Index
The letter f following a page number denotes a figure.
1911 Revolution
64, 132
A Aurora Macaense
63
A Diary of Sulphur Mining (Yu Yonghe)
27
A Record of Travel in the Nanyang (Hou Hongjian)
160
Allah
142–43
Amoy
23, 34, 157, 192
angmoh
9, 23–29, 47, 166–70
anti-Chinese sentiments
7, 70, 73, 83
Arai Hakuseki
28
Arabic
28n15, 142–45
Aunty Rose
1, 5, 9
Australia
5, 71, 74–76, 80–85, 97, 132
Baba. see Peranakan
Baba Malay
history
130–35, 159–60
Hokkien influence on
138–48
Baihua
160–61, 212
Bangkok
93
Barclay, Thomas
156, 170
Batavia
60, 215–23
Jakarta
Batu Gantong. see Chan Kim Boon
Bazaar Malay
history
130–35
Hokkien influence on
138–48
Beijing
210–12
Belitung
54
Binondo
193
Bintang Pranakan
137
Bintang Timor
137
Borneo
3, 154
borrowing, lexical. see loan blend; loan shift; loan translation; loanwords
British colonialism
33–37, 168–70
British Malaya
26, 33, 35, 235
Malaysia; Singapore
Burma. see Myanmar
business terms
102, 140–41
calque. see loan blend
Cambodia
7, 83, 91–101
under specific languages
Canton
23n4, 34–41, 46–47, 158
Cantonese
clipping. see selective clipping; tail-clipping
entertainment
161
influence on Penang Hokkien
154, 159
literary vs. colloquial
16–20, 158
loanwords in Chinese Pidgin English
39–40
Cantonese, per region
Cambodia
98
Canton
37
Malaysia
167n13, 170
Singapore
1, 9
Cantonese migration
5, 7
to Cambodia
96
to East Timor
67–68, 74–75, 79–80
“captain”, Chinese
7, 52, 63
Chan Kim Boon
137, 159–60
Chan, Teresita Bee Hua
192–98, 203–6
Chen Zhenlong
31
Cheong Fatt Tze
160
Chin Hsüeh-tseng
31
China.
see Ming dynasty; Song Dynasty; Qing dynasty; PRC; ROC; Tang dynasty
Chinese, language.
see under specific varieties
Chinese characters
borrowing through
30–31, 40, 181, 250
different readings of
158, 181, 200–1
importance of
9–10, 194, 198, 249–50
multiple choices of
10, 18, 157–60, 229
non-Sinitic words in
11, 36–37, 40
rare characters
10, 194–97, 249
Chinese Daily News
220
“Chinese diaspora”
2
Chinese migration
6–8, 129–32
under specific groups
Chinese people, nomenclature
9, 51n1, 69n10, 95–96, 170–73
Chinese Pidgin English
32–41, 146, 246, 250
Chun Foo Chun
217–18, 222, 224
Chunghwa Confucian School
160
Classical Chinese
19n3, 20, 160, 212
classifiers, numeral
110–11, 229
clipping. see selective clipping; tail-clipping
Cold War
190–91
colonialism.
see under specific imperial powers
creole languages
39, 58n3, 133–34, 148
Creole Portuguese
58n3, 62
culinary terms
101–2, 114–15, 141–42, 166
Cultural Revolution
6
cumshaw
39–42
Dadao Shrine
192
data collection
11, 105–6, 119, 131, 136–38
De Vrije Pers
220
dictionaries.
see under specific languages
Dili
55, 60–71, 73–76, 80
Douglas, Carstairs
156
Dukes, Edwin Joshua
158–59
durian
31
Dutch, language
31n18, 155n3, 215–16, 222, 240
Dutch colonialism
23–29, 56–64, 210–11
Dutch East India Company
24–25, 56–57
East Asia
215–16, 226, 228
East Timor
55–62
Cantonese migration; Hakka migration; Indonesia: occupation of East Timor
education.
