Acheulean tool types 46
Actor Network Theory 117
Admixture 216 , 225 , 237 , 240 , 242 , 244 , 247 , 274
Ancient admixture 216 , 249
Genetic admixture 32 , 213 , 218 , 245 –246 , 248 –249 , 250 , 258 , 278 , 283 , 306 , 308 –310 , 313 –317 , 321
Neanderthal admixture 250
Sex-biased admixture 309
African Academy of Sciences (ASS) 258
African Collaborative Center for Microbiome and Genomics Research (ACCME) 270 –271 , 280
African descendants
African-descendant populations 305 –306 , 308 –311 , 313 –315 , 321 –322
African Diaspora 305 –306 , 308 –309 , 311 , 313
Afrikaans 179
Agriculture 115 , 138 , 177 –178 , 194 , 196 , 236 , 244 , 246
Agriculturist communities 179
Agroforestry practices 83
Agro-pastoral populations 111 , 151 , 153 , 179 , 199
Agro-pastoralism 177
Akonétyé groups 86 , 88
Ancient DNA (aDNA) 72 , 216 –218 , 220 , 222 , 224 –225 , 227 , 236 –242 , 244 , 246 - 251 , 317 –318 , 320 –322
Angola 64 –65 , 74 , 77 , 88 , 179 , 183 , 185 , 187 , 189 , 191 , 197 , 199 –200 , 305 , 309
Angondjé groups 79 , 90 –91 , 93 , 95
Anthracological analysis 153
Archaeological evidence 66 , 116 , 177 –178 , 194 , 196 –197 , 204 , 214 , 221
Archaeological record 11 , 14 , 19 , 22 , 29 –30 , 32 , 96 , 116 , 125 , 149 , 168 , 204 , 246
Assemblage Theory 124 , 136 , 140
Australopithecus
Australopithecus africanus 11 –13
Australopithecus prometheus 13
Australopithecus sediba 13
Back migration(s) to Africa 215 –216 , 219 , 221
Ballito Bay 14 , 243 , 248
Banded ironstones 153 , 170
Bantu Expansion 83 , 241 , 243 , 246
Bantu-speakers 23 , 66 , 73 –74 , 204 , 246
Bight of Benin 305 , 309 –310 , 314 –316 , 321
Bight of Biafra 305 , 310 , 316
Bioarchaeological analysis 319
Biobanking 259 , 262 , 264 –265 , 285
Body Mass Index (BMI) 266 –267
Boroma site 158 –160 , 165 –166 , 169 , 171
Botswana 123 , 179 , 181 , 183 , 185 , 187 , 189 , 198 –199 , 201 –203 , 275
Brain 10 , 22 , 30 –32 , 263
Hominin brain 31
Neanderthal brain 32
Brazil 307 , 310 –311 , 313
African-Brazilians 313 –314
Bwambé tradition 81 –83
CAAPA Consortium 309 , 313
Cameroon 64 –74 , 77 –83 , 86 , 88 –90 , 92 , 95 –96 , 239 , 246 –247 , 272 , 318
Campo Eglise group 81 –82 , 86 , 88
Canary Islands 224 –225 , 227 , 239
Canarian indigenous populations 223 –226
Candidate gene studies 271 –273 , 275
Capacity development 262 , 275 –277 , 285
Caprines 178
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) 263 , 273
Cardiovascular H3Africa Innovation Resource (CHAIR) 263 , 274 , 285
Caribbean 317 –318
Caribbean Islands 305 , 307 –310 , 315 , 317
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) 266 –268 , 274
Central Cattle Pattern (CCP) 134 –135
Cervical cancer screening 263 , 271 , 280
Changamire state 116
Charcoal samples 82 , 153 , 157 –158 , 160 –161 , 163 , 165
Co-evolution 11
Cognition 30 , 32 , 56
Neanderthal cognition 30
Cognitive flexibility 10 , 30
Cohorts 263 , 265 , 269 , 272 , 309
Collaborative African Genomics Network (CAfGEN) 263
Community Engagement 259 , 262 , 264 –265 , 285
Congo,
Congo Basin 63 –64 , 78 –79 , 95
Congo River 71 , 74 , 77 , 79 , 95
Costly Signalling Theory (CST) 124 –126 , 128 , 132 –133 , 140
Cowpeas 83
Cradle of Humankind 11 –13 , 22 , 26
Cuba 307 , 310 –312 , 315 –317 , 321
Cultural diffusion model 213
Cultural transitions 79
Demic diffusion model 213 –214 , 224
