Figures
1 Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard, façade 1
2 Anonymous photographer, Church of Saint Leonard at Zoutleeuw, seen from the south, late nineteenth century, Ghent, University Library 2
3 Jacob van Deventer, Map of Zoutleeuw, c. 1550, Brussels, KBR 3
4 Floor plan of Zoutleeuw’s church of Saint Leonard 4
5 Holy-water font, 1468–1469, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 5
6 Jan Mertens, Triumphal cross, 1480–1484, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 6
7 Eagle lectern, upper part bought in 1469, foot bought in 1480, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 7
8 Anonymous (Brussels), Altarpiece depicting the life of Saint Leonard, 1476–1478, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 19
9 Detail of Fig. 8, left side 20
10 Detail of Fig. 8, right side 21
11 Anonymous (Brussels), Altarpiece of Claudio Villa and Gentina Solaro, c. 1470–1480, Brussels, Royal Museums of Art and History 22
12 Anonymous (Brussels), Altarpiece of Michel de Gauchy and Laurette de Jaucourt, c. 1466, Ambierle, church of Saint Martin 23
13 The Zoutleeuw Altarpiece depicting the life of Saint Leonard, state in 1900, Brussels, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage 24
14 Jan Gossart, Design for a triptych with the life of Saint Leonard, c. 1520–1530, Berlin, Staatliche Museen, Kupferstichkabinett 25
15 Anonymous (Brussels), Altarpiece depicting the life of Saint Renelde, c. 1520, Saintes, church of Saint Renelde, state in 1917–1918, Brussels, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage 27
16 Letter of indulgence awarded to the Zoutleeuw church of Saint Leonard, illuminated by the workshop of Galterius Alamannus, 1328, Leuven, Rijksarchief 29
17 Detail of Fig. 16 30
18 Anonymous, Saint Leonard, c. 1350–1360, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 31
19 Master of the Legend of the Magdalen, The cult of Saint Rumbold in Mechelen, with Jean Micault and his wife, c. 1500–1510, Mechelen, cathedral of Saint Rumbold 38
20 Anonymous (Antwerp), Passion altarpiece, central outer wings, 1516, Västerås, Cathedral 40
21 Anonymous, Mural painting depicting crutches as ex-votos in trompe l’oeuil, 1509, Zepperen, church of Saint Genevieve 41
22 Offertory box for grain, c. 1500, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 42
23 Jan Mertens and Lodewijk de Raet, Holy Sepulcher, 1490–1504, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 43
24 Anonymous, Pilgrims at the shrine of Saint Alena, from a panel depicting scenes from her life and cult, 1527, restored in 1638, Vorst, church of Saint Denis 44
25 Façade of the churchwardens’ room, 1479–1480, view from the south-east, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 47
26 Guillaume Claine, Léau, fragment de l’église, un jour de foire, 1851, Antwerp, Fotomuseum 48
27 Henri Borremans et Compagnie, Vue de l’église de Léau, c. 1840–1860, Ghent, University Library 49
28 Anonymous (Brussels), The baptism of Saint Leonard, c. 1453, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 50
29 Anonymous (Brussels), Saint Leonard healing a child, c. 1453, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 50
30 Pilgrim badge depicting Saint Leonard, found in Nieuwlande, possibly from Zoutleeuw, c. 1450–1500, Langbroek, Van Beuningen Family Collection 53
31 Jan Provoost, Scenes from the legends of St Anthony of Padua and St Bonaventure, detail, 1521, Brussels, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium 54
32 Anonymous (possibly Arnold de Raet), Saints Servatius, Roch, Albert and Giles, c. 1480–1500, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 57
33 Anonymous (possibly Arnold de Raet), Last Judgment, c. 1480–1500, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 57
34 Master of Saint Augustine, Scenes from the life of Saint Augustine of Hippo, detail, c. 1490, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 58
35 Anonymous, Tabernacle of Saint Anne, closed, c. 1490–1510, originally Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard, stolen in 1983 59
36 Anonymous, Tabernacle of Saint Anne, open, c. 1490–1510, originally Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard, stolen in 1983 59
