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in Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation

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Carl Sharif El-Tobgui

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Index of Arabic Passages

The following index provides the original Arabic of selected passages in the Darʾ taʿāruḍ that appear in this work in English translation. Passages from authors other than Ibn Taymiyya are reproduced as cited by Ibn Taymiyya in the Darʾ. In most cases, Ibn Taymiyya’s citation of these passages is identical to how they appear in the authors’ own original works (as attested in either published or manuscript form). Any discrepancies (invariably minor and of little or no consequence for the meaning) are indicated below in footnotes. Passages are listed by page number in the order of their appearance in this book.

Passages from Ibn Taymiyya in the Darʾ taʿāruḍ
p. 107	‮فأراد هؤلاء أن يجمعوا بين نصر ما اشتهر عند أهل السنة والحديث وبين موافقة الجهمية في تلك الأصول العقلية التي ظنها صحيحة، ولم يكن لهم من الخبرة المفصلة بالقرآن ومعانيه والحديث وأقوال الصحابة ما لأئمة السنة والحديث فذهب مذهبا مركبا من هذا وهذا وكلا الطائفتين ينسبه إلى التناقض.‬‎
p. 107, n. 114	‮ولما كان الأشعري ونحوه أقرب إلى السنة من طوائف من أهل الكلام كان انتسابه إلى أحمد أكثر من غيره كما هو معروف في كتبه.‬‎
p. 108	‮‭]‬الشهرستاني … والقاضي أبو بكر وأبو المعالي والقاضي أبو يعلى وابن الزاغوني وأبو الحسين البصري ومحمد بن الهيصم ونحو هؤلاء من أعيان الفضلاء المصنفين‭[‬ تجد أحدهم يذكر في مسألة القرآن أو نحوها عدة أقوال للأمة ويختار واحدا منها والقول الثابت عن السلف والأئمة كالإمام أحمد ونحوه من الأئمة لا يذكره الواحد منهم، مع أن عامة المنتسبين إلى السنة من جميع الطوائف يقولون إنهم متّبعون للأئمة كمالك والشافعي وأحمد وابن المبارك وحماد بن زيد وغيرهم.‬‎
p. 109	‮ثم إنه ما من هؤلاء إلا من له في الإسلام مساع مشكورة وحسنات مبرورة وله في الرد على كثير من أهل الإلحاد والبدع والانتصار لكثير من أهل السنة والدين ما لا يخفى على من عرف أحوالهم وتكلم فيهم بعلم وصدق وعدل وإنصاف.‬‎
p. 109	‮لكن لما التبس عليهم هذا الأصل المأخوذ ابتداء عن المعتزلة وهم فضلاء عقلاء احتاجوا إلى طرده والتزام لوازمه فلزمهم بسبب ذلك من الأقوال ما أنكره المسلمون من أهل العلم والدين، وصار الناس بسبب ذلك منهم من يعظمهم لما لهم من المحاسن والفضائل ومنهم من يذمهم لما وقع في كلامهم من البدع والباطل، وخيار الأمور أوساطها.‬‎
p. 124	‮يميل ‭]‬ابن رشد‭[‬ إلى باطنية الفلاسفة الذين يوجبون إقرار الجمهور على الظاهر كما يفعل ذلك من يقول بقولهم من أهل الكلام والفقه والحديث. ليس هو من باطنية الشيعة كالإسماعيلية ونحوهم الذين يظهرون الإلحاد ويتظاهرون بخلاف شرائع الإسلام، وهو في نفي الصفات أسوأ حالا من المعتزلة وأمثالهم، بمنزلة إخوانه الفلاسفة الباطنية.‬‎
p. 129, n. 200	‮وإنما يحصل النور والهدى بأن يقابل الفاسد بالصالح والباطل بالحق والبدعة بالسنة والضلال بالهدى والكذب بالصدق، وبذلك يتبين أن الأدلة الصحيحة لا تعارض بحال وأن المعقول الصريح مطابق للمنقول الصحيح.‬‎