Demic migration 197
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 63 –64 , 67 –72 , 74 , 76 , 78 –79 , 86 , 88 , 96
Denisovans 17 , 26 , 32
Dental modifications 319
Disease-associated behaviour and awareness studies 259 , 262 , 269 –271 , 285
Domestic cattle 23 , 113 , 116 , 178
Drimolen 11 , 13 , 14
Drystone architecture 151 , 155 , 168
Dyslipidaemia 268
Early farmer populations 216 , 223 –224 , 226
Early Neolithic 214 , 221 , 241 , 244
Early Neolithic populations 225 –226
Early Neolithic samples 220 , 222 –224 , 242
Early Stone Age 43
Epidemiological studies 265 , 285
Ethics committees 257 , 259 , 264 –265 , 285
Ethiopia 18 , 25 –28 , 31 , 45 , 239 , 282
Eurasia 11 –12 , 17 , 23 , 26 , 29 –32 , 44 , 214 –216 , 218 , 226 , 241 , 244
Eurasian back migration 241 , 244
EUROTAST 312 , 318 , 320 , 322
Exchange networks 73 , 179 , 204
Eyasi beds 46
Lake Eyasi 45 –46 , 51 –55
Fiber-roulette decoration 94
Florisbad 21 , 24 –25 , 27
Florisbad cave 13 , 26 , 45
Florisbad skull 20 , 31
Flow slag 150 , 156
Foragers 199 , 204 , 245
Forced draft furnaces 149 , 165 –166
Fossil record 12 , 14 , 17 , 23 , 26
French Guiana 310 –313
Gabon 63 –64 , 66 –67 , 69 –72 , 74 –81 , 83 –84 , 86 –87 , 89 –96 , 197 , 305
Garussi River 46 , 48 , 50
Genetic diversity 247 , 274 , 281 , 283 –284 , 306 , 309 , 311 , 313 , 321
Genetic studies 71 , 236 , 238 , 244 , 246 , 272 , 283 , 312 , 315
Genetic time depth 14 , 20
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) 274 –278
Genome-wide data 216 , 219 , 222 –223 , 274 , 283 –284 , 306 , 313 , 316
Gold Coast 305 , 310
Grassfields 69 –74 , 76 –77
Great Zimbabwe 9 , 115 –128 , 130 , 134 –138 , 148 , 150 –158 , 160 –161 , 163 , 165 –169 , 171
Conical Tower 119 –120 , 126 –127
Great Enclosure 119 –120 , 123 , 126
Great Zimbabwe furnace 167
Zimbabwe Culture 117 –125 , 128 –129 , 131 –138 , 140 –141 , 167 , 169
Greater Laetoli Area 47 –48 , 52 , 55 , 57
H3Africa Bioinformatics Network (H3ABioNet) 275 –278 , 286
H3Africa Consortium 257 –265 , 271 , 274 –278 , 282 –285
Haiti 308 , 310 –312 , 315 , 317
Hans Jonatan individual/genome 320 –321
Hearing Impairment 272 , 278
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) 320
HIV infection 263 , 266 –267 , 269 , 280 –281
HLA haplotypes 280 , 319
Hominin fossils 11 –14 , 22 –23 , 26 , 43
Homo,
Early H. sapiens 10 , 12 , 14 , 17 –18 , 20 , 23 , 26 , 29 –30 , 32 , 44 –46 , 48 , 56 , 71
Homo erectus 13 –14 , 17 , 26
Homo habilis 13
Homo heidelbergensis 15 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 32
Homo naledi 13 , 22 –24 , 26
Homo rhodesiensis 15 , 46
Horticulture 79 , 83
Human Origins 9 , 11 –12 , 33 , 219 , 250
Human papillomavirus (HPV) 263 , 280 –281
High-risk HPV (hrHPV) infection 280 –281
Hunting 17 , 19 , 25 , 30 , 56 , 67 , 84 , 111 , 199 , 213
Hypertension 266 –268 , 271
Ifri n’Amr ou Moussa (IAM) site/samples 221 –223 , 225
Imbonga Group 76 –77
Indian Ocean trade 167
Informed consent 265
Iron metallurgy 76 , 149 , 151 , 156 –157 , 160 –162 , 167 –169 , 171
Iron ore 111 , 153 , 156 –158 , 170 –171
Iron working 75 , 77 , 81 , 96 , 158
Iron Age (IA) 45 , 63 –64 , 67 , 72 –73 , 79 , 91 , 96 , 111 –114 , 149 –150 , 239 , 245 –246
Early Iron Age (EIA) 66 –67 , 74 , 76 –77 , 85 –88 , 90 , 96 , 112 –114 , 134
Later Iron Age (LIA) 112 , 117
