| 1.1 | Employment by occupation, 10 countries, (1992) and 2016 (% of labour force). | 32 |
| 1.2 | Professional occupations as % of labour force, 10 countries, 1992–2016. | 34 |
| 1.3 | Professionals, skilled trades and managerial occupations as proportions of the employed labour force, Canada, 1982–2016 (%). | 34 |
| 1.4 | Types of professional occupations, employed labour force, Canada, 1971–2016 (%). | 35 |
| 1.5A | Profiles of criteria for professional status by non-managerial occupational group, Canada, 1982–2016 – post-secondary complete required (%). | 36 |
| 1.5B | Profiles of criteria for professional status by non-managerial occupational group, Canada, 1982–2016 – organisation membership (%). | 37 |
| 1.5C | Profiles of criteria for professional status by non-managerial occupational group, Canada, 1982–2016 – certification (%). | 37 |
| 1.6 | Status in employment, 10 countries, 2016 (% of labour force). | 45 |
| 1.7 | Employment class structure, Canada, 1998, two sources (% of labour force). | 47 |
| 1.8 | General class distribution, employed labour force, Canada, 1982–2016 (%). | 48 |
| 1.9 | Class structure, 10 countries, (1992) and 2016 (% of employed labour force). | 50 |
| 1.10 | Distribution of professional classes, Canada, 1982–2016 (%). | 51 |
| 1.11 | Employment class by participation in organisational decision-making, Canada, 2016 (% yes). | 53 |
| 2.1 | Plan or design own work by employment class, Canada, 1982–2016 (% design work all or most of the time). | 68 |
| 2.2 | Participation in organisational decision-making by employment class, Canada, 1982–2016 (% participate). | 70 |
| 2.3 | Credential underemployment by non-managerial employee class, Canada, 1982–2016 (% underemployed). | 73 |
| 3.1 | Class position by direct decision-making role in organisational policies, employed labour force, Canada, 1982–2016 (% decide). | 89 |
| 3.2 | Class position by decision-maker in budget policies, employed labour force, Canada, 1982–2016 (% decide). | 90 |
| 3.3 | Class position by decision-maker in hiring practices, employed labour force, Canada, 1982–2016 (% decide). | 91 |
| 3.4 | Class position by support for workers’ right to strike, employed labour force, Canada, 1982–2016 (% agree). | 92 |
| 3.5 | Class position by direct decision-maker in organisational policies, employed general Canadian labour force and engineers, 2016–2017 (% decide). | 96 |
| Professional class by participation in organisational decision-making, 1982–2016 (% yes). | 109 | |
| 4.2 | Post-secondary completion and credential underemployment, employed labour force, Canada, 1982–2016 (%). | 115 |
| 4.3 | Trends in credential underemployment, employed labour force, Canada, 1982–2016 (% underemployed). | 116 |
| 4.4 | Computer skill requirements and skill underemployment, employed labour force, Canada, 1989–2016 (%). | 117 |
| 4.5 | Post-secondary educational attainment and annual participation in further education, employed labour force, Canada, 1982–2016 (%). | 118 |
| 4.6 | Annual participation in further education, for post-secondary graduates by credential match, and for all professional employees, Canada, 1998–2016 (%). | 119 |
| 4.7 | Informal job-related learning, employed labour force, Canada, 1998–2016 (average estimated hours per week). | 120 |
| 4.8 | Skill to cope with more demanding duties, Canada and selected European country labour forces, 2010–2015 (%). | 122 |
| 5.1 | Basic class distributions, all samples 2016–2017 (%). | 133 |
| 5.2 | Employment class by education required for job entry (% post-secondary completion). | 135 |
| 5.3 | Employment class by certification or licence required to do job (%). | 136 |
| 5.4 | Employment class by holding required licence (%). | 137 |
| 5.5 | Membership in professional or other association by employment class, 2016–2017 (%). | 139 |
| 5.6 | Employment class by union membership, 2016–2017 (%). | 140 |
| 5.7 | Employment class by combined professional association and union membership, 2016–2017 (%). | 142 |
| 5.8 | Employment class by sex (% female). | 144 |