pp. 132–133	‮قول القائل: إذا تعارضت الأدلة السمعية والعقلية أو السمع والعقل أو النقل والعقل أو الظواهر النقلية والقواطع العقلية أو نحو ذلك من العبارات فإما أن يجمع بينهما وهو محال لأنه جمع بين النقيضين وإما أن يردّا جميعا وإما أن يقدَّم السمع وهو محال لأن العقل أصل للسمع، فلو قدمناه عليه كان ذلك قدحا في العقل الذي هو أصل النقل والقدح في أصل الشيء قدح فيه، فكان تقديم النقل قدحا في النقل والعقل جميعا فوجب تقديم العقل ثم النقل إما أن يتأول وإما أن يفوَّض.‬‎
p. 153	‮أن يقال: إذا تعارض الشرع والعقل وجب تقديم الشرع لأن العقل مصدِّق للشرع في كل ما أخبر به والشرع لم يصدق العقل في كل ما أخبر به ولا العلم بصدقه موقوف على كل ما يخبر به العقل.‬‎
pp. 154–155	‮هذا القرآن أو الحكمة الذي بلغته إلينا قد تضمن أشياء كثيرة تناقض ما علمنا بعقولنا، ونحن إنما علمنا صدقك بعقولنا فلو قبلنا جميع ما تقوله مع أن عقولنا تناقض ذلك لكان ذلك قدحا فيما علمنا به صدقك، فنحن نعتقد موجب الأقوال المناقضة لما ظهر من كلامك وكلامك نعرض عنه لا نتلقى منه هدى ولا علما.‬‎
p. 169	‮يعلم أهل العقل المتصفون بصريح العقل أن في المنطق من الخطأ البين ما لا ريب فيه، كما ذكر في غير هذا الموضع. وأما كلامه ‭]‬أرسطو‭[‬ وكلام أتباعه كالإسكندر الأفروديسي وبرقلس وثامسطيوس والفارابي وابن سينا والسهروردي المقتول وابن رشد الحفيد وأمثالهم في الإلهيات فما فيه من الخطأ الكثير والتقصير العظيم ظاهر لجمهور عقلاء بني آدم بل في كلامهم من التناقض ما لا يكاد يستقصى.‬‎
p. 192, n. 45	‮فالعلم بالاستواء من باب التفسير وهو التأويل الذي نعلمه، وأما الكيف فهو التأويل الذي لا يعلمه إلا الله وهو المجهول لنا.‬‎
p. 211, n. 103	‮فالأدلة الدالة على العلم لا يجوز أن تكون متناقضة متعارضة، وهذا مما لا ينازع فيه أحد من العقلاء. ومن صار من أهل الكلام إلى القول بتكافؤ الأدلة والحيرة فإنما ذاك لفساد استدلاله، إما لتقصيره وإما لفساد دليله‭ ‬؛ ومن أعظم أسباب ذلك الألفاظ المجملة التي تشتبه معانيها.‬‎
p. 245	‮‭]‬وإنما يثبت العقليات المجردة في الخارج الغالطون من المتفلسفة‭[‬ كالفيثاغورية الذين يثبتون العدد المجرد والأفلاطونية الذين يثبتون الـمُثل الأفلاطونية، وهي الماهيات المجردة والهيولى المجردة والمدة المجردة والخلاء المجرد. وأما أرسطو وأصحابه كالفارابي وابن سينا فأبطلوا قول سلفهم في إثباتها مجردة عن الأعيان ولكن أثبتوها مقارنة للأعيان، فجعلوا مع الأجسام المحسوسة جواهر معقولة كالمادة والصورة، وإذا حقق الأمر عليهم لم يوجد في الخارج إلا الجسم وأعراضه. وأثبتوا في الخارج أيضا الكليات مقارنة للأعيان، وإذا حقق الأمر عليهم لم يوجد في الخارج إلا الأعيان بصفاتها القائمة بها.‬‎
pp. 245–246	‮فهذا الإنسان لم يوافق هذا في نفس إنسانيته وإنما وافقه في إنسانية مطلقة، وتلك المطلقة يمتنع أن تقوم بالمعيَّن‭ ‬؛ فالتي وافقه فيها يمتنع أن تكون بعينها موجودة في الخارج فضلا عن أن تكون مقوِّمة لشيء من الأشياء، والأشياء المعينة لا تقوَّم بها ولا يقوِّمها إلا ما هو مختص بها لا يَشركها فيه غيره.‬‎