Iron smelting 75 , 77 , 79 , 94 , 149 , 157 , 159 , 163 , 166 –167 , 169
Precolonial indigenous iron-smelting technologies 148 –149 , 153 , 165
Iron smithing 159 , 160 , 162 , 169
Isolation-by-distance (IBD) patterns 242 , 247 –248
Ju|’hoansi 249
Kalahari hunter-gatherers 10
Kalundu pottery tradition 199 –203
Kasteelberg, South Africa 245
Kay Ladio Group 78 , 86
Kef el Baround individuals 223 –226
Khoe-San speaking populations 14 , 16 , 30 , 197 , 236 , 241 , 246 –247 , 249 –250
Khoe-speaking Nama 177 , 179 , 245
Kribi Group 86
Lactase persistence (LP) allele 177 , 179 –180 , 194 –197 , 204
Laetoli beds 43 –44 , 46 , 56
Lake Natron 46 , 55
Late Holocene Forest Crisis (LHFC) 66 , 82 , 95
Late Neolithic 220 , 223 –226 , 239 , 241
Later Stone Age (LSA) 16 , 50 , 55 , 67 , 178 –179 , 194 , 199 , 203 –204 , 239 , 245 –246
LSA assemblages 48 , 67
LSA individuals 246 –247
LSA industries 71 –73
LSA traditions 79
Leledi Group 91
Levallois technology 20 , 45 –46 , 53 , 67
Linkage-disequilibrium (LD) 274 , 278
Livestock-keeping 177 –178 , 194 , 196 , 199
Lopé Group 84 , 91 , 94 –95
Luxmanda individual 245
Magnetite ore 149 , 156 –157
Malaria 269 , 279 , 281 , 283
Malongo Tradition 82
Mapungubwe 9 , 113 , 116 –117 , 137 –138
Maroon societies/communities 311 –312 , 315 , 317
Mary Leakey 12 , 43 , 56
Matrilineal social systems 114 , 197
Mercantile records 204
Metabochip genotyping array 273
Microbiome 260 , 279 –280
Middle Stone Age (MSA) 16 –17 , 43 –44 , 55 –56 , 67 –68 , 249
ESA-MSA transitional assemblages 19 –21 , 24 –27
MSA assemblages 22 , 45 , 47 , 52 , 56 , 68
MSA industry 22 , 54 –55
MSA-LSA transitions 53
Milking 199
Millet 82
Mining 116 , 153
Miombo savanna woodlands 153
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 23 , 215 –217 , 219 –220 , 222 , 224 –226 , 236 , 242 , 318 –319
MtDNA phylogenetic tree 215 , 220
Monogenic diseases 271 –272
Mota genome/individual 243 –245 , 248
Mrs Ples 12
Mutapa state 116 , 138 , 169
Namibia 179 , 181 , 183 , 187 , 197 , 202
Nandá groups 79 , 88 , 90 –92
Native American ancestry/populations 306 , 311 , 313 –314 , 316 –317
Natural draft furnaces 166 , 168 , 171
Neanderthals 10 , 17 , 23 , 26 , 30 –32
Neolithic revolution 213 –214
Neolithic transition 213 –216 , 218 , 223 –224 , 226 –227 , 244
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) 217 –218 , 272
Ngaloba
Ngaloba beds 44 –48 , 52 , 55
Ngaloba industry 55
Ngaloba skull (LH 18 ) 45 –46 , 48 , 56
Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) 47
Ngovo Groups 74 , 76
Nigeria 74 , 77 , 83 , 92 , 243 , 246 , 265 , 268 –271 , 280 –281 , 283 , 309 , 318
Noir Marron communities 310 , 312 –315
Obesity 266
Obobogo Group 73 –74 , 80 , 82 –83 , 88
Ogooué River, Gabon 65 , 75 –76 , 78 –79 , 83 –84 , 94 –95
Okala Group 74 –76 , 79 –86 , 93
Okanda Groups 75 , 84 –87 , 90
Olduvai 43 –44 , 56 –57
Otoumbi Group 83 –86 , 90 , 94
Oveng Groups 76 , 78 –79 , 84 –91
Paleoanthropology 12 , 237 , 250
Paleo-environmental data 65
Paleogenomics 213 –214 , 217 –220 , 227 , 306 , 318 , 320 –321
Pan-African 257 , 263
Paranthropus robustus 12 –13
Pastoral Neolithic (PN) 45 , 53 , 72 , 239 , 245
Pastoralists 179 , 197 , 199 , 241 , 245
Phallic symbolic objects 120 , 126 , 163
Phylogenetic analysis 219 , 222 , 320
Pikunda-Munda Group 67
Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria
.