see under specific languages
Eh Thoeng
220
English
20, 100
Chinese Pidgin English; Singapore Colloquial English
Cambodia
98
dictionaries
222, 234
education
161, 167
Malaysia
132–35, 159–61
Singapore
23, 99, 132–35
English loanwords
in Baba Malay
138
in Bazaar Malay
139
in Cantonese
1, 32–33, 36–37
in Penang Hokkien
153–54, 157–61, 177, 181–82
in Singapore Teochew
92, 115, 117, 119
in Timor Hakka
79–80
Estado da Índia
60–61
etymology.
see under specific words
Facebook
73–74, 105–6, 112, 118–19, 251
Fan Lihua Descends from the Mountains
194, 203
fangyan
1
folk etymology
188n8
Fretilin
57–58, 70
Fujian
historical connections with
21–38, 158–59, 188–192
migration from
54, 132–33, 185–86
usage of term
8n12, 12, 21, 153n2
Fuzhou
23n4, 27
Gaginang
94, 112, 118
Gan, language
55
Gao Qingyun
191
Gaojia opera.
see Kaoka
generation, sociolinguistics
75–76, 105–18, 133–34, 172, 198–99
gender, sociolinguistics
81, 112–13
Gezai opera
191, 198, 202
Gi Hua Wan
202
Goh Hood Keng
131, 138
Guandi temple
66, 71, 73
Guanhua
212
Guangdong
24, 26, 55
migration from
33, 54, 67, 91, 132
Guangzhou.
see Canton
Guoyu.
see Mandarin
Gusmão, Xanana
74
Hainanese
5, 10, 96, 132, 134
Hakka
dialects
55, 77–79
education
66
speaker variation
79–81
usage of term
54–55
Hakka, per region
Bangka
76n18, 77n19, 81n23
Borneo
167
Dabu
78nB
East Timor
74–82
Hong Kong
77–80
Java
81n23, 234–35
Kalimantan
76, 81n23,
Malaysia
76, 81n23, 170
Meixian
77–80
Singapore
81n23
Taiwan
27, 54
Hakka migration
53–55
to Australia
73–74
to East Timor
67–68
hanzi.
see Chinese characters
Hoa Woe Ho Pie
217–19, 224–25, 229, 231–32, 236
Hoc Kian troupe
193–99
Hokkien
clipping.
see selective clipping; tail-clipping
dialects
37n26, 154
dictionaries
26, 35, 155–56, 170, 200
education
159–60
entertainment
162
literary vs. colloquial
10, 18–20, 31, 158, 199–202
neologisms
162–80
romanization.
see romanization, Chinese
speaker variation
154
theatre
185–97
theatrical language
199–207
usage of term
8n12, 21, 185–86n2
Hokkien, per region
Amoy
154–57, 161–80
Borneo
154
Haicheng
154
Java
212–13
Kinmen
198
Malaysia
154
Medan
154, 155n4, 167
Myanmar
31, 37, 154
Penang
154–55, 162–80
Philippines
173, 186, 203–7
Singapore
1, 154–55, 167, 169, 176–77
Taiwan
154–57, 162–80
Thailand
154
Zhangzhou
10, 200n28, 211
Hokkien loanwords
in Baba Malay
138–48
in Bazaar Malay
138–48
in Burmese
141
in Chinese Pidgin English
39–41
in English
22
in Japanese
28–29
in Javanese
130
in Khmer
101
in Malay
22, 141
in Singapore Teochew
92, 119
in Sino-Malay
229–35
in Tagalog
102nA, 186, 203
in Taiwanese Mandarin
29–30
Hokkien migration
21–26, 47, 185
to Cambodia
96
to Canton
34–38
to Malaya
133–35, 154
to Timor
67–68
Hong Kong
8–9, 16–18, 63, 97, 177
under specific languages
hong merchants
34–38
Hou Hongjian
A Record of Travel in the Nanyang
160
Hsin chin-chu Gaojia opera
191
Hsin Li-yuan troupe
191
Hua Hee Dai
161, 181
Huayu.
