Figures
1.1 First page of cost-accounting note for the Dialogi sex (a.k.a. ‘Dialogus Anglorum’): MPM Arch. 4, fol. 78v. Courtesy of the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp 24
1.2 Second page of cost-accounting note for the Dialogi sex: MPM Arch. 4, fol. 79r. Courtesy of the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp 25
2.1 Unknown artist, Portrait Engraving of William Fulke, 17th century, with engraved caption below: ‘See heere the fface of Romes renowned ffoe; Graue, larned, Fulk, whose worth his works, best show’. National Portrait Gallery, London, Reference Collection NPG D33604 57
2.2 William Fulke, A retentiue, to stay good Christians, in true faith and religion, against the motiues of Richard Bristow. Also a discouerie of the daungerous rocke of the popish church, commended by Nicholas Sander, D. of diuinitie (London, 1580), STC 11449, USTC 509051. ‘A Catalogve of all svch Popish Bookes either Avnsvvered, or to be aunswered’, sig. ¶ii recto. RB 357036, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California 58
2.3 William Fulke, A retentiue, to stay good Christians, in true faith and religion, against the motiues of Richard Bristow. Also a discouerie of the daungerous rocke of the popish church, commended by Nicholas Sander, D. of diuinitie (London, 1580), STC 11449, USTC 509051. ‘A Catalogve of all svch Popish Bookes either Avnsvvered, or to be aunswered’, sig. ¶ii verso. RB 357036, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California 59
2.4 William Fulke, A retentiue, to stay good Christians, in true faith and religion, against the motiues of Richard Bristow. Also a discouerie of the daungerous rocke of the popish church, commended by Nicholas Sander, D. of diuinitie (London, 1580), STC 11449, USTC 509051. ‘A Catalogve of all svch Popish Bookes either Avnsvvered, or to be aunswered’, sig. ¶iii recto. RB 357036, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California 60
3.1 Gaspar Wilkowski, Dziesięc mocnych dowodów (Vilnius: Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł, 1584), ARCR 1.193, USTC 250154, title page. Czartoryski Library in Kraków. Shelfmark 920 II Cim. This photo is from the collection of the National Museum in Kraków/Museum of the Czartoryski Princes and was made by the Photographic Archives of the National Museum of Kraków 118
3.2 Gaspar Wilkowski, Przyczyny nawrócenia (Vilnius: Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwill, 1583), USTC 240341, title page. Czartoryski Library. Shelfmark 1515 I Cim. This photo is from the collection of the National Museum in Kraków/Museum of the Czartoryski Princes and was made by the Photographic Archives of the National Museum of Kraków 121
3.3 Gaspar Wilkowski, Dziesiec mocnych dowodów (Vilnius: Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł, 1584), ARCR 1.193, USTC 250154, p. 40. Czartoryski Library. Shelfmark 920 II Cim. This photo is from the collection of the National Museum in Kraków/Museum of the Czartoryski Princes and was made by the Photographic Archives of the National Museum of Kraków 125
3.4 Thomas Pisecius. Responsio ad decem rationes Edmundi Campiani (Racoviae: Sebastian Sternacki, 1610), USTC 1795070, title page. National Library of Warsaw. SD. XVII.1.754 128
4.1 Robert Persons, A brief discours contayning certayne reasons why Catholiques refuse to goe to church (Douai [vere Greenstreet House Press, East Ham, London], 1580), title page. STC 19394, USTC 441437, ARCR 2.613. By permission of the Governors and Guardians of Marsh’s Library © Marsh’s Library 140
4.2 William Good lecturing to his students in front of the martyr frescoes of the English College in Rome. From Matthias Tanner, Societas Jesu apostolorum imitatrix (Prague: University of Charles-Ferdinand, 1694), USTC 1922858. George Peabody Library, The Sheridan Libraries, Johns Hopkins University, call# 271.5302 T1577 1694 147
4.3 Robert Persons, A Christian directorie guiding men to their salvation (n.p. [Rouen], 1585). STC 19354.1, USTC 203072, ARCR 2.618, sigs. Dd8 verso-Ee1 recto, showing marginal attacks on Edmund Bunny’s Protestant editorial interventions. RB 433864, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California 153