pp. 251–252	‮لكن الروح معينة والبدن معين ومقارنة أحدهما الآخر ممكن، وهؤلاء يشتبه عليهم مقارنة الروح للبدن وتجريدها عنه بمقارنة الكليات المعقولة لجزئياتها وتجريدها عنها، والفرق بين هذا وهذا أبين من أن يحتاج إلى بسط. وهم يلتبس عليهم أحدهما بالآخر فيأخذون لفظ «التجريد» و «المقارنة» بالاشتراك ويقولون: العقول المفارقة للمادة، ولا يميزون بين كون الروح قد تكون مقارنة للبدن وبين المعقولات الكلية التي لا تتوقف على وجودِ معين، فإن الروح – التي هي النفس الناطقة – موجودة في الخارج قائم بنفسه [‭sic‬] إذا فارقت البدن. وأما العقليات الكلية المنتزعة من المعينات فإنما هي في الأذهان لا في الأعيان، فيجب الفرق بين تجريد الروح عن البدن وتجريد الكليات عن المعينات.‬‎
pp. 253–254	‮فما أفاده الحس معينا يفيده العقل والقياس كليا مطلقا فهو لا يفيد بنفسه علم شيء معين لكن يجعل الخاص عاما والمعين مطلقا، فإن الكليات إنما تعلم بالعقل كما أن المعينات إنما تعلم بالإحساس.‬‎
p. 275, n. 161	‮العلم بحدوث ما يَحدث والاستدلال به على ثبوت الصانع ليس مفتقرا إلى أن يُعلم هل في النطفة جواهر منفردة أو مادة وهل ذلك قديم أو حادث، بل مجرد حدوث ما شهد حدوثه يدل على أن له محدثا كما يدل حدوث سائر الحوادث على أن لها محدثا.‬‎
*Passages from authors other than Ibn Taymiyya (as cited in the Darʾ)*
al-Juwaynī, al-ʿAqīda al-Niẓāmiyya
p. 111	‮ذهب أئمة السلف إلى الانكفاف عن التأويل وإجراء الظواهر على مواردها وتفويض معانيها إلى الرب تعالى، والذي نرتضيه رأيا وندين الله به عقلا اتباع سلف الأمة فالأولى الاتباع وترك الابتداع.‬‎
Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, al-Radd ʿalā al-jahmiyya wa-l-zanādiqa
pp. 115–116	‮الحمد لله الذي جعل في كل زمان فترة من الرسل بقايا من أهل العلم يدعون من ضل إلى الهدى ويصبرون منهم على الأذى، يحيون بكتاب الله الموتى ويبصّرون بنور الله أهل العمى، فكم من قتيل لإبليس قد أحيوه وكم من ضال تائه قد هدوه، فما أحسن أثرهم على الناس وأقبح أثر الناس عليهم، ينفون عن كتاب الله تحريف الغالين وانتحال المبطلين وتأويل الجاهلين الذين عقدوا ألوية البدعة وأطلقوا عنان الفتنة، فهم مختلفون في الكتاب، مخالفون للكتاب، متفقون على مفارقة الكتاب، يقولون على الله وفي الله وفي كتاب الله بغير علم، يتكلمون بالمتشابه من الكلام ويخدعون جُهّال الناس بما يلبّسون عليهم، فنعوذ بالله من فتن المضلين.‬‎
Ibn Sīnā, al-Aḍḥawiyya fī al-maʿād
p. 120	‮الإقرار بالصانع موحدا مقدسا عن الكم والكيف والأين ومتى والوضع والتغير، حتى يصير الاعتقاد به أنه ذات واحدة لا يمكن أن يكون لها شريك في النوع أو يكون لها جزء وجودي كمي أو معنوي، ولا يمكن أن تكون خارجة عن العالم ولا داخلة فيه ولا حيث تصح الإشارة إليه أنه هنا أو هناك.‬‎
pp. 120–121	‮ولو ألقي هذا على هذه الصورة إلى العرب العاربة أو العبرانيين الأجلاف لتسارعوا إلى العناد واتفقوا على أن الإيمان المدعو إليه إيمان بمعدوم أصلا.‬‎
p. 121	‮هب أن هذه كلها موجودة على الاستعارة فأين التوحيد والعبارة المشيرة بالتصريح إلى التوحيد المحض الذي تدعو إليه حقيقة هذا الدين القيم المعترف بجلالته على لسان حكماء العالم قاطبة؟‬‎
p. 121	‮فظاهر من هذا كله أن الشرائع واردة بخطاب الجمهور بما يفهمون، مقربا ما لا يفهمون إلى أفهامهم بالتمثيل والتشبيه، ولو كان غير ذلك لما أغنت الشرائع البتة.‬‎

