1.1 Bolognese artist, The Three Ages of Man, 17th century. Pen and brown ink on paper, 10.2 à 14 cm. New York, Collection of the author. Image © The author 3
1.2 Japanese artist, Kumano Nachi Pilgrimage Mandala (
1.3 Japanese artist, Landscape, detail of Fig. 1.2 10
1.4 Japanese artist, Sun and Moon, detail of Fig. 1.2 11
1.5 Japanese artist, The Ritual of Fudaraku Tokai (
1.6 Goan artist (attributed), Christ Child as the Navigator on the Ship of Salvation, early 17th century. Ivory, 13 à 9.8 à 0.9 cm. London, British Museum, inv. no. 1959,0721.1. Image © The Trustees of the British Museum 15
1.7 Mir Ê¿Ali Heravi (
1.8 Farrukh Chela, Christ Child as the Navigator on the Ship of Salvation, detail of Fig. 1.7. Image © National Museum of Asian Art 18
1.9 Manila or Macau artist, Christ Child as the Navigator on the Ship of Salvation, early 17th century. Ivory and wood, 12 à 8 à 2 cm (plaque), 15 à 11 à 2 cm (frame). Singapore, Asian Civilisations Museum, inv. no. 2015-00220. Image © Asian Civilisations Museum 20
1.10 Juanelo Turriano (attributed), Franciscan Friar Automaton (St Diego dâAlcala?), Frontal View, Dressed, ca. 1550. Wood, iron, enamel, cotton, 40.64 à 12.7 à 15.24 cm. Washington, D.C., National Museum of American History, inv. no. ME.336451. Image © National Museum of American History and Smithsonian Institution Archives, image no. 78-7523 (photo: John Wooten) 23
1.11 Juanelo Turriano (attributed), Profile View, Undressed, detail of Fig. 1.10. Image © Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Division of Work and Industry, image no. JN2019-00336 (photo: Jaclyn Nash) 24
1.12 Juanelo Turriano (attributed), Frontal View, X-ray, detail of Fig. 1.10. Image © National Museum of American History and Smithsonian Conservation Institute, image no. AHB2014q084006 (photo: E. Keats Webb) 27
1.13 Elizabeth King, Bartlettâs Hand, 2005. Boxwood, brass, stop-frame animation, computer, LCD monitor, 15.24 à 5.08 à 5.08 cm. Lincoln, Collection of Karen and Robert Duncan, inv. no. 2016.FA1500. Image © Karen and Robert Duncan / Elizabeth King 33
2.1 Portuguese artist, Eagle with Jesuit Monogram in Its Beak. Engraving, 30 cm (height). From: Sousa Francisco de, S.J., Oriente conquistado a Iesu Christo pelos Padres da Companhia de Jesus da Provincia de Goa (The East Conquered for Jesus Christ by the Fathers of the Province of Goa of the Society of Jesus) (Lisbon, Valentin de Costa Fernandes: 1710) 2:frontispiece. Lisbon, Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, call no. RES. 307A-308A. Image © Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal 48
2.2 Mar Sabor (attributed), St Thomas or Persian Cross, 9th century. Stone, 30 à 45 cm. Kadamattom, Ernakulam District, Kerala, St George Orthodox Syrian Church. Image © Wikimedia Commons (photo: Jogytmatthew) 54
2.3 Gaspar Correa, Cross in Mylapore, ca. 1521. From: Correa G., Lendas da Ãndia (ca. 1521) (Lisbon: 1860) 2:723. Paris, Collection of the author. Image © The author 57
2.4 View of the high altar with Sassanian-Pahlavi Inscribed Cross and Madonna and Child, Church of Periya Malai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 2023. Image © The author 59
2.5 Byzantine artist, Santa Maria del Popolo, 13th century. Tempera and gold on panel, 26.8 à 32.2 cm. Rome, Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo. Image © Alessandro Vasari, inv. no. ALV125 63
2.6 Mughal artist (after Albrecht Dürer), Madonna and Child, early 17th century. Ink, opaque watercolour, and gold paint on paper, 32.7 à 22.2 cm. From: Mughal artist, Album, late 18th century, fol. 26 v. Windsor, Royal Collection Trust, inv. no. RCIN 1005069. Image © Royal Collection Trust, His Majesty King Charles III 2023 65
