, 161
Malotaras, bishop of Kernitsa
65–66
Manasija monastery
202
Manouel Kourtikes, Sebastos
64
Manuel, bishop, founder of Theotokos Eleousa, Veljusa
169
Maurochorion, church
64
Maria Regina type of the Virgin Mary
37
Marsengill, Katherine
4, 98
Martina, empress, wife of Heraclius
25, 36n83
Martha, Saint, Life of
56
Mary Latina, church, Jerusalem
49n23
Matejič monastery
226, 228
Maximinus Daia, emperor
20, 23
Megale Panagia, nunnery, Jerusalem
49
Mega Spelaion monastery
66
Megaspelaiotissa icon
66
Mellinkoff, Ruth
147n12
Menologion of Basil II
223n42
mental image, and archetypes
2n5, 16, 18, 42, 183
Meronas, church
58
Metamorphosis, church of the, Koropi
206
Meyer, Ann Raftery
215
Michael, metropolitan of Patras
65–66
Michael IV the Paphlagonian
174n19
Michael VIII, emperor
47n17, 57, 68
Michael Psellos
174n20
Mihaljević, Marina
9
Mihajlović iz Ostrovice, Konstantin
74n8
Mileševa monastery
83
Milica Branković
64
Milutin, king see Stefan Uroš II Milutin
Mishnah Middot
158
Mishneh Torah (Maimonides)
160
Monembasia, church
56–57, 71
Monembasiotissa icon
57
Mother of God archetype
16–17, 37–38
Mother of God in the Temple, Presentation of the, icon
220, 222–225, 222
Mother of God tou Roidiou monastery
69
mothers of emperors, glorification of
19–23
Munich Ascension ivory
177, 178
Mušutište, church
61
Mytilene, monastery, Lesbos
64
naos
impression of circularity of
163, 168–169, 172, 176
placement of domes and
194, 202, 203–204
planning type and
5, 6
Narration of the Hodegon Monastery
68
Nea Ekklesia, church, Constantinople
191, 193–194, 197
Nea Moni, church, Chios
164, 165, 166, 167, 168
double colonnettes of
163, 166, 168, 172, 176, 179
Holy Sepulchre, resemblance to
168, 175–177, 179–184, 236
imperial associations of
174, 183
impression of circularity of
163, 168–169, 172, 176
as prototype for Greek octagon type
165–166
replicas of 165
Neilos, bishop of Tamasia
68
Neilos Erichiotes, founder of Geromeri monastery
57
Nemanjić dynasty
72, 91
Nerezi, church of St. Panteleimon
194, 195, 196, 198–200, 198, 199, 202, 204
New Solomon, the
174, 184, 215
Nicholas, Saint
89, 91
Nikanor Gate
156, 157
Nikephoros I, patriarch
45, 46
Nikephoros Moschopoulos
54, 56, 65
nimbus, symbolism of
26, 131, 141
Octateuch manuscripts
159n42, 225n48
oil lamps, Christian iconography on
24, 25
On Adam’s House in Paradise (Rykwert)
213–214
orans position, significance of
24, 25, 38
orb, symbolism of
114n28
‘otherness’, typology of
17
Ousterhout, Robert
145, 148, 174n18, 175n24, 176n25, 179n36, 180n39, 197n22
Pachomios, founder of Hodegetria church of Brontocheion monastery
54, 55
Panagia Krina, church, Chios
165
Panagia Moutoullas, church, Cyprus, icon from
52
Panagia Mouchliotissa (Theotokos Panagiotissa), church, Constantinople
169, 170n13, 171, 172, 173, 183, 185
Panagia Olympiotissa monastery
204
Panofsky, Erwin
216n20, 238n7
Pantanassa, church, Mystras
202
Paulinus of Nola, Saint
80
Paulinus of Tyre
174n18
Paul, archbishop
56
Paul, Saint
77, 79, 122, 123
peacock, symbolism of
122
Peć, church
59–60, 67
pediment
arch and
127
on consular diptychs
129, 131–134, 132, 133
as exemplified by Roman temples
127–131, 128
in funerary art
134n66, 135–137
on Roman coins
127
symbolism of
101, 103, 127, 129, 131, 142–143, 236
Peleg, Yehoshua
156, 157, 157, 158
Pentcheva, Bissera
229
Perl, Eric
219
personality, typology of (Jung)
17
Pherrai, Virgin Kosmosoteira, church
194, 195, 198, 200, 204
phoenix, symbolism of
114
pilgrimage, copies of the Holy Sepulchre as a response to
177, 180, 183–185
planning types
4–11
basilica
5, 7, 8, 10, 202, 226
centrally planned church
5, 7, 10, 163, 168–169, 175–176, 185, 226, 236
cross-domed church
7–8, 10, 193
cross-in-square church