see Mandarin
Hunan
213
I-chun Yuan troupe
191
Idenburg, Alexander Willem Frederik
210
Indonesia
23, 57
Netherlands Indies; see also under specific languages
Chinese community in
4, 24, 73, 83, 99, 240–41
historical connections with China
24–29, 130
occupation of East Timor
58, 68–72
Indonesian, language.
see Malay: Indonesia
Jakarta
25, 223
Batavia
Japan
6n11, 28–29, 59, 156
Japanese
28–29, 37n23, 41–42n30, 215–16
loanwords in Chinese
156–57
loanwords in Chinese Pidgin English
39–40
Japanese occupation
190, 211
Java
10, 24–25, 99, 170n15, 220–30, 236
Java Post
220
jicama, terminology
141–42, 246
Kampot
96
Kaoka
187–97
playscripts
kanji
28, 37n23, 156
Keng Po
214–15
Khabar Slalu
137
Khmer
91–94, 97–98
loanwords in Cambodian Teochew
105–18
Khmer Rouge
97
Kim Siu Eng
192–93
Kim Siu Eng troupe
192–93
kinship terms
101–4, 138–39, 146–47, 232–33
Knoetsen, John F.
215–16, 229
koineization
76, 79, 246
Koxinga.
see Zheng Chenggong
Kuomintang
29–30
Kuo-Yü Zonder Goeroe
220–22, 224–25, 227–29, 231, 237–39
Kupang
62–63, 67, 82
language endangerment
11, 82–84, 98–100, 181–82, 241
language policies
7, 23, 99, 133, 154
Lao
102–5
Laos
7, 93, 100
Lay, Francisco Kalbuadi
73
Lay, Pedro
73
Li Joek Koey
222, 234
Li Zaiju
189
Lifau
62–63
Lim Bok Sioe
217–18, 222
Lim Boon Keng
215
Lin Chin-chih
191
lingua franca
5, 58, 76, 130–35, 154, 229
Literary Chinese
16–20, 157–58, 212
literary vs. colloquial.
see under Cantonese; Hokkien
loan blend
113–18, 142–47, 248
loan shift
113, 142–43
loan translation
113–15, 142–44, 247–48
loanwords
under specific languages
direction
106, 141–42
integration
109–12
Loanword Typology Project
119, 129
Lon Nol
97
Luo Guanzhong
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
137, 160n5
Luzon
31, 188
Luzon troupes
188–89
Ma Huan
The Overal Survey of the Ocean’s Shores
31, 170n15
Macao
26–27, 35, 59–63, 71, 80
Makassar
83
Malacca
23–25, 28, 35, 59, 133–34, 157–60
Malay
Baba Malay; Bazaar Malay; Sino-Malay
dictionaries
222–23
Indonesia
23, 80–81, 144–45, 211–13, 229–35
Singapore
132, 137
standard
143–46
Malay loanwords
in Cantonese
1
in Hakka
81
in Hokkien
9–10, 31–32, 153–66, 181–82, 247–50
in Teochew
91, 93, 114, 116n12, 119
Malaya.
see British Malaya; Malaysia; Singapore
Malaysia
3, 129–35, 143
under specific languages
Maluku
27n12, 29
Mandarin
clipping.
see selective clipping; tail-clipping
education
66, 70–71, 98–99, 154, 210–14
dialects
223–29
dictionaries
222
hegemony of
5, 16
history in Southeast Asia
7, 160–62, 210–13
neologisms
27–28, 153, 156–57
speaker variation
228–29
usage of term
5, 212
Mandarin, per region
Cambodia
98–99
Canton
37
Indonesia
210–23
Malaysia
99–100, 154, 160–62, 177, 181–82
Singapore
1, 23, 99, 132
Taiwan
18, 29–30, 225, 228
Thailand
99–100
Mandarin loanwords
in Chinese Pidgin English
39–40
in Penang Hokkien
180–81
in Singapore Teochew
119
in Taiwanese Hokkien
157
Manila
38, 59, 189, 193
Marcos, Ferdinand E.