2.7 Kesu Khurd (attributed), Madonna and Child, ca. 1590â1595. Ink, opaque watercolour, and gold on paper, 4.75 à 3.15 cm (image). Dublin, Chester Beatty, inv. no. In 11A.19. Image © Chester Beatty 67
2.8 Ghulám-i Sháh SalÃm (after Bernard van Orley), Madonna and Child, ca. 1610. Ink, gold, and watercolour on paper, 10.1 à 6.9 cm (image), 19.4 à 16 cm (sheet). London, British Museum, inv. no. 1942,0124,0.2. Image © The Trustees of the British Museum 68
2.9 Mughal artist (after Albrecht Dürer and Heinrich Aldegrever), Illustrated Borders with Figural Motifs, 1608â1618. Ink, opaque watercolour, and gold on paper, 42.2 à 26.7 cm (sheet). From: Mughal artist, Album of Jahangir, 17th century, fol. 5 r. Berlin, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin-Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Orientabteilung, call no. Libr. Pict. A117. Image © Staatsbibliothek Berlin 71
3.1 A: Map of relic shrines in Kashmir; B: Inset of the Kashmir Valley. Image © Reyaz A. Dar, 2023 82
3.2 View of the hair relic (
3.3 View of the sandal of the Prophet Muhammad on display during Eid-e-Milaad (
3.4 View of the hair relic (
3.5 View of the footstep of the Prophet Muhammad in stone on display, Jenaab Saab Soura Shrine, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir, 2020. Image © The authors 87
3.6 View of the hair relic (
3.7 View of relics of prominent Muslim personages on display, Jenaab Saab Soura Shrine, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir, 2020. Image © The authors 88
3.8 View of the Sufi stone relic of Gaebi Shah (
3.9 View of the stone slab relic of Shaikhul Aalam (
3.10 View of the stone relic of Shaikhul Aalam, Dreygam Shrine, Budgam, Budgam District, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir, 2023. Image © The authors 90
4.1 GenshunbÅ JÅ«kai (
4.2 GenshunbÅ JÅ«kai, Lake Anavatapta, detail of Fig. 4.1 104
4.3 Matteo Ricci, S.J., Complete Map of Myriad Countries (
4.4 Wang Qi (
4.5 Terajima RyÅan (
4.6 SÅshun HÅtan (
4.7 SÅshun HÅtan, Lake Anavatapta, detail of Fig. 4.6 115
4.8 Japanese artist, Daimin kyūhen bankoku jinseki rotei zenzu (
4.9 SÅshun HÅtan, Europe, detail of Fig. 4.6 118
4.10 KabÅ HyÅzÅ (
4.11 Honya Hikoemon (
4.12 Honya Hikoemon (publisher), Eurasia and Lake Anavatapta, detail of Fig. 4.11 121
4.13 Terajima RyÅan, Map of the Western Regions and the Five Regions of Tenjiku (
4.14 Terajima RyÅan, Composite image of (left to right, top to bottom): Map of the Barbarian Countries of the North (
4.15 Japanese artist, Abbreviated Map of Tenjiku (
4.16 Japanese artist, Jetavana (Map of Ankor Wat) (
4.17 ZontÅ (
4.18 ZontÅ, Lake Anavatapta, detail of Fig. 4.17 134
4.19 ZontÅ, Sacred Sites (from right to left): Vulture Peak, the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Jetavana, and KuÅinagara, detail of Fig. 4.17 135
5.1 View of the Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, 1728â1738. Image © The author 142
5.2 Ulugh Beg (
5.3 View of the Sun Markings in the Samrat Yantra, Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, 1728â1738. Image © Aparna Agarwal 154
5.4 View of the Samrat Yantra in Profile and the Observation Post âFrom the Heavensâ, Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, 1728â1738. Image © The author 155
5.5 View of the Stairway to the Samrat Yantra, Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, 1728â1738. Image © Aparna Agarwal 156
5.6 View of the Two Hemispheres in the Jai Prakash, Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, 1728â1738. Image © The author 158
5.7 View of the Celestial Markings in the Jai Prakash, Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, 1728â1738. Image © Aparna Agarwal 159