5, 7–8, 10, 176n25, 193, 197n22, 202, 226
domed octagon church
10, 163, 165–166, 176
Greek octagon church
165–166
nine-square grid design
10, 226, 228
pneuma
227, 229–230
portico
124
Popović, Danica
72
Presentation of Christ in the Temple
220
Presentation of the Mother of God in the Temple, icon
220, 222–225, 222
primitive hut, the
210–232, 212, 237–238
Probus, emperor
104, 105, 135n72
Procopius
on architecture
10, 11, 184n48
on empresses
15n1, 33
Protoevangelion (Infancy Gospel) of James
222, 223n42
prototypes
architectural
2n5, 11–12, 101n2, n4, 127–128, 237
Ark of the Covenant as
12, 220
body of Christ as
77, 98
definition of
2n5, 11–12, 91, 234, 238
empress images as
15, 17, 26, 40, 42
Heavenly Jerusalem as
12
Holy Sepulchre as
11–12, 168, 236
icons and
4, 44–47, 75, 77
John of Damascus on
45, 75, 98
likeness and
12, 45–46, 71, 98
primitive hut as
213, 216, 238
relics and
77, 98–99
Tabernacle as
12, 220
Temple as
12, 219–220
type and
14, 98, 238
Pulcheria, empress
57, 67
Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine-Chrysostome
2n5, 213, 216n20, 231, 232
Rabbula Gospels
114–115, 116
race, typology of
17
Rashi (Solomon ben Isaac)
146, 152n25, 160n47
Ravanica monastery
204
Ravenna, Cappella Arcivescovile
206
Ravennese fastigium
138n76, n77, 139
Ravennese sarcophagus
120, 120
Redemption Midrashim
160
relics
icons and
75, 77, 83, 84, 100
of saints
body of Christ and
77–79, 100
canonization and
74, 81, 82–83, 86–88, 97
as conduit between heaven and earth
79–80
development of cult of
78n20, 80
elevation of
74–75, 81
incorruptibility
77–80
positioning of
72, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 91, 96, 98, 99–100, 237
translation of
74–75, 80–83, 84–85, 88
Remesiana, cameos from
28, 29
Renewed Jerusalem
159–161
rhetoric of architecture
145, 168n8
Roger II, king
51–52
Romula, mother of Roman emperor Galerius
19–20, 21, 38n91
Romylos, Saint, Life of
61–62
Rudl, nobleman of Strumica
61
Rykwert, Joseph
213–214
Sacred History (Procopius)
15n1
saints, establishing the cults of
86–88, 97
saints’ relics see relics
Santa Maria delle Grazie, crypt of Sicilian Capella Palatina
51
Sarajevo Haggadah, representation of the Temple in
145, 154–162
Šarkamen mausoleum
20, 22
Satyros monastery
169n10
Saul, king
141, 142
Sava, Saint
72n5, 83
Schwartz, Joshua
156–158, 157
Shalev-Eyni, Sarit
160
Second Temple
144, 148, 150n18, 157n34, 157, 158
Seda, Theodorican courtier
120, 120
Semele, mother of Dionysus
38n91
Sephardic haggadot, representation of the Temple in
145, 153–162, 155
Sepphoris, synagogue floor mosaic
150n21, 161n51
Septimius Severus, arch of
114
Smyrna Octateuch
225n48
Sol, symbolism of
110, 119
solar motifs, symbolism of
113n27, 114n28, 122, 131
Sol Invictus
113
Solomon, king
174, 193, 215
Solomon ben Meir, Rabbi
146
Solomon’s Temple see First Temple
Solovjev, Aleksandar
74n8
Sophia, empress, wife of Justin II
25, 35, 41
Spelies, church
62
Ss. Sergios and Bakkos, church, Constantinople
11
stag/deer, symbolism of 122
stars, symbolism of
113, 127, 137
St. Augustine Gospels
114
Stefan Nemanja
72
Stefan Uroš II Milutin, king
83
Stefan Uroš III Dečanski, king
canonization of
74, 86–88, 96–97
Life of
87–88
portrait of
88–89, 90, 91, 92, 96–99
prayer of
91, 93, 96–97, 99
relics of
72, 74–75, 76, 83–89, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 96–100
reliquary of
84–86, 85, 86, 87, 88, 98
translation of
74–75, 84–85, 86, 88
Stefan Uroš IV Dušan, king
74, 84n54, 88n61, 97
stelae
120, 121, 135, 136
Stephanos Komnenos
62n103
Stephen Protomartyr, Saint
91, 94
stereotype
definition of
19, 42, 234
empress imagery and
15, 19, 39, 40, 42
St. Euphemia, church, Rovini
33n66
St. George monastery, Constantinople
8n21, 174n20