Ibn Rushd, al-Kashf ʿan manāhij al-adilla
p. 122	‮[فقد ظهر لك من هذا أن] إثبات الجهة واجب بالشرع والعقل وأنه الذي جاء به الشرع وانبنى عليه فإن إبطال هذه القاعدة إبطال للشرائع.‬‎
p. 123	‮فإن المقصود الأول في العلم في حق الجمهور إنما هو العمل فما كان أنفع في العمل فهو أجدر، فأما المقصود بالعلم في حق العلماء فهو الأمران جميعا: أعني العلم والعمل.‬‎
al-Ghazālī, Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn
p. 126	‮وحد الاقتصاد بين هذا الانحلال كله وبين جمود الحنابلة دقيق غامض لا يطلع عليه إلا الموفقون الذين يدركون الأمور بنور إلهي لا بالسماع، ثم إذا انكشفت لهم أسرار الأمور على ما هي عليه نظروا إلى السمع والألفاظ الواردة فما وافق ما شاهدوه بنور اليقين قرروه وما خالف أولوه.‬‎
al-Khūnajī (as reported by al-Tilimsānī in Sharḥ Mawāqif al-Niffarī)
p. 146	‮ابن تيمية: أموت ولم أعرف شيئا إلا أن الممكن مفتقر إلى الممتنع ‭]‬ثم قال‭[‬ الافتقار وصف سلبي: أموت ولم أعرف شيئا.‬‎ ‮‬‎ ‮التلمساني: وقد نقل إلي من حضر وفاة الأفضل الخونجي رحمه الله وسمع منه عند الموت قوله: «نهاية ما وصلت إليه أني علمت أني لا أعلم شيئا غير مسألة واحدة وهو كون هذا المصنوع مفتقر [‭sic‬] إلى صانع» والفقر يرجع عندي أنا إلى أمر سلبي فما علم شيئا أصلا.‬‎
al-Ghazālī, Tahāfut al-falāsifa
p. 146	‮فألزمهم تارة مذهب المعتزلة وأخرى مذهب الكرامية وطورا مذهب الواقفية ولا أتنهض ذابا عن مذهب مخصوص.‬‎
al-Rāzī, Nihāyat al-ʿuqūl fī dirāyat al-uṣūl
p. 152	‮فثبت أن العلم بالأصول التي يتوقف على صحتها نبوة محمد عليه السلام علم جلي ظاهر وإنما طال الكلام في هذه الأصول لرفع هذه الشكوك التي يثبتها المبطلون … فثبت أن أصول الإسلام جلية ظاهرة، ثم إن أدلتها على الاستقصاء مذكورة في كتاب الله تعالى خالية عما يتوهم معارضا لها.‬‎