6.1 Japanese artist, Street Scene with an Interior of a Church and Foreign Shipping in Nagasaki, ca. 1610. Pair of six-fold screens, colours and gold on paper, 157 à 334.5 cm (each screen). Tokyo, Museum of the Imperial Collections, inv. no. SZK002339. Image © Museum of the Imperial Collections 170
6.2 Japanese artist, Church Interior, detail of Fig. 6.1 172
6.3 Jacopo Niwa (
6.4 Japanese artist, Drum-shaped Libation Bottle, 1473. Lacquer, 121 à 73 à 78 cm. Sakai, Osaka Prefecture, Sakai City Museum, inv. no. 1983-027. Image © Sakai City Museum 175
6.5 Jesuit workshop in Japan (attributed), Portrait of St Peter, ca. 1600. Oil on hemp, 119 à 69 cm. Osaka, Nanban Bunka-kan, inv. no. 032. Image © Nanban Bunka-kan 178
6.6 Jesuit artist, Portrait of St Francis Xavier with a Lily, late 16th century. Oil on copper, 18 à 12 cm. Xavier, Navarre, Castle of Xavier, inv. no. 77. Image © Museo del Castillo de Javier 182
6.7 Hieronymus Wierix, Portrait of St Francis Xavier. Engraving, 6.7 à 9.3 cm. From: Hieronymus Wierix, Eight Saints and Martyrs Series, ca. 1595. Kyoto, Collection of the author. Image © The author 183
6.8 Camillo Cungi, Portrait of St Francis Xavier with Miracles, 1600. Engraving, 30.4 à 22.8 cm. Rome, Biblioteca Angelica, inv. no. C.2/1[2]. Image © Biblioteca Angelica 184
6.9 âGyÅfu Kanjinâ (
6.10 Portuguese artist, Cross of St Francis Xavier with Crab, first half of the 17th century. Silver, 35 à 18.5 cm. Coimbra, Museu Nacional Machado de Castro, inv. no. 6210; O129. Image © Museus e Monumentos de Portugal, EPE / Arquivo de Documentação Fotográfica 187
6.11 Japanese artist, Pilgrimage Souvenir (
6.12 KanÅ Naizen (
7.1 Spherical animal bezoar stones, 1551â1750. Left stone: camel gallstone, 4.5 cm (diameter), right stone: animal gallstone, 3.7 à 4.3 à 4.2 cm. London, Science Museum, Sir Henry Wellcomeâs Museum Collection, left stone: inv. no. A635027, right stone: inv. no. A635026. Image © The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum 206
7.2 Diego RodrÃguez de Silva y Velázquez, Infant Philip Prosper, 1659. Oil on canvas, 129 à 100 cm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, inv. no. GG319. Image © Kunsthistorisches Museum 213
7.3 View of early modern amulets (clockwise from upper right corner): Spanish lantern, animal products, bone objects (including a necklace for teething), small mammalâs jawbone, two salt-codfish jawbones, a cockâs spur, a bezoar stone, fish earbones, equine chestnuts, and a badgerâs paw, Sir Henry Wellcomeâs Museum Collection, Science Museum, London, ca. 2023. Image © The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum 215
7.4 Unknown artist, Artificial Bezoar Stone in a Container, 1601â1800. Clay, crushed shell, amber, musk, and resin, gold filigree, 7.5 cm (diameter, bezoar stone), 7 à 6.8 à 10.8 cm (container). London, Sir Henry Wellcomeâs Museum Collection, Science Museum, inv. no. A642470. Image © The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum 219
7.5 Indo-Portuguese artist, Natural Bezoar Stone in Pendant, 16th century. Animal gallstone, gold filigree, 6.1 cm (diameter, bezoar stone), 9.4 cm à 6.1 cm (pendant). Porto, Távora Sequeira Pinto Collection. Image © Dr. Alvaro Sequeira Pinto (photo: Pedro Lobo) 220
7.6 Indo-Portuguese artist, Natural Bezoar Stone in Fruit-shaped Pendant, 17th century. Animal gallstone, gold filigree, 8 cm (diameter, bezoar stone), 5.8 cm à 8 cm (pendant). Porto, Távora Sequeira Pinto Collection. Image © Dr. Alvaro Sequeira Pinto (photo: Pedro Lobo) 221
7.7 Peruvian artist, Bernegal from Nuestra Señora de Atocha, ca. 1622. Gold, 14 à 8.5 cm. Key West, Mel Fisher Maritime Museum, inv. no. 1986.008.0008. Image © Mel Fisher Maritime Museum 222