37 Renier van Thienen, Saint Leonard, 1482–1483, Rotterdam, Museum Boijmans-van Beuningen 60
38 Jan vander Coutheren, The healing of a child by Saint Stephen, from the outer wings of the altarpiece of Saint Stephen, 1522, Korbeek-Dijle, church of Saint Bartholomew 61
39 Renier van Thienen, Easter candlestand, 1483, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 62
40 Hexagonal cut-away in the floortiles of Saint Leonard’s chapel, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 63
41 Hexagonal bluestone socle, 1483, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 63
42 Master of Saint Godelieve, Altarpiece depicting scenes from the life of Saint Godelieve, detail of the center panel, c. 1475–1500, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 64
43 Anonymous, Altar angel, late fifteenth century, Paris, Louvre 65
44 Altar angels flanking the high altar, Schwerte, Sankt Viktor 66
45 Aert van Tricht, Arched candelabrum, 1501, Xanten, Sankt Viktor 66
46 Antoine Papin, Candelabrum donated by Abbot Mathieu Petri in 1515 to the abbey church of Gembloux, 1527–1528, from the Gesta abbatum Gemblacensum, Brussels, KBR, Ms. 10292–94, fol. 71v 67
47 Interior view of Saint Leonard’s chapel, axionometric reconstruction 68
48 Joes Beyaert, Altarpiece of Saint Catherine, 1479, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 70
49 Jan Mertens, Saint George, 1485–1486, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 71
50 Anonymous (possibly Peter Roesen), Marianum, c. 1534, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 85
51 Anonymous, Decade rosary, said of Henry VIII, detail of the opened paternoster bead, between 1509 and 1526, Chatsworth House, Duke of Devonshire Collection 86
52 Jan van Coninxloo, Passion altarpiece, closed, c. 1510–1520, Västerås, Cathedral 87
53 Anonymous, Mass of Saint Gregory (outer wings of a Passion altarpiece), c. 1510–1520, Zepperen, church of Saint Genevieve 89
54 Anonymous, Stained-glass window depicting scenes from the life and cult of Saint Leonard, 1535, Sint-Lenaarts, church of Saint Leonard 96
55 Anonymous, Stained-glass window depicting the Resurrection of Christ, detail of the donors Adriaan van der Noot and Josina Daens with their children, 1544, Sint Lenaarts, church of Saint Leonard 97
56 Anonymous, Our Lady of Aarschot, sixteenth-century copy after a lost thirteenth-century original, Aarschot, church of Our Lady 99
57 Anonymous, Saint Job, c. 1400–1430, Wezemaal, church of Saint Martin 101
58 Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1498, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 106
59 Cornelis Floris, Sacrament house, 1550–1552, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 111
60 Anonymous (Leuven), Memorial stone of Merten van Wilre and Marie Pylipert, between 1558 and 1574, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 112
61 Louis Haghe, Tabernacle de l’église de Léau, from idem, Monuments anciens receuillis en Belgique et en Allemagne, 1842, Ghent, University Library 113
62 François Stroobant, Tabernacle de l’église Saint-Léonard à Léau, from Stroobant & Stappaerts, Monuments d’architecture et de sculpture, 1881, Ghent, University Library 114
63 Plaster cast from Cornelis Floris’ sacrament house in Zoutleeuw’s church of Saint Leonard, c. 1876, Brussels, Royal Museums of Art and History 115
64 Anonymous, Wall tabernacle, c. 1500, Havré, chapel of Saint-Antoine-en-Barbefosse 116
65 Anonymous, Sacrament house, c. 1500–1510, Bocholt (Belgium), church of Saint Lawrence 117
66 Mathijs de Layens, Sacrament house, c. 1450, Leuven, church of Saint Peter 119
67 Jean Mone, Retable of the sacraments, 1533, Halle, basilica of Saint Martin 120
68 Brunswick Monogrammist, The couple in the cornfield, c. 1535–1540, Braunschweig, Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum 138
69 Cornelis Anthonisz., The expulsion of the prodigal son, 1540s, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum 139
70 Pieter Aertsen, Return from the pilgrimage to Saint Anthony, c. 1550–1555, Brussels, Royal Museum of Fine Arts 140
71 Bruges Master of the legend of Saint Ursula, Veneration of the shrine of Saint Ursula, c. 1480–1500, Bruges, Groeningemuseum 148