al-Ḥillī, Nihāyat al-wuṣūl ilā ʿilm al-uṣūl
p. 194, n. 52	‮‭]‬وفيه نظر لـ‭[‬عدم اختصاص الظاهر بما دل بالأصل أو العرف، بل كل لفظ ترجح معنى فيه فهو ظاهر بالنسبة إليه.‬‎

Index of Ḥadīth

Page ref.	Text of ḥadīth
199	“The Black Stone is the right hand of God on earth; whoever shakes it and kisses it, it is as if he had shaken and kissed the right hand of God.”
175	“Disputation (mirāʾ) with respect to the Qurʾān is disbelief.”
261, 261n117, 296n27	“Every child is born on [i.e., in a state of] the fiṭra, then his parents turn him into a Jew or a Christian—just as camels are reproduced from a whole [and sound] animal: do you find any among them that are maimed?”
	variant: “turn him into a Jew or a Christian or a Magian”
	variant: “born on the creed/religion (ʿalā al-milla)”
	variant: “born on this creed/religion, until his tongue [is able to] express it (yubayyina ʿanhu)”
	variant: “born on this fiṭra, until his tongue [is able to] express it (yuʿabbira ʿanhu)”
	variant: “do you find any among them that are maimed until you go and maim them?”
29n29	“For whomever God desires good, He grants him understanding in religion.”
282n9	“God, blessed and exalted is He, has said, ‘I have prepared for my righteous servants that which no eye has seen, nor ear has heard, nor has occurred to the heart of any man.’ ”
232	The ḥadīth of Gabriel:
	In the words of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb (as narrated by his son): “One day when we were with the Messenger of God, a man came upon us with bright white clothes and pitch black hair. No signs of travel could be seen upon him, yet none of us knew him. He sat before the Prophet, pressed his knees against [the Prophet’s] knees, and placed his hands upon his thighs. He then said, ‘O Muḥammad! Tell me about islām (submission).’ The Messenger of God replied, ‘Islām is to testify that there is no god but God and that Muḥammad is the Messenger of God, to perform the prayer, to give alms, to fast the month of Ramaḍān, and to perform pilgrimage to the House [i.e., the Kaʿba] if you are able to.’ The man replied, ‘You are correct.’ ” ʿUmar said, “We found it strange that he should ask him [the Prophet] then confirm his response. Then the man said, ‘Tell me about īmān (faith).’ The Prophet replied, ‘Īmān is to believe in God, His angels, His books, His messengers, and the last day, and to believe in the divine decree (qadar), the good of it and the bad.’ He said, ‘You are correct.’ Then he said, ‘Tell me about iḥsān (excellence).’ The Prophet replied, ‘Iḥsān is to worship God as if you saw Him, for if you see Him not, [know that] surely He sees you.’ Then the man said, ‘Tell me about the Hour.’ The Prophet replied, ‘The one being inquired has no more knowledge of it than the one inquiring.’ So he said, ‘Then tell me about its signs.’ The Prophet replied,
	‘[Among its signs are] that a slave girl will give birth to her mistress and that you will see barefoot, naked, destitute shepherds vying with one another in the construction of tall buildings.’ ” ʿUmar said, “Then he left, and I stayed back awhile. Then the Prophet said to me, ‘ ʿUmar, do you know who the inquirer was?’ I replied, ‘God and His Messenger know best.’ He said, ‘It was Gabriel, who came to teach you your religion.’ ”
282n10	It was related that the Prophet saw a group of people and asked them, “What are you doing?” They replied, “We are pondering on the Creator.” He said to them, “Ponder over His creation but ponder not on the Creator, [for] you cannot encompass His immensity.”
26	“Satan shall come to you and say, ‘Who created this?’ and ‘Who created that?’ until he says, ‘Who created your Lord?’ So if anyone of you should reach this point, let him seek refuge in God and desist.”
	variant: “… let him say, ‘I have believed in God and His messengers.’ ”
	variant: “People will continue to pose questions until they ask, ‘Who created God?’ ”
174n107	“The scholars are the heirs of the prophets. The prophets bequeathed neither dīnār nor dirham; rather, they bequeathed knowledge. So whoever takes it [prophetic knowledge] has taken a generous share.”