5.1 [Anonymous], The copie of a leter, wryten by a master of arte of Cambridge (n.p. [Paris or Rouen], 1584), title page. STC 5742.9, USTC 139000, ARCR 2.31. While relatively few copies of the printed edition are extant, ninety-one early modern scribal copies of this imprint survive to the present day. This copy was signed, and presumably owned, by Sir Francis Walsingham (c.1532–90), Elizabeth’s chief spymaster. © The Governing Body of Christ Church, Oxford, shelf mark WE.8.4 162
5.2 William Allen, A true, sincere and modest defence of English Catholiques (n.p.d. [Rouen: Fr Persons’ press, 1584]), title page. STC 4902, USTC 203076, ARCR 2.14. This copy has been annotated extensively throughout by Richard Topcliffe, while at least four others Topcliffe annotates only on their title pages. RB 60060, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California 164
5.3 A treatise towching the right, title, and interest of the most excellent princesse Marie, Queene of Scotland (n.p. [Rouen: George L’Oyselet], 1584), title page. STC 15507, USTC 203077, ARCR 2.503. This edition contains a folding genealogical table. RB 28771, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California 166
5.4 Folding genealogical table, from A treatise towching the right, title, and interest of the most excellent princesse Marie, Queene of Scotland (n.p. [Rouen: George L’Oyselet], 1584), STC 15507, USTC 203077, ARCR 2.503. RB 28771, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California 167
5.5 A Catholic book inventory from the Marshalsea prison, ‘How and by whom popish books were bestowed’, (c) The British Library Board, Lansdowne MS 33, fol. 152r 182
6.1 Book of hours, Sarum use, Bruges?, c.1460–70, successively owned by Roger Martyn and members of the Rookwood family of Hengrave Hall, Suffolk. Cambridge University Library, Additional MS 10079 [G], fols. 26v–27r. Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library 207
6.2 A paper jewel: bead-like engraving of the crucified Christ in A manual of godly praiers, ed. and compiled George Flinton ([St. Omers], 1625; STC 17276.4; USTC 1437087, ARCR 2.220), facing p. 539. Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. Shelfmark Syn. 8.62.164 213
6.3 The three Hebrew children cast into the fiery furnace, in Sixe spirituall bookes; full of merveilous pietie and devotion And first, certaine devout and godlie petitions, commonlie called, the Jesus psalter (Douai [St Omer], 1618), pp. 58–9. STC 14569, USTC 3008094, ARCR 2.427. By kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge. Shelfmark 4.18.43 216
6.4 The Holy Name of Jesus: IHS embellished binding of The primer, or the office of the blessed Virgin Marie (Antwerp, 1604). STC 16095, USTC 3001575, ARCR 2.228. Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. Shelfmark Syn. 8.60. 101 217
7.1 Nicholas Sander, De origine ac progressu schismatis anglicani (1585), ARCR 1.972, USTC 640960, vellum cover with arms of Pope Sixtus V, showing a rampant lion with pears and sash containing a three-tiered mountain and star. The pear (Italian ‘pera’) symbolises Sixtus (a.k.a. Felice Peretti)’s family of origin. Douay Museum Library, St. Edmund’s College, Ware, Hertfordshire, shelf mark T.2.20. Reproduced by kind permission of the Headmaster of St. Edmund’s College 225
7.2 ‘Nicolai Sanderi lib. 3. de Origine ac Progressu Schismatis Anglicani Opus Manuscriptum’, Venerabile Collegio Inglese, Rome, MS Liber 1388, fol. 1r. Image copyright © the Venerable English College, Rome, reproduced with permission 227
7.3 Nicolai Sanderi de origine ac progressv schismatis Anglicani libri tres (Rome: Bartholomaei Bonfadini, 1586), USTC 854487, ARCR 1.973, title page. RB 633763, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California 231
7.4 Watermark of the arms of pope Gregory XIII (r. 1572–85), a dragon with truncated tail surmounted by papal tiara and keys. The dragon is the heraldic symbol of the Boncompagni family to which Gregory (née Ugo Boncompagni) belonged. The watermark appears throughout the main body of the text in Venerabile Collegio Inglese, Rome, MS Liber 1388. Image copyright © the Venerable English College, Rome, reproduced with permission 234