72 Joannes and Lucas van Doetecum after Pieter Bruegel, Saint George’s kermis, c. 1559, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum 150
73 Pieter Bruegel, Wine of Saint Martin’s day, c. 1566–1567, Madrid, Museo del Prado 152
74 Anonymous, Our Lady of the Ossenweg, early sixteenth century, Zoutleeuw, chapel of Our Lady of the Ossenweg 156
75 Zoutleeuw, chapel of Our Lady of the Ossenweg, 1538, with extensions from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 157
76 Peter Roesen, Pietà, 1538, Zoutleeuw, chapel of Our Lady of the Ossenweg 159
77 Nicolaas Rombouts (attributed to), Archdukes Charles and Ferdinand of Austria, 1516–1519, Lier, church of Saint Gummarus 162
78 Jan Haeck after Bernard van Orley, Emperor Charles V in adoration of the reliquary of the Brussels Holy Sacrament of Miracle, detail from the window in the northern transept, 1537, Brussels, cathedral of Saints Michael and Gudula 164
79 Anonymous, Reliquary of the Brussels Holy Sacrament of Miracle, illumination from the indulgence bull awarded to the Confraternity of the Holy Sacrament in the Brussels church of Saints Michael and Gudula by Bishop Johannes Dominicus of Ostia in 1550, Vorst, Rijksarchief 165
80 Philips Galle after Pieter Bruegel, Fides, 1559–1560, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum 170
81 Anonymous (Ghent or Bruges), Elevation of the consecrated host, from the Rothschild Prayerbook, fol. 55, private collection 171
82 Master of James IV of Scotland, Corpus Christi procession, from the Spinola Hours, c. 1510–1520, Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum, Ms. Ludwig IX 18, fol. 48v 172
83 Anonymous, Eucharistic monstrance, c. 1450–1500, originally Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard, stolen in 1983 174
84 Anonymous, La généalogie de Jean le Blanc, c. 1600, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum 175
85 Anonymous, Communion, scene on the orphrey of a chasuble, c. 1530, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 178
86 Frans I Pourbus, Mass and communion, from the Cycle with the history of Saint Andrew, 1572, Ghent, cathedral of Saint Bavo 179
87 Anonymous (Antwerp), Adoration of the Holy Sacrament, from the Passion altarpiece, first opening, upper right wing, 1516, Västerås, Cathedral 181
88 Adriaen van Overbeke and workshop, Adoration of the Holy Sacrament, from the Passion altarpiece, first opening, upper central panels, installed 1523, Schwerte, Sankt Viktor 182
89 Erhard Schön, The devil’s bagpipes, c. 1530, London, British Museum 184
90 Anonymous, De misse der ijpocrijten/La messe des hippocrits, c. 1566, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum 185
91 Chant for the feast of Saint Leonard in the Zoutleeuw gradual, 1487–1494, Brussels, KBR, Ms. 21132, Sanctorale, fol. 65 188
92 Michiel Coxcie, Saint Cecilia, c. 1560–1569, Madrid, Museo del Prado 192
93 Anonymous, Epitaph of Henrick van Strijrode and Margriet Spieken, center panel c. 1530, wings c. 1565–1571, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 199
94 Anonymous, Epitaph of Henrick van Strijrode and Margriet Spieken, outer wings, c. 1565–1571, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 199
95 Anonymous, Epitaph of Henric Spieken, closed, c. 1570, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 201
96 Anonymous, Epitaph of Henric Spieken, open, c. 1530, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 202
97 Anonymous, Chapel screen, 1544–1546, Hoogstraten, church of Saint Catherine 204
98 Mathijs Oten, Eucharistic monstrance, 1545, Landen, church of Saint Gertrude 208
99 Bartholomeus van de Kerckhoven, Cope with the seven effusions of the blood of Christ (front), 1555, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 210
100 Bartholomeus van de Kerckhoven, Cope with the seven effusions of the blood of Christ (back), 1555, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 210
101 Pieter Aertsen and workshop, Triptych of the seven sorrows of the Virgin and Saint Martin (open), c. 1554–1556, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 211
102 Pieter Aertsen and workshop, Triptych of the seven sorrows of the Virgin and Saint Martin (closed), c. 1554–1556, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 211