7.8 View of bernegal, pendant bezoar stone, and bezoar stones from Nuestra Señora de Atocha, Mel Fisher Maritime Museum, Key West, ca. 2023. Image © Mel Fisher Maritime Museum 224
8.1 Carlo Dolci, Madonna with the Thumb, late 1670s. Oil on copper, 24.5 à 19.4 cm. Tokyo, Tokyo National Museum, inv. no. C-698. Image © ColBase: Integrated Collections Database of the National Institutes for Cultural Heritage, Japan 234
8.2 Carlo Dolci, Clasped Hands: Study for a Painting of St Francis of Assisi in Prayer, early 1650s. Black and red chalk on paper, 12.8 à 13.1 cm. London, British Museum, inv. no. 1859.0806.65. Image © The Trustees of the British Museum 236
8.3 Carlo Dolci, Mater Dolorosa, ca. 1655. Oil on canvas, 82.5 à 67 cm. Tokyo, The National Museum of Western Art, inv. no. P.1998-0002. Image © The National Museum of Western Art, DNP Image Archives 237
8.4 Carlo Dolci, The Head of Jesus Christ, 1681. Oil on canvas, 47 à 38 cm. Copenhagen, The National Gallery of Denmark, inv. no. KMSSP48. Image © National Gallery of Denmark 240
8.5 Carlo Dolci, Mater Dolorosa, 1681. Oil on canvas, 47 à 38 cm. Copenhagen, The National Gallery of Denmark, inv. no. KMSSP49. Image © National Gallery of Denmark 241
8.6 Western artist, Female Saint, late 16thâearly 17th century. Oil on copper, 20 à 15 cm. Tokyo, Tokyo National Museum, inv. no. C694. Image © Tokyo National Museum Image Archives 245
8.7 Western artist, Madonna and Child, late 16thâearly 17th century. Oil on copper, 14.7 à 11.3 cm. Tokyo, Tokyo National Museum, inv. no. C-699. Image © ColBase: Integrated Collections Database of the National Institutes for Cultural Heritage, Japan 246
8.8 Arai Hakuseki (
9.1 Mar Joseph Kariattil (attributed), The âParavur Dialoguesâ. Ink on paper, 30 à 26 cm. From: Mannanam Syriac 74, ca. 1768â1800, unpublished MS, fol. 2 r. Mannanam, Kerala, Monastery of St Joseph, call no. 090-268-KAR-S. Image © Monastery of St Joseph 264
9.2 David Saju (attributed), Mar Joseph Kariattil, Metropolitan of Cranganore, 2021. Oil on canvas, 233 à 137 cm. Alangad, Ernakulam District, Kerala, St Maryâs Syro-Malabar Church. Image © St Maryâs Syro-Malabar Church 266
9.3 Gujarat or Mandu artist in Goa, St Thomas Christians of Malabar. Colours on paper, 42.2 à 30.4 cm. From: Portuguese artist, Album di disegni, illustranti, usi, e costumi dei popoli dâAsia e dâAfrica con brevi dichiarazioni in lingua portoghese (Album of Drawings, Illustrations, Uses, and Customs of the Peoples of Asia and Africa with Brief Statements in the Portuguese Language), ca. 1540, fols. 116 vâ117 r. Rome, Biblioteca Casanatense, call no. MS1889 c.116. Image © Biblioteca Casanatense 268
9.4 Gravestone of Francisco Roz, S.J. in Vaá¹á¹eḻutt
9.5 Cornelis Galle (engraver) and Jacques Franckaert (designer), Portrait of Augustine Aleixo de Menezes, Archbishop of Goa and Braga. Engraving, 13.5 à 10.5 cm. From: Corte Cornelis de, Virorum illustrium ex ordine eremitarum D. Augustini elogia (Biographies of the Illustrious Men of the Augustinian Order) (Antwerp, J. Cnobbaert: 1636) 60. Amsterdam, Rjiksmuseum, call no. RP-P-1908-2124. Image © Rijksmuseum 270
9.6 View of the North Paravur Synagogue, Ernakulam District, Kerala, 20th century (last restored 2010â2013). Image © Muziris Heritage Project 274
9.7 Ruins of Vaippicotta Jesuit Seminary, Chendamangalam, Ernakulam District, Kerala, 1577. Image © The author 285
9.8 Foundation inscription of North Paravur Synagogue, Ernakulam District, Kerala, 1616. Image © Muziris Heritage Project 288
10.1 Unknown artist, Portrait of a Chinese Catholic Priest, 20th century. Oil on canvas, 25 cm à 34 cm. Florence, Private collection (until ca. 1950, thereafter whereabouts unknown). Rome, Pontificia Università Gregoriana, Archivio Storico, inv. no. 23 01 IV r. Image © Pontificia Università Gregoriana 298