7.5 Nicholas Sander, De visibili monarchia ecclesiae, libri VIII (Antwerp: Venundantur Parisiis, apud Michaelem Sonnium, 1580), USTC 430203, ARCR 1.1015, title page. ARCR 1.1015. Valladolid, Royal English College of St Alban, Big Library, shelf mark B.3441. By courtesy of the Royal English College of St Alban, Valladolid 239
7.6 ‘Secret information of the proceedings of Mr. Allat, and of the motives that induced him to go abroad after his liberation from prison to see his old friends and debtors in England, Scotland, France, and Italy’. The National Archives of the UK, ref. SPD 12/226, fol. 121r 244
8.1 Oxford, Bodleian Library MS. Bodl. 13, fol. iiv. Photo: © Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford. Terms of use: CC-BY-NC 4.0 267
8.2 Neal’s authorship cipher, New College Library, Oxford, MS 303, p. 165. © Courtesy of the Warden and Scholars of New College, Oxford 270
9.1 Robert Southwell, A short rule of good life (n.p.d.) [London?; Father Garnet’s second press, ca. 1596–7], STC 22968.5, USTC 517478, ARCR 2.721, title page. Ushaw College, Durham, shelf mark IV.B.12.18. Used by permission of Ushaw Historic House, Chapels and Gardens 291
9.2 Robert Southwell, A short rule of good life, Gonville and Caius MS 218/233, p. 152, annotation from chapter six. Reproduced by permission of the Master and Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge 297
9.3 Robert Southwell, A short rule of good life (n.p.d.) [London?; Father Garnet’s second press, ca. 1596–7], STC 22968.5, USTC 517478, ARCR 2.721, pp. 30–31. Ushaw College, Durham, shelf mark IV.B.12.18. Used by permission of Ushaw Historic House, Chapels and Gardens 299
9.4 Markings in ‘A breife forme of confession’, appended to Robert Southwell’s A short rule of good life, Warwickshire County Record Office MS, CR1998/CD/Drawer 4/1 305
10.1 Bodleian Library, Tanner MS. 118, f. 22r. Reproduced with the permission of the Bodleian Library, Oxford 333
10.2 Bodleian Library, Tanner MS. 118, f. 22v. Reproduced with the permission of the Bodleian Library, Oxford 334
10.3 Bodleian Library, Tanner MS. 118, f. 23v. Reproduced with the permission of the Bodleian Library, Oxford 336
11.1 Tichborne’s execution speech and ‘Verses made by Chidiock Tichborne the night before his death in the Tower’, title, with blank space following. William Fulman’s antiquarian collection, Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson B. 224, fol. 9v–10r. Reprinted with permission of the Bodleian Library, Oxford 351
11.2 ‘Tichborne’s Elegy, written with his own hand in the Tower before his execution’, and ‘Hendecasyllabon T. K. in Cygneam Cantionem Chidiochi Tychborne, from Verses of praise and joy (London, 1586), STC 7605, USTC 510626. Elizabethan Club Library, Yale University, sigs. Aiiv–Aiiir 355
11.3 Friedrich van Hulsius’s engraving of the Babington conspirators, in George Carleton, A thankful remembrance of Gods mercy (London, 1630), STC 4643, USTC 3014748, p. 100. RB 16378, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California 358
11.4 ‘My pryme of youthe is but a froste of Cares’, ascribed to Babington in Giovanni Boccaccio, The tragedies gathered by John Bochas (London, 1554?), STC 3178, USTC 504939, recto of last blank leaf. Reprinted with permission of John Wolfson 360
11.5 ‘The mapp of man’, New York Public Library MS Arents S 288, p. 84. Reprinted with permission of the New York Public Library 366
11.6 ‘The day is past and yet I saw no sunne’, Hugh Lottisham, Folger MS X. d. 177, fol. 8r, Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington DC 367
Tables
1.1 Printing schedule for the Dialogi sex, 29 Dec. 1565–1 Feb. 1566: replacement sheets and front-matter quires A & B 34
1.2 Number of copies of 1566 edition of the Dialogi sex sold by Plantin, 1566–1572 40
1.3 Number of copies of 1566 & 1573 editions of the Dialogi sex sold by Plantin, 1573–1601 43
5.1 Printed transcription in Havens and Patton, ‘Underground Networks’, Figure 8.1 183