103 Pieter Aertsen and workshop, Triptych of the seven joys of the Virgin (open), c. 1554–1556, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 212
104 Pieter Aertsen and workshop, Triptych of the seven joys of the Virgin (closed), c. 1554–1556, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 212
105 Pieter Pourbus, Our Lady of the seven sorrows, center panel of the Van Belle triptych, 1556, Bruges, church of Saint Jacob 213
106 Frans Floris and workshop, Triptych of the seven effusions of the blood of Christ (open), c. 1554–1556, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 214
107 Frans Floris and workshop, Triptych of the seven effusions of the blood of Christ (closed), c. 1554–1556, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 214
108 Frans Floris and workshop, Saint Hubert altarpiece (open), 1557–1565, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 216
109 Frans Floris and workshop, Saint Hubert altarpiece (closed), 1557–1565, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 216
110 Anonymous, Brass screen, c. 1553–1554, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 217
111 Frans Floris and workshop, Triptych of the penitent sinners (open), c. 1566–1568, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 218
112 Frans Floris and workshop, Triptych of the penitent sinners (closed), c. 1566–1568, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 218
113 Anonymous, Altarpiece of the seven sorrows of the Virgin, center, c. 1500–1530, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 220
114 Anonymous, Fragments of a Saint Hubert altarpiece, c. 1500–1525, reassembled in a nineteenth-century frame, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 221
115 Anonymous, Triumph of the Eucharist, detail from the choir stalls, 1538–1540, Dordrecht, Grote Kerk 225
116 Anonymous, Sacrament house, 1531, Walcourt, church of Saint Materne 227
117 Gabriël van den Bruynen, Sacrament house, 1537–1539, Leuven, church of Saint Jacob 228
118 Cornelis Floris (workshop), Putto, from the sacrament house of the Celestine monastery at Heverlee, 1563, Leuven, Museum M 229
119 Cornelis Floris (workshop), Putto, from the sacrament house of the Celestine monastery at Heverlee, 1563, Leuven, Museum M 229
120 Cornelis Floris (workshop), Saint Matthew, from the sacrament house of the Celestine monastery at Heverlee, 1563, Leuven, Museum M 229
121 Cornelis Floris (workshop), Saint Marc, from the sacrament house of the Celestine monastery at Heverlee, 1563, Leuven, Museum M 229
122 Anonymous, The sacrament house of the Abbey of the Dunes, c. 1566, Bruges, Grootseminarie 231
123 Anonymous, Sacrament house, c. 1520, Limbourg, church of Saint George 233
124 The state of the north transept of Zoutleeuw’s church of Saint Leonard in 1938 237
125 Anonymous, Sacrament house, 1555–1557, Zuurbemde, church of Saint Catherine 238
126 Anonymous, Fragment of a Last Supper from the sacrament house, c. 1540–1565, Koksijde, Abdijmuseum Ten Duinen 242
127 Anonymous, Man in Geuzen costume, with medal, The Hague, Nationaal Archief 253
128 Jacop Lambrechts, The miracle of Paulus Gautier, 1612, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 260
129 Anonymous, Votive painting of Antonius Walschatten, 1649, Jezus-Eik, church of Our Lady 261
130 Anonymous (after Otto van Veen), Memorial painting of Andries Nicolaes’ miracle, seventeenth century, Lede, church of Saint Martin 263
131 Anonymous, Miracle memorial paintings from the Holy Cross of Damme, after 1537, Damme, church of Our Lady 264
132 Master of the Guild of Saint George, Miracles at the shrine of Saint Rumbold, c. 1500–1503, Mechelen, cathedral of Saint Rumbold 265
133 Anonymous, Pilgrims in veneration of Our Lady of the Potterie, from the miracle book Myrakelen van onse lieve Vrauwe ter potterye, nr. 12, 1521–1522, Bruges, Museum Our Lady of the Potterie 266
134 Anonymous, Pilgrims in veneration of Our Lady of the Potterie, from the tapestry cycle with miracles of Our Lady of the Potterie, c. 1625–1630, Bruges, Museum of Our Lady of the Potterie 267
135 Anonymous, Memorial painting of the miracle of Ioosyne van Doorslaere, Ghent, church of Our Lady and Saint Peter 268