Index of People and Places

ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar 43n77

ʿAbd al-Jabbār, al-Qāḍī Abū al-Ḥasan 110n133, 199n62

ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī 88

Abrahamov, Binyamin 45

Abū Ḥanīfa 43n77, 89n36

Abū al-Hudhayl al-ʿAllāf 41

Abū Muʿādh al-Tūmanī 105

Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī 87

Abū ʿUbayda, Maʿmar b. al-Muthannā 185n14

Abū Yaʿlā b. al-Farrāʾ (al-Qāḍī Abū Yaʿlā) 107

Abū Zahra, Muḥammad 13

Adamson, Peter 57

Ahmed, Asad Q. 12

Ahmed, Shahab 12

ʿĀʾisha bt. Abī Bakr 190–191

Alexander of Aphrodisias 54, 169

Alexandria 92

Ibn Taymiyya’s exile to 83–84, 86

ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 31, 43n77

al-Āmidī, Sayf al-Dīn 110, 194n52

on divine attributes 112, 118

al-Iḥkām fī uṣūl al-aḥkām 90n42

pseudo-philosophical, quasi-Muʿtazilī approach of 114

suspension of judgement of 146–147

ʿAmr b. ʿUbayd 39, 41

al-Āmulī, Karīm al-Dīn 83

Aristotle 10, 54, 56, 57–58, 60, 126, 128, 169, 216

al-Ashʿarī, Abū al-Ḥasan 40, 45, 48–52, 63, 65, 186n17

on divine attributes 50, 106, 117

doctrine of 51–52

on existence of God 275n162

and Muʿtazila 49, 92, 111

works of

al-Ibāna ʿan uṣūl al-diyāna 51

Istiḥsān al-khawḍ fī ʿilm al-kalām 51n126

al-Lumaʿ 51n126

Maqālāt ghayr al-Islāmiyyīn 143n29

Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn 51, 104

Risāla ilā ahl al-thaghr 108

al-Ashʿarī, Abū Mūsā 48

ʿAssāf al-Naṣrānī 81, 86

Averroes. See Ibn Rushd

Avicenna. See Ibn Sīnā

Baghdad 38–39, 46, 48–49

al-Baghdādī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir 43, 65n198

al-Baghdādī, Abū al-Barakāt 75

al-Bāhilī, Abū al-Ḥasan 52n128

al-Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr 40, 52–53, 63–66, 107, 109–110, 117

and bi-lā kayf doctrine 65

on universal rule 135

works of

Daqāʾiq al-ḥaqāʾiq 143n29

al-Taqrīb wa-l-irshād 189

al-Barbahārī, al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī 40, 45

al-Baṣrī, Abū al-Ḥusayn 64n195, 107, 110n133

al-Baṣrī, al-Ḥasan 34, 41, 43n77, 192

Baybars. See al-Jāshnikīr

al-Bayḍāwī, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar 51

al-Bayhaqī, Abū Bakr; Fī faḍāʾil al-Ashʿarī 106

Bukhara 60

Burghūth, Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā 170n96

al-Buwayṭī, Abū Yaʿqūb 43n77

Cairo 84, 96

Ibn Taymiyya’s banishment to/imprisonment in 82–83, 86

Calder, Norman 12

Cordoba 67

Damascus 31, 38–39, 78–79, 84–85, 87

and trials of Ibn Taymiyya 96

al-Dawānī, Jalāl al-Dīn 71n236

al-Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn 93–95

on Ibn Taymiyya 95n59, 95n60

Ḍirār b. ʿAmr 170n96

Egypt 79, 87

Eichner, Heidrun 76

El-Rouayheb, Khaled 12, 73n242

Fakhry, Majid 12

Farab 57

al-Fārābī 40, 54, 61, 67, 169, 245

on allegorical interpretation of scripture 60

on apodictic demonstration 59n173

on equivalence of syllogism and analogy 278n3

Kitāb al-Jadal 59n174

as “materialist (pseudo-)philosopher” 113, 117

on reason and revelation 119–120

on relationship between philosophy and religion 58–59

Frank, Richard 275n162

Fūda, Saʿīd 100n84

Galston, Miriam 59n173

Genghis Khan 20

al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid 5, 16, 25n18, 40, 51, 55, 61–62, 63, 68–70, 87, 108, 118–119, 194n52, 278n3