10.2 Unknown artist, The First Joyful Mystery of the Rosary: The Annunciation. Woodcut, 24 à 15.7 cm. From: Rocha João da, S.J. (
10.3 Hieronymus Wierix, Annunciatio (Annunciation). Engraving, 23.2 à 14.8 cm. From: Nadal Jerónimo, S.J., Evangelicae historiae imagines (Images of the Gospel Story) (Antwerp, Martin Nuyts: 1593) pl. 1. Rome, Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu. Image © Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu 302
10.4 Unknown artist, The Fifth Sorrowful Mystery of the Rosary: The Crucifixion. Woodcut, 24 à 15.7 cm. From: Da Rocha, Song nianzhu guicheng 22. Rome, Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, inv. no. Jap. Sin. I 43b, fol. 92 v. Image © Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu 306
10.5 Pasquale M. DâElia S.J., Annotations on DâElia P.M., S.J., Le origini dellâarte cristiana cinese, 1939â1940 (Rome: 1939), ca. 1939. Ink and pencil on paper, 21 à 29.7 cm. Rome, Pontificia Università Gregoriana, Archivio Storico, inv. no. 14 I 19 r. Image © Pontificia Università Gregoriana 307
10.6 Chinese artist, Xiâan Madonna (âSalus Populi Sinensisâ), 17th century. Ink and colour on paper, mounted on silk scroll, 120 à 55 cm. Chicago, The Field Museum, inv. no. 116027. Image © The Field Museum, image no. A114604_02d (photo: John Weinstein) 309
11.1 Hieronymus Wierix, In die visitationis (Visitation). Engraving, 23.2 à 14.7 cm. From: Nadal Jerónimo, S.J., Adnotationes et meditationes in Evangelia (Annotations and Meditations on the Gospels) (Antwerp, Plantin Press under Jan I Moretus: 1607) pl. 2. Leuven, KU Leuven, Maurits Sabbe Library, call no. P248.693.1/F° NATA Adno 1607. Image © KU Leuven 330
11.2 Unknown artist, The Holy Mother Went to Visit Elizabeth (
11.3 Unknown artist, The Second Joyful Mystery of the Rosary: The Visitation. Woodcut, 16 à 24.5 cm. From: Rocha João da, S.J. (
11.4 Unknown artist, Image of the Illumination of Time (
11.5 Unknown artist, Taima Mandala (
11.6 Unknown artist, Contemplation of the Setting Sun (
11.7 Unknown artist, Contemplation of Water (
11.8 Unknown artist, Hua Mulan Takes Her Aged Fatherâs Place in the Conscription for the Army by Disguising Herself as a Man (
11.9 Unknown artist, Chapter 66: Manager Zhai Sends a Letter to Present a Gift to the Bereaved Family (
11.10 Unknown artist, Crimson Brings Zhangâs Note to Oriole Who Is Asleep (
11.11 Unknown artist, Getting Married (
11.12 Unknown artist, Methods of Drawing Gateways (
11.13 Unknown artist, Methods of Drawing Gateways (
12.1 Map of the state of Old Goa with the âOld Conquestsâ region, 16thâ18th century. Image © The author 362
12.2 View of the Cathedral of St Catherine, Old Goa, 1564â1651, and the Church of the Holy Spirit, Old Goa, 1661âca. 1670. Image © The author, 2018 363
12.3 José de Morais Antas Machado, Projection for the New City of Goa, ca. 1775. Ink and colours on paper, 145 à 100 cm. Lisbon, Gabinete de Estudos de Arqueologia e Engenharia Militar, inv. no. GEAEM-Des. 1241-2A-24A-111. Image © Gabinete de Estudos de Arqueologia e Engenharia Militar 364
12.4 Ruins of the Church of Our Lady of Grace, Old Goa, 1597âca. 1620. Image © The author, 2016 366
12.5 Ruins of the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Old Goa, 1630âca. 1639. Image © The author, 2019 366
12.6 View of the Church of Our Lady of Divine Providence, Old Goa, 1656âca. 1665. Image © The author, 2018 367
12.7 Reconstruction of the main façade of the Church of St Paul, Old Goa, 1560â1572. Image © The author, 2023 370