St. George, church, Staro Nagoričino
206
St. John the Forerunner Phoberos monastery
69
St. Louis Psalter
159n42
St. Michael, church, Fulda
175n23
St. Nicholas tis Stegis, church, Cyprus
52
Stoic philosophy
229
Stoudios monastery
57
St. Panteleimon, church, Nerezi
194, 195, 196, 198–200, 198, 199, 202, 204
St. Sophia, church, Thessaloniki
47, 71
Sts. Theodores, church of the Brontocheion monastery
54
structural type see planning types
Studenica monastery
72
Surb Prkitch, church, Ani
184–185, 186, 187, 188
Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments, The (Durandus)
219
Synaxarion (Constantinopolitan)
67
Synaxarion of Zakynthos
56
Tabernacle
12, 146, 150, 214–215, 218, 219, 221, 225n48, 229
Talmud
153n25
Temple
Ark of the Covenant and
150, 156, 218, 220
canopy as
220, 221, 223
Christian church and
215, 218, 219–220
as model for Byzantine architecture
12, 220
as primitive hut
220, 229
representations of in Jewish art
144–145, 148–150, 151, 152, 153–162, 155, 180, 234, 237
Holy Sepulchre and
179–180, 183
primitive hut and
214–215, 229
as representation of messianic hope
144, 150, 153, 156, 159–160, 161
representation of by Schwartz and Peleg
156–158, 157
Tabernacle and
214–215, 218
Virgin Mary as living
223–225
see First Temple; Second Temple; Third Temple
Theodora, empress
15n1, 33n70, 35
Theodora, foundress of Bebaia Elpis monastery
69
Theodore Balsamon
62n103
Theodore I Palaiologos
55n61
Theodore the Studite
45
Theodosius I, silver missorium of
139, 140, 141
Theophilos, emperor
169n10
Theotokos Eleousa, church, Veljusa
169, 171, 171, 172, 183, 200
Theotokos Evergetis monastery
69
Theotokos Kecharitomene monastery
69
Theotokos tou Kouratoros, church, Constantinople
175n24
Thessaloniki, Hodegetria icon of
47
Thiofrid of Echternach
77–78
Third Temple
144, 154, 160, 162, 237
Thomas Aquinas, Saint
216n20
Titus, emperor
144
Todić, Branislav
91–92
Tosafists
161
Trier ivory plaque
124
triumph, arch as symbol of
103, 104–105, 109–117, 119, 122–124
over death
120–122, 126–127
triumphal laurel wreath, in imagery
119, 122, 127, 134, 141
triumphal ornatus
129nn58
True Cross, legend of the
24, 25
Tyche-Fortuna, goddess
38n90
type
in architecture
2n5, 4–11, 103, 168, 176–177, 188–191, 210, 211, 213–220, 231, 233–240
definition of
1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 213, 234, 238
and archetype
12–14, 100, 145, 191, 210, 216–217, 231, 233–239
and prototype
14, 98, 238
and typology
3–4
antitype; archetype; ideal type; prototype; stereotype
typism
19, 42
typology
approaches to
1–14
of archaeological artifacts
17–18
architectural types see planning types
of architecture
2n5, 103, 168, 176–177, 188–191, 210, 211, 213–220, 231, 233–240
biblical/theological
1–3, 11, 18
iconographical studies and
2, 4
of personality (Jung)
17
of ‘otherness’
17
of race
17
visual
1–2
Tyre type sarcophagus
137, 137
Valentinian II, emperor
139
Vasilopoulo, Greece
43, 70
Vatopedi monastery
64, 172n14
Vavedenije
220, 222–225, 222
Veliko Tarnovo, monastery
61
Veljusa, Theotokos Eleousa, church
169, 171, 171, 172, 183, 200
Venus, goddess
38n92
Venus Vitrix
38
Vidler, Anthony
2n5, 176, 177, 213
Virgin Kosmosoteira, church, Pherrai
194, 195, 198, 200, 204
Virgin of Ljeviška, church, Prizren
197, 200, 201, 202, 204
Virgin Mary
life of
222–223, 222
as living Temple
224–225
Mother of God archetype
visual typology
1–2
Vita Basilii
191
Vitruvius
primitive hut
2n5, 210–214, 212, 220, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232
reception of
214–215
Weber, Max
18–19
William Durandus
219
William of Tyre
174n19
‘windblown’ capitals
229, 230
Xenophon monastery
65
Zakynthos, Synaxarion of
56
Zeno, emperor
30–31
Zoodochos Pege monastery
55
Zosima, Russian deacon
49