on attributes 112

on existence of God 151–152

on kalām 62, 65–66, 70, 75

on knowledge 66, 126

on philosophy/philosophers 66–68, 92, 124n186, 125, 129, 146

on Qurʾān 161n74

on reason and rationality 127–128

on spiritual unveiling (kashf) 71, 125, 146

studies on 118n153

and Sunna 70, 112

works of

Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn 67, 70, 125

al-Iqtiṣād fī al-iʿtiqād 67

Jawāhir al-Qurʾān 125n192

al-Maḍnūn bihi ʿalā ghayr ahlihi 125n192

Mishkāt al-anwār 69

Miʿyār al-ʿilm fī fann al-manṭiq 67

al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl 70

al-Mustaṣfā min ʿilm al-uṣūl 90n42

Qānūn al-taʾwīl 134

al-Qisṭās al-mustaqīm 161n74

al-Risāla al-Laduniyya 70

Tahāfut al-falāsifa 62, 67–68, 124, 125n192, 129, 146

Gleave, Robert 189n27

Griffel, Frank 150

Gutas, Dimitri 10, 12

Gwynne, Rosalind Ward 25n17

Ḥafṣ al-Fard 170n96

Hallaq, Wael 11n21, 11n23, 83, 256n103

al-Ḥamawī, Ibn Wāṣil 147

Ḥanbaliyya madrasa (Damascus) 79, 86

al-Harawī, ʿAbd Allāh al-Anṣārī 71, 88

al-Harawī, Abū Dharr al-Anṣārī 109

al-Ḥārith al-Muḥāsibī. See al-Muḥāsibī

Ḥarmala b. Yaḥyā 43n77

Harran 78, 86

Hārūn al-Rashīd 38, 46n93

Ḥātim al-Ṭāʾī 239

Heer, Nicholas 150

Hijaz 38, 89

al-Ḥillī, Jamāl al-Dīn 194n52

Hoover, Jon 106n108, 115n151, 119n157, 122n172

Ibn ʿAbbās, ʿAbd Allāh 189–190, 281

Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr 192n44, 204

Ibn ʿAbd al-Hādī 94, 97–98

Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd, ʿIzz al-Dīn 146

Ibn ʿAqīl 71, 97, 106

Ibn al-ʿArabī, Abū Bakr 107–109, 117

and articulation of universal rule 134

Ibn ʿArabī, Muḥyī al-Dīn 40, 118

mystical monism of 82, 86, 88

and unity of being (waḥdat al-wujūd) 113

Ibn ʿAsākir 47n101, 71

Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh al-Iskandarī 83

Ibn al-Fāriḍ, ʿUmar 88

Ibn Fūrak 52n129, 65n198

Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī 93

Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad 40, 44, 52, 88–89, 91, 114, 117, 192–193

as champion of orthodoxy 115

on divine attributes, taʾwīl of 202–203

and miḥna 46

al-Radd ʿalā al-jahmiyya wa-l-zanādiqa 115–116, 202

on rational arguments 114–115

and Salaf 96

Ibn Ḥazm 12, 90n40, 106

Ibn Isḥāq 190

Sīra of 32n43

Ibn al-Jawzī 97, 106

Ibn Karrām 105, 117

Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar 94

Ibn Khaldūn 29n31, 66, 69

Ibn Khuzayma 40, 45

Ibn Kullāb 39–40, 105–107

on doctrine of divine attributes 48, 105, 117

as one of the “mutakallimat ahl-ḥadīth” 107

Ibn Maḍāʾ al-Qurṭubī; Kitāb al-Radd ʿalā al-nuḥāh 215n111

Ibn al-Mājishūn, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Abī Salama 192

Ibn al-Mājishūn, ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz 192n44

Ibn Makhlūf, Zayn al-Dīn 94

Ibn Masʿūd, ʿAbd Allāh 190, 208

Ibn Mujāhid (al-Ṭāʾī), Abū ʿAbd Allāh 52n128

Ibn al-Nafīs 268n145

Ibn Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Dimashqī 98

Ibn Qalāwūn, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad 81, 83n20, 86

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya 84, 97n67, 144n31, 181n5, 194n51, 201

Ibn Qudāma; Rawḍat al-nāẓir wa-junnat al-munāẓir 90n42

Ibn Qutayba 40, 45, 47, 189

Ibn Rajab al-Ḥanbalī 93–94

Ibn Rushayyiq; Asmāʾ muʾallafāt Ibn Taymiyya 97, 99

Ibn Rushd 5, 16, 25n18, 58–60, 67, 72, 119, 169

critique of Ashʿarīs 92

critique of al-Ghazālī 123–124

on knowledge 126

studies on 119n156

works of

Faṣl al-maqāl 40, 119n157, 122n171

al-Kashf ʿan manāhij al-adilla 119n157, 122

Ibn Sabʿīn 88

Ibn Ṣaṣrā 82

Ibn Sīnā 5, 16, 40, 58–59, 63–64, 68, 75–76, 113, 117, 119–121, 169, 245, 268n145