12.8 John Johnson, The Old Church of St Paul, Old Goa, with a Priest in the Foreground, ca. 1795â1801. Watercolour on paper, 26.1 à 40.5 cm. London, British Library, Asia, Africa, and Pacific Collection, call no. WD1055, item no. 9. Image © Wikimedia Commons (photo: Baddu676) 371
12.9 View of the Conventual Church of St Monica, Old Goa, 1606âca. 1627. Image © The author, 2018 372
12.10 View of the Church of the Good Jesus, Old Goa, 1595âca. 1605. © The author, 2018 373
12.11 Ground plan of the first Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Old Goa, 1622â1624. Image © The author, 2023 375
12.12 Ground plan of the second Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Old Goa, 1630âca. 1639. Image © The author, 2023 376
12.13 Unknown artist, Wall Monument to Pedro de Mascarenhas from the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, ca. 1639 (dismantled ca. 1961). Basalt. Old Goa, Archaeological Museum, inv. no. acc-no-0687. Image © Telles R.M., âBrasões e Epitáfios do Museus de S. Francisco de Assisâ, Oriente Português 30.12â13 (1936) between 304â305 378
12.14 DâSouza and Paul Studio, Nave and Chancel of the Second Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Old Goa, ca. 1880. Photograph, 22.9 à 18.7 cm. London, British Library, call no. Photo 2/2 (87). Image © British Library Archive 379
12.15 Comparative diagram of a barrel vault, a groin vault, and a barrel vault with lunettes. Image © The author, 2023 380
12.16 View of the façade of the Church of the Holy Spirit, Margão, Goa, 1645âca. 1660. Image © The author, 2006 382
12.17 View of the interior of the Church of the Holy Spirit, Margão, Goa, 1645âca. 1660. Image © The author, 2016 383
12.18 View of the interior of the Church of the Holy Spirit, Old Goa, 1520âca. 1527, rebuilt 1661âca. 1665. Image © The author, 2018 385
12.19 View of the sacristy of the Church of the Good Jesus, Old Goa, 1656. Image © The author, 2018 387
12.20 View of the interior of the Church of the Miraculous Cross, Old Goa, 1619âca. 1622, rebuilt 1669â1671. Bonn, Universität Bonn, Abteilung für Asiatische und Islamische Kunstgeschichte, AIKâArchiv, Bildarchiv, Schenkung Gritli von Mitterwallner, inv. no. CI.7.1.74.1. Image © AIKâArchiv (photo: Gritli von Mitterwallner, 1956) 388
12.21 View of the façade of the Church of St Anne, Talaulim, Goa, begun 1682. Image © The author, 2017 390
12.22 View of the interior of the Church of St Anne, Talaulim, Goa, begun 1682. Image © The author, 2018 392
12.23 View of the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Chimbel, Goa, 1749âca. 1755. Image © The author, 2019 396
13.1 Chinese artist, Title page. Woodcut, 17.78 à 23.5 cm. From: Plasencia Juan de, O.F.M. (attributed), Doctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala (Christian Doctrine in the Spanish and Tagalog Languages) (Manila, Dominican Press: 1593). Washington, D.C., Library of Congress, Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection, Rare Book and Special Collection, call no. PL6058.1 .D6 1593. Image © Library of Congress 408
13.2 Indigenous artist, Likha (Ancestral Spirit), 15thâ16th century. Volcanic tuff, 30 cm (height). Manila, Salcedo Auctions. Image © Salcedo Auctions 410
13.3 European artist, Santo Niño of Cebu, 16th century. Polychrome wood, 30 cm (height without pedestal). Cebu, Basilica Minore del Santo Niño de Cebu. Image © Basilica Minore del Santo Niño de Cebu 412
13.4 European or Mexican artist, Our Lady of Solitude of Porta Vaga, 1692. Oil on panel, 46 à 37.5 cm (painting), 47.6 à 39.3 cm (frame). Cavite City, San Roque Church, Diocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Solitude of Porta Vaga. Image © San Roque Church 414
13.5 Chinese sculptor, Our Lady of the Holy Rosary (âLa Navalâ), 1593. Binondo ivory, wood, and silver plate, 154 cm (height). Quezon City, Church of St Dominic. Image © Santo Domingo Church (photo: La Naval de Manila) 416
