My doctoral dissertation, upon which this book is based, would not have seen the light without the inspiration, guidance and patience kindly provided by my supervisor, W. Michael Reisman. I am deeply grateful for his inestimable teaching and for the example he has set. My heartfelt thanks also to my co-supervisor, Daniel C. Esty, for his instruction, time and advice, as well as to Lea Brilmayer and Oona A. Hathaway, all members of my jsd committee at Yale Law School, from which support my work profited during my residence there, and to which I extend my thanks. All along the way, Maria Z. Dino showed warm encouragement, of which I am appreciative. I am thankful to Cina Santos as well, whose thoughtfulness greatly eased the process. My research was immensely facilitated by the efficacy and kindness of the Lillian Goldman Law Library staff, whom I thank, along with various other libraries and archives departments. This book vastly benefited from the great many persons I interviewed, or whose help and insight I solicited, all of whom I thank here again. I also wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for Brill/Nijhoff. Lastly, I am grateful to my husband for his infinite encouragement and patience, to my mother for her love and education, to my family and friends.