136 Anonymous, Allegory of the Beeldenstorm, 1566, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum 269
137 Cornelis Galle, The chapel of Our Lady of Halle, from Lipsius 1604, Ghent, University Library 278
138 Lucas II Vorsterman, The chapel of Our Lady of Halle, 1658, Brussels, KBR 279
139 Anonymous, Votive painting of Rogier Clarisse, 1614, Halle, basilica of Saint Martin 280
140 Title page of the 1589 churchwarden account, Leuven, Rijksarchief 287
141 Anonymous, Engraved copper plate for a devotional print to Saint Leonard of Zoutleeuw, late sixteenth or early seventeenth century, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 288
142 Detail of Fig. 18 289
143 Letter of indulgence awarded to the Zoutleeuw church of Saint Leonard by Pope Paul V, Leuven, Rijksarchief 293
144 Anonymous, Reliquary bust of Saint Leonard, Zoutleeuw, church of Saint Leonard 298
145 Cornelis Galle after Jacques Francquart, The knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Archduke Albert’s funeral procession, in Puteanus 1623, pl. 56, Ghent, University Library 303
146 Goswijn van der Weyden, Translation of Saint Dymphna, 1505, Antwerp, Phoebus Foundation 312
147 Jan vander Coutheren, Translation of Saint Stephen, 1522, right inner wing of the altarpiece of Saint Stephen, Korbeek-Dijle, church of Saint Bartholomew 313
148 Johann Weidner (after), Translation of four Augsburg bishops and other relics to the church of Saints Ulrich and Afra, 1698, Arolsen, Fürstlich Waldeckschen Hofbibliothek 316
149 Detail of Fig. 148 317
150 Frans Hogenberg, Joyous Entry of Archduke Albert in Brussels, c. 1596–1598, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum 318
151 Peter Paul Rubens, The triumph of the Church, c. 1625, Madrid, Museo del Prado 322
Maps
1 Provisional map of pilgrimage destinations in the Duchy of Brabant and its surroundings, active around 1500 92
2 Pilgrimage destinations in the Low Countries, and their relative importance, based on the pilgrim badges found in Zeeland 93
3 Pilgrimage destinations in Europe, and their relative importance, based on the pilgrim badges found in Zeeland 94
4 Saint Leonard’s shrines in the medieval and early modern Low Countries 95
5 Villes bonnes in the circular letters of Governess Margaret of Parma, 1566–1567 247
Table
1 Weekly schedule of the foundations by Merten van Wilre and Marie Pylipert in the church of Saint Leonard, Zoutleeuw (1548–1558) 219
Graphs
1 Relative share of the total amount of devotional revenues within the total monetary revenues, and relative share of the offerings for Saint Leonard within the total amount of devotional revenues 333
2 Constituent parts of the offerings for Saint Leonard, in comparison with the total monetary offerings, in nominal figures 334
3 Revenues from the cult of Saint Leonard, total extraordinary revenues and total fixed revenues, in nominal figures 335
4 Conversion of the chronological evolution of the total amount of devotional revenues, by means of a calculated real wage index on a logarithmic scale (basis: 1452) 336
5 Yearly number of metal pilgrim badges bought by the Zoutleeuw fabrica ecclesiae 337
6 Yearly budget allotted to metal pilgrim badges by the Zoutleeuw fabrica ecclesiae, in stuivers 338
7 Yearly expenditures for interior decoration by the Zoutleeuw fabrica ecclesiae, in stuivers 339
8 Comparison of the yearly expenditures for interior decoration by the Zoutleeuw fabrica ecclesiae, with the institution’s revenues (fixed, extraordinary and monetary offerings), in stuivers 340
9 Yearly amounts of corn sold from the stock of the Zoutleeuw fabrica ecclesiae, in mudde 341
10 Chronological evolution of the number of shrines in the Low Countries where miracles were recorded, per decade 342
11 Chronological evolution of the total number of recorded and dated miracles in the Low Countries, with the exception of Amersfoort, per decade 343
12 Chronological distribution of the number of documents included in Frederic 1922, per decade 344
13 Yearly total amounts of wax bought by the Zoutleeuw fabrica ecclesiae, in pounds 345
14 Yearly volumes of communion wine bought by the Zoutleeuw fabrica ecclesiae, in quarten 346
15 Yearly number of hosts bought by the Zoutleeuw fabrica ecclesiae, with trendline 347