13.6 Sri Lankan artist, Virgin of the Immaculate Conception, ca. 1690â1710. Gilded, polychrome PortugueseâSinghalese ivory, 25.7 cm (height). Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, inv. no. 71.341. Image © Walters Art Museum 419
13.7 Philippine artist, Immaculate Conception, 18th century. Gilded, polychrome Philippine ivory, silver, glass, 26 à 7.9 à 7.1 cm (height). New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. no. 64.164.243a, b. Image © Metropolitan Museum of Art 420
13.8 Ecuadoran artist, Mary, St Joseph, and the Christ Child (Nativity Set), 18th century. Philippine ivory, Ecuadoran polychrome wood, 19.7 cm (height). New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Loretta Hines Howard, 1964, inv. no. 64.164.172. Image © Metropolitan Museum of Art 421
13.9 Sino-Philippine artist, Visaya Couple. Watercolour on paper, 30.5 à 24.1 cm (sheet). From: Sino-Philippine artist, Boxer Codex, ca. 1590, fol. 54 r. Bloomington, Indiana University, Lilly Library, Manuscripts Department, call no. LMC 2444. Image © Indiana University, Bloomington 423
13.10 Ivatan artist working in Batanes, Padijit Necklace, 19th century. Gold, 40 cm (diameter). Manila, Private collection. Image © Neal Oshima (photo: Neal Oshima) 427
14.1 Map of Japan indicating places referenced in this essay. Image © The author 435
14.2 Netherlandish artist, Erasmus, 1598. Polychrome wood, 121 cm (height). Sano, Tochigi Prefecture, Ryukoin Temple, entrusted to Tokyo, National Museum of Tokyo, inv. no. C-1625. Image © Ryukoin Temple and National Museum of Tokyo, TNM Image Archives 436
14.3 View of the Kannon-do (
14.4 Hans Holbein the Younger, Portrait of Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam with Pilaster, 1523. Oil on wood, 73.6 à 51.4 cm. London, National Gallery inv. no. L658. Image © Longford Castle Collection 439
14.5 European artist, Virgin Mary, 19th century (?). Bronze, 10.6 à 2.7 à 2 cm. Sano, Tochigi Prefecture, Ryukoin Temple. Image © Ryukoin Temple 443
14.6 Matthias Grünewald, St Erasmus and St Maurice, ca. 1520â1524. Oil on wood, 226 à 176 cm. Munich, Alte Pinakothek, inv. no. 1044. Image © Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Alte Pinakothek München 445
14.7 Kano Morinobu, Votive Picture (
14.8 View of the Ema-sha (
14.9 Abraham de Verwer, The English Fleet in the Straits of La Rochelle, 1628, ca. 1637. Oil on panel, 155 à 387 cm. Amsterdam, Scheepvaartmuseum, on permanent loan from Het Vaderlandsch Fonds ter Aanmoediging van âs-Lands Zeedienst, inv. no. 1991.0204. Image © Scheepvaartmuseum 450
14.10 François Schillemans (after Adriaen van de Venne), Ship of State, 1620. Engraving, 46 à 61 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, inv. no. RP-P-OB-81.221. Image © Rijksmuseum 452
14.11 Wakasugi Isohachi, Votive Picture (
14.12 Shiba KÅkan, The Glass Chandelier in the Kapitanâs Room in Deshima (
15.1 Indian artist, Portrait of Constantine Joseph Beschi, S.J. Coloured engraving, 16.5 à 21.6 cm (sheet). From: Muttusami Pillai A., Brief Sketch of the Life and Writings of Fr. C.J. Beschi, trans. A. Muttusami Pillai (Madras: 1840) frontispiece. Berkeley, University of California at Berkeley, call no. BX4705.B4 M9. Image © HathiTrust (photo: Ellen V. Dario) 463
15.2 Indian workshop, Constantine Joseph Beschi, S.J., 1968. Polychrome stucco, 170 cm (height, approximately). Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Lawns of the Marina Beach. Image © M. Madhan Kumar 465
15.3 Costanzo Gioseffo Beschi, S.J., TÄmpÄvaá¹i (
16.1 Gerard ter Borch, The Swearing of the Oath of Ratification of the Treaty of Münster (May 15, 1648), 1648. Oil on copper, 45.4 à 58.5 cm. London, National Gallery, inv. no. NG896. Image © National Gallery 490