Pleistocene 15 , 26 , 45 –46 , 66 , 68 –69 , 221
Late Pleistocene 63 , 65
Middle Pleistocene 45 –46 , 51 , 55
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification 216 –217 , 220
Population structure 32 , 248 –249 , 274 –275 , 282 –283 , 316
Pottery assemblages 82 , 91
Pottery sequences 63 , 74
Precuneus 31 –32
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 223 , 244 , 246 –249
Ancestry-specific PCA 314 –315
Procrustes analysis 240
Questionnaire 269 –271
Radiocarbon dates 80 , 90 , 94 , 96 , 139 , 150 , 158 , 165 –166 , 168 , 171 , 219
Rainfall 67 , 115 , 153 , 178 , 194 , 197 , 199 , 203
Rainforest hunter-gatherers (RHGs) 67 , 69 –73 , 236 , 247 , 249 –250 , 309
Rectangular furnace technology 157 –158 , 167 , 171
Remba population 120
Respiratory Microbiota of African Children (ReMac) Center 279
Rock art 73
Rocking comb impressions 72 , 81
Sahara 69 , 241 –242 , 244 , 247
Sahel region 64 , 69 , 83 , 241 , 244
Sangha River Interval (SRI) 66 –67 , 96
Senegambia 305 , 309 –310
Sexual behaviour 271
Sheep 111 , 178 –179 , 204
Shum Laka 68 –70 , 72 –73 , 76 , 243 , 247 –248
Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) 267 , 269 , 272
Sierra Leone 305 , 310 , 321
Slag tapping techniques 150 , 157 , 168
Slag types 155 –156 , 158 –160 , 163 –165 , 168 –170
Social Darwinism 9
Socio-economic and technological transformations 9 , 114 , 150 , 168 , 266
Socio-technical framework 11 , 33
Southern African,
Southern African populations 16 , 19 , 30 , 115 , 179 , 194 –195 , 197
Southern African archaeology 134 , 136 , 168
Sri Lankan furnaces 167
State systems 116 , 136 –138 , 141 , 151
Stock raising 79 , 83
Stroke Investigative Research and Education Network (SIREN) 263 , 268 , 270
Sub-Saharan Africa 15 , 19 , 88 , 126 , 148 –149 , 167 –168 , 216 , 236 , 238 , 242 , 263 , 305 , 318
Sub-Saharan African origin 221 , 319
Sub-Saharan African populations 315 , 316 , 319
Sudan 27 , 45 , 244 –245
Surinam 310 –313
Taforalt individuals 219 –223 , 225
Tanzania 17 –18 , 25 –27 , 43 , 45 , 48 , 76 , 149 , 169 , 177 , 239 , 245 –246
Taung child/fossil 11 –13
Tchissanga Group 74 , 76
Theory of mind 19 , 26 , 30 , 32
Tool use 19 –20
Transatlantic slave trade (TAST) 305 –308 , 311 , 313 , 315 , 317 , 320
Tree models 249
Trypanosomiasis 196 –197 , 272 –273
Tuberculosis (TB) 263 , 266 , 279 , 282
Latent TB infection (LTBI) 282
Multidrug-resistant strains (MDR-TB) 282
Tuyeres 156 –157 , 162 –163 , 165 –169
Double fused tuyeres 161 –162
Heaps of tuyeres 155 –156
Metallurgical tuyeres 152 , 158
Multiple fused tuyeres 152 , 155 –156 , 158 –159 , 168 , 171
Uniformity 148 , 168
Upper Paleolithic period 219 –221 , 223 –224 , 226
Upper Paleolithic North Africans 220 –221
Urban assemblages 111 , 113 , 139 –140
Urbanism 117 , 121 –123 , 151
Urewe Tradition 76 –77
Variability 55 , 122 , 148 –150 , 152 , 165
Western stream 197 , 199 , 202
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) 216 , 218 , 236 , 274 , 283 –284 , 306 , 309
Windward Coast 305 , 309 –310
Wooden roulette decoration 80 , 94 –95
Y chromosome 204 , 215 –216 , 220 , 222 , 225 –226 , 236 , 245 , 319
Zambia 27 , 45 , 64 , 149 , 179 , 187 , 189 , 198 , 200 , 202 –203
Zoutsteeg Three 318 , 322