| 5.9 | Employment class by private-public sector employment (% private). | 146 |
| 5.10 | Employment class by organisation size (% 1,000 or more). | 147 |
| 5.11 | Employment class by greater organisational use of part-time workers (%). | 148 |
| 5.12 | Employment class by increased overtime (%). | 149 |
| 5.13 | Employment class by significant health risk in job (%). | 150 |
| 5.14 | Employment class by can decide own working hours (% yes). | 151 |
| 5.15 | Employment class by plan own work most of the time (% yes). | 152 |
| 5.16 | Employment class by participation in organisational decision-making (% yes). | 154 |
| 5.17 | Employment class by self identity as part of management (% yes). | 155 |
| 5.18 | Employment class by want more say in decisions (% yes). | 157 |
| Employment class by closely related formal education (% closely related). | 158 | |
| 5.20 | Employment class by further education (% participated in past year). | 159 |
| 5.21 | Employment class by credential overqualification (% overqualified). | 160 |
| 5.22 | Employment class by skill surplus for job (% with more skill than required). | 162 |
| 5.23 | Employment class by opposition to strikebreaking (% opposed). | 163 |
| 5.24 | Employment class by corporate owners gain at expense of workers (% agree). | 164 |
| 6.1 | Interview participants: Numbers interviewed by category. | 175 |
| 6.2 | Profile of survey respondents – organisation size and sector. | 179 |
| 6.3 | Profile of survey respondents – gender, visible minority status, class, and location of training. | 180 |
| 6.4 | Autonomy and authority by respondent class category. | 181 |
| 6.5 | Autonomy and authority by respondent class category. | 182 |
| 6.6 | Autonomy and authority – visible minority status and gender. | 184 |
| 6.7 | Autonomy and authority – visible minority status and gender. | 184 |
| 6.8 | Frequencies on selected skill variables. | 186 |
| 6.9 | Recent learning activities pursued by engineers. | 187 |
| 6.10 | Knowledge complexity by managerial status, gender, and visible minority status. | 189 |
| 6.11 | Use of skill and knowledge on the job by managerial status, gender, and visible minority status. | 190 |
| 6.12 | In the past 5 years, has the skill required to do your job become greater or lesser? | 192 |
| 7.1 | Profile of interview participants. | 208 |
| 7.2 | Profile of survey respondents – Organisation size and sector. | 215 |
| 7.3 | Profile of survey respondents (gender, visible minority status, class, & location of training). | 216 |
| 7.4 | Authority by respondent class category. | 218 |
| 7.5 | Autonomy by respondent class category. | 218 |
| 7.6 | Autonomy and authority by visible minority status and gender. | 219 |
| 7.7 | Autonomy and authority by visible minority status and gender. | 219 |
| 7.8 | Recent learning activities pursued by nurses. | 220 |
| 7.9 | Frequencies on selected skill variables. | 222 |
| 7.10 | Knowledge complexity by managerial status, gender, and visible minority status. | 223 |
| 7.11 | Use of skill and knowledge on the job by managerial status, gender, and visible minority status. | 224 |
| 7.12 | In the past 5 years, has the skill required to do your job become greater or lesser? | 224 |
| Nurses and engineers: Difficulty balancing employer expectations & professional ethics. | 253 | |
| 8.2A | Decision-making and managerial identity. | 254 |
| 8.2B | Has your workload changed (past 5 years)? | 254 |
| 8.3 | Decision-making authority by difficulty balancing ethics & employer demands. | 255 |
| 8.4 | Managerial identity by difficulty balancing ethics & employer demands. | 256 |
| 8.5 | Workload change by difficulty balancing ethics & employer demands. | 257 |
in Professional Power and Skill Use in the 'Knowledge Economy'
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D.W. Livingstone
D.W. Livingstone
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Tracey L. Adams
Tracey L. Adams
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Peter H. Sawchuk
Peter H. Sawchuk
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