193
Mazu
22–23
Medhurst, Walter Henry
26, 35
Meixian
55, 67, 217
Melaka.
see Malacca
mestizos.
see Peranakan
methodology
11, 105–6, 118–20, 136–38, 250–51
middleman minorities
7, 65–66, 69n11
Ming Dynasty
23, 26–27, 28n15, 203, 212
Ming Shi
27
minjian
3
Minnan.
see Hokkien; Southern Min; Teochew
missionaries
59–62, 92–94, 106, 157–59
Morrison, Robert
35, 37
Myanmar
7, 21, 141
under specific languages
Nai Kia Ki
20
Nanguan.
see Nanyin
Nanguo Drama Society
192
Nanjing
23, 212, 226–27, 240
Nanking. see Nanjing
Nanyang
5
Nanyin
189–91, 198
nationalism, Chinese
213–14, 235–39
Netherlands Indies
63n7, 82–83, 210–23
Newbold, Thomas John
157–59
Ningbo
23n4, 28
Nio Joe Lan
213, 224
Oey Tjiang Hoay
222
Ong Hong Siang
216
Opium Wars
64
Oudendijk, William J.
210, 239
“overseas Chinese”
2
Palembang
47, 215
Pe Pin Chuw
216
Pearl River
24, 33, 67
Penang
153–62
Penang Hokkien.
see Hokkien
Penang Hokkien Podcast
155
Penang Sin Poe
160
People’s Republic of China.
see PRC
Peranakan
67, 69, 118n14, 130–33, 159
personal pronouns
139–40, 143–45, 230
Philippines
31, 185–93, 198–200
Hokkien, per region
Phnom Penh
96–98, 101, 119
phonology
77, 92–93, 134, 177, 223–28
loanwords: integration
phono-semantic matching
9, 114, 163nB, 249–50
phrasebooks
215–17, 235–39
pidgin, etymology
32–45, 46f
pidgin languages
39
playscripts
198–207
Kaoka
Pol Pot
83
Portuguese, language
35–36, 58, 76
Creole Portuguese
Portuguese colonialism
23–28, 56–70
Portuguese loanwords
in Chinese Pidgin English
39–40
in Timor Hakka
79–81
possessive markers
143–45
PRC
4, 6–7, 177, 240
Putonghua.
see Mandarin
qie yun
31
Qing Dynasty
23, 34, 64, 130, 212, 216
Qing Long Dian
193 f, 194
-qua
37–38, 40
Quanzhou
23, 34–35, 38, 170n15, 194
rambutan
9, 30–32, 114, 167n13, 250
Ramos-Horta, José
73–74
Rasamal, Mdm.
see Aunty Rose
relabelling
136, 143
relexification
135, 143–45
Republic of China.
see ROC
resinicization
7, 97, 100, 241
ROC
177, 190, 210–12, 235–36, 240
Taiwan
rojak
153–54, 180–81
Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Luo Guanzhong)
137, 159–60
romanization, Chinese
ambiguity
10, 72n15, 77, 205nA, 224–25
importance of
10, 194, 249–50
systems
77, 94, 194, 200–7, 222–30
romanization, Malay
130–37, 160, 230
Ryukyu
29
Sabah.
see Borneo
Sam Kok.
see Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Sanskrit
142, 174
Sarawak.
see Borneo
Sejarah Melayu
174
selective clipping
42–44
Shanghai
23n4, 218, 222
Shantou.
see Swatow
Shellabear, William
134, 159
Shengxing troupe
192
Si Hitam Yang Chantek
131, 138–47
Si Wang Fu
194
Sin Po214 f
, 217, 223
Sin Woe Hoa Tze Tian
217
Singapore
1, 3, 33, 71, 99, 129–35
under specific languages
Singapore Colloquial English
9, 135–36, 142, 167
Sinitic, usage of term
1, 8
Sinographs.
see Chinese characters
Sino-Malay
language
10, 292–35
press
212–18
Sinophone
4, 13, 82, 101, 180–81, 185
Studies
3–5, 245–48
usage of term
3
Sino-soundscape
190–91, 194, 198
Soeharto
211
Solor
56–61
Song Dynasty
23, 54
Song Lim Musical Association
189, 192
Southeast Asia
importance of
4–8, 246–47
usage of term
5
Southern Min
21–23, 25, 91, 94, 102, 154
Hokkien; Teochew
clipping.