16.2 Jonas Suyderhoef, The Swearing of the Oath of Ratification of the Treaty of Münster (May 15, 1648), 1648. Engraving, 47 à 58.5 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, inv. no. RP-P-OB-70.162. Image © Rijksmuseum 491
16.3 Jesuit Workshop of Japan, The âGreat Martyrdomâ of Nagasaki (1622), 1622â1623. Oil and ink on paper, later attached to canvas, 135 à 155 cm. Rome, Church of the Gesù. Image © Zeno Colantoni 492
16.4 JoaquÃn Magistris, âVista del calvario de Nangasakiâ (View of the Calvary of Nagasaki). Lithograph, 16 à 27 cm. From: Nenclares E.M. de, Vida de los mártires del Japon, San Pedro Bautista, San Martin de la Ascension, San Francisco Blanco y San Francisco de San Miguel (Madrid: 1862) between 62â63. Nagasaki, Twenty-six Martyrs Museum, inv. no. V-Aa 41. Image © Twenty-six Martyrs Museum (photo: the author) 494
16.5 Raphaël Sadeler II, The Crucifixion of the Twenty-three Franciscan Martyrs of 1597 in Japan, 1627â1632. Engraving, 39 à 48.9 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, inv. no. RP-P-1926-631. Image © Rijksmuseum 495
16.6 Laurentius Atlas, The Crucifixion of the Twenty-three Franciscan Martyrs of 1597 in Japan. Engraving, 28.2 à 18 cm. From: San Antonio Juan Francisco de, O.F.M., Chronicas de la apostolica provincia de San Gregorio (Chronicles of the Apostolic Province of St Gregory) (Sampaloc, Juan del Sotillo, O.F.M.: 1744) 3:after title page. Providence, Brown University, John Carter Brown Library, call no. 1-SIZE BA738.S194c. Image © John Carter Brown Library 498
16.7 âMateus vanâ (?), The Crucifixion of the Twenty-three Franciscan Martyrs of 1597 in Japan, 18th century (?). Oil on canvas, 176 à 254 cm. Macau, Paço Episcopal. Image © Departamento Diocesano de Arquivos Históricos e Património Cultural (DDAHPC), Macau SAR 500
16.8 José Camaron y Boronat (designer) and Manuel Peleguer y Tossar (engraver), The Crucifixion of the Twenty-three Franciscan Martyrs of 1597 in Japan, 1794. Engraving, 37 à 51 cm. Madrid, Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Museo de Historia de Madrid, inv. no. 15363. Image © Museo de Historia de Madrid 501
16.9 Unknown artist, The Crucifixion of the Twenty-three Franciscan Martyrs of 1597 in Japan, 17thâfirst half of the 18th century. Oil on canvas, 166 à 323 cm. El Puerto de Santa MarÃa, Cádiz Province, Andalusia, Iglesia Mayor Prioral, Sacristy. Image © El Puerto de Santa MarÃa, Iglesia Mayor Prioral (photo: the author) 502
16.10 Unknown artist, The Crucifixion of the Twenty-three Franciscan Martyrs of 1597 in Japan. Engraving, 23.5 à 17.8 cm. From: Gascueña Esteban José de, O.F.M., âAño seráfico histórico, ejemplar y bisiesto de la Provincia de San Gregorio Magno de franciscos descalzos de Filipinasâ (Seraphic Historical, Exemplary and Leap Year of the Province of St Gregory the Great of the Discalced Franciscans of the Philippines), unpublished MS, 1775, 1:insert. Madrid, Archivo de la Provincia Franciscana de la Inmaculada Concepción. Image © Archivo de la Provincia Franciscana de la Inmaculada Concepción 509
16.11 Unknown artist, The Crucifixion of the Twenty-three Franciscan Martyrs of 1597 in Japan, 1627. Oil on canvas, 350 à 220 cm (approximately). Francavilla Fontana, Brindisi Province, Apulia, Santa Maria della Croce, inv. no. AUTH 00001523. Image © Francavilla Fontana, Santa Maria della Croce (photo: the author) 511
16.12 Unknown artist, The Story of the Martyrdom of the Twenty-six Crucified Martyrs of 1597 in Japan, late 16thâ17th century. Fresco. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Cathedral, North Wall. Image © The author 514