see selective clipping; tail-clipping
usage of term
8n12, 185n2
Spanish colonialism
59, 187, 188n9
speaker variation.
see Hakka; Hokkien; Mandarin; Teochew
Speak Mandarin Campaign
99
standard Chinese.
see Classical Chinese; Mandarin
stock phrases
199–202
Straits-born Chinese.
see Peranakan
Straits Chinese Herald
137
Straits Settlements.
see Malacca; Penang; Singapore
substrate
131, 134–39, 148
superstrate
136, 181
Sumatra
24, 31, 229
Sundanese
212, 227
Surabaya
83, 220
Swatow
63, 91, 102
sweet potato, terminology
30–31, 142
Sy Tiok Music Association
189
Tagalog
200, 202–3
loanwords in Hokkien
9
tail-clipping
43–45
Taiping Rebellion
64
Taiwan
3, 16–19, 29–30, 97, 155–57
under specific languages
cultural influence
198, 207
historical connections with
25–27, 188n9
linguistic influence
8–9, 66, 157, 161, 177
official relations
7, 69–71, 190–91, 240
Tamil
1, 132, 139, 174–75
Tang Dynasty
9, 95, 189n10, 203
temporal expressions
140, 145–46
Teochew
dictionaries
92, 106
education
98–99
influence on Penang Hokkien
154, 159
romanization.
see romanization, Chinese
speaker variation
112–13
Teochew, per region
Cambodia
93, 97–100, 167
Chenghai
92
Jambi
92–93
Jieyang
92, 106–8
Laos
93
Malaysia
92, 98–100, 170
Pontianak
92–93, 99
Singapore
1, 92, 98, 106–8, 114–17
Swatow
102
Thailand
93, 98–100, 167
Vietnam
93
Teochew loanwords
in Khmer
100–5, 119
in Lao
100–5
in Thai
100–5, 119–20
Teochew migration
91
to Cambodia
96–97
Teppōki
28
Tetun
52n1, 58, 76, 80
loanwords in Timor Hakka
81
textbooks
66, 157, 213–17, 223–39
Thai
98–105
loanwords in Teochew
93, 119–20
Thailand
7, 93, 98–100, 173
under specific languages
The, Mrs.
220–22
The Chinese, English and Malay Classified Conversations
217, 227, 231, 335–38
The Chung Shen
220–22
The Journey to the West (Wu Cheng’en)
160n5
The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores (Ma Huan)
31, 170n15
The Royal Singapore
1
Timor.
see East Timor; West Timor
Timor-Leste.
see East Timor
Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan
211, 215, 217, 236
Tjin Po
214
tones
77, 94, 109–10, 224n23, 225
Tushen
67
United States
97, 190
Venerable Mother of Mount Li
203, 206
Vernacular Chinese.
see Baihua
Vietnam
6n11, 10, 91, 93, 100
VOC.
see Dutch East India Company
Wang Anyi
129
Wang Lihua Descends from the Mountains
194, 202–7
Wang Linheng
Yue Jian Bian
26
Wang Shanda
192
West Timor
62, 64, 67, 71, 80–82
Wikipedia
18, 251
word histories
9, 247
under specific words
Wu Cheng’en
The Journey to the West
160n5
Wu Yumu
192
Xiamen.
see Amoy
Xiu Lian Xing troupe
192
Yoe Wan Fei
222, 227
Yu Yonghe
A Diary of Sulphur Mining
27
Yue.
see Cantonese
Yue Jian Bian (Wang Linheng)
26
Youtube
161
Zhangzhou
23, 34, 38, 45, 170n15, 188n9
Zhao Rugua
62
Zheng Chenggong
188n9
Zheng He
24
zhengyin
212–13
Zhou Daguan
96
Zhuyin Fuhao
215, 222, 225