al-Aḍḥawiyya fī al-maʿād 101, 119n157, 120, 136

Avicennian turn 92

on eternal contingent (al-mumkin al-qadīm) 255n102

on God 61, 66, 120–121, 250n81

and kalām 54, 60–62, 63, 73

on knowledge and reason 126–127

metaphysics of 67, 76

on reason and revelation 119–120

studies on 119n155

on terms 221

on wahmiyyāt 231n15, 273n160

Ibn Taymiyya, Fakhr al-Dīn 79

Ibn Taymiyya, Majd al-Dīn 79

Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad 12, 16

on al-Āmidī 112, 114

on al-Ashʿarī 106–107, 109–111, 114

on atheists (malāḥida) 140

belief/creed of 86, 91, 159

biography of 78–85

sources of 78n2

tabular summary of 86–87

character of 80, 93–95

on context 18, 182, 193–197, 201, 206–207, 225

Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql 84, 99

arguments (wujūh) of 8n8, 77

studies/scholarship on 11, 13, 15

text of 9–12

on doubt 268

as empiricist 236

epistemology of 17–19, 227–228, 272, 292–294

erudition of 9–10, 80, 87, 94

on essence 218, 221–222, 236n33, 248–250, 286–287

and al-Fārābī 60

fatwās of 84–85, 87, 91

on fiṭra 260–264, 294–296, 298

on al-Ghazālī 112, 124–125, 127, 146

on God’s attributes 210, 285, 287, 288, 290

and God’s oneness 217–220

and Ḥanbalīs 91, 95

on ḥaqīqa 99, 185n14, 188–189, 191–192, 246–247, 248–250, 286–287

hermeneutics of 17, 182–183, 206, 224–225

on Ibn Ḥanbal 44, 106, 114–115

on Ibn Rushd 122–124

on Ibn Sīnā 62, 120–121, 251

imprisonment of 81, 83–85, 86

on inference, types of 278–279, 284, 292

on intertextuality, principle of 202, 204

on al-Juwaynī 118

on kalām theologians/mutakallimūn 105–107, 113, 122, 147, 166, 213, 228, 259

on knowledge 126, 257–259, 265, 273, 275–276, 286, 289–294

a priori 255–260

certitude in 296–297

necessary 255, 264, 270

and reason 253–254

on language 8, 13, 17–19, 182–183, 193–195, 215, 289

legal views of 95–96

as literalist or textualist 201–202

memory (ḥifẓ) of 98

moderate realism of 243–244, 256n103

on Muʿtazila 109, 209n91, 288, 295

on names 281

on negationism/negationists 114–115, 128n198, 138–139, 141, 170, 176, 209, 263, 289–290

as nominalist 243

ontology of 17, 19, 227–228, 254, 277, 286, 289

opponents/opposition of/to 80–82, 85, 94–97

on perceptible/empirical vs. mental/notional 229, 241

on perceptibles 237–238

on philosophers (critique of) 18, 127–129, 143, 294, 297

on divine attributes 243

on essence/quiddity and existence 76, 250–252

on language 211

logic of 61, 92

ontology of 228, 235, 277

on revelation 127–128

on universals 229n9, 241, 243, 277

philosophy of 13, 15, 17

on proofs 147, 292

on Qurʾān 128n199, 158, 165–166, 170, 198, 200, 247n74, 266, 284

and argument for existence of God from mere fact of origination 275n162

and linguistic convention 206–207

and prohibition of disputation with respect to 175

and prohibition of the use of false arguments 174

recurrent (mutawātir) transmission of the meanings of 171–172

on al-Rāzī 76, 112, 114, 132–133, 134n7, 144, 145, 274

on reason 104, 128–129, 209, 212, 253, 273–274, 289

pure/sound (ʿaql ṣarīḥ/ṣarīḥ al-maʿqūl) 6, 18, 76n259, 104, 114, 147, 169, 175–176, 207, 226, 241, 259, 274, 292, 298

and role of 180n3

on reason and revelation, agreement between 8, 17, 129–130, 141–142, 167–168, 173, 227–228, 288–289

and refutation of Shīʿism 100

on revelation 128–129, 150–151, 199n62

meaning of 181–182, 197–198

on Salaf 91, 96, 227

authority and normative understanding of 114–115, 180, 182, 208–210, 226, 240

linguistic convention of 201, 206, 225

on meaning of Q. Āl ʿImrān 3:7 190–193

taʾwīl of 204–205

universal affirmationism of 103–105, 113–114, 185, 288

on scripture and rational arguments 150–151, 154, 181

on seen and unseen realms 231, 233, 275, 280, 283–284

on tawātur 18, 228, 239–240, 266–268, 270–272, 276, 291

on taʾwīl 184–185, 187, 189–190, 202, 223n133, 288

on terms/words, use of 211–215, 222–223

on theologians 175, 211

trials of 80, 96

on universal rule (of interpretation), refutation of 6, 14, 16, 77, 148–149, 150–152, 155, 156, 163, 168–169, 172

on universal rules of logic 255–258

on universals and particulars 244, 247

works of 97–102, 148

al-ʿAqīda al-Wāsiṭiyya 82, 86, 96, 100

Bayān talbīs al-Jahmiyya fī taʾsīs bidaʿihim al-kalāmiyya 99

al-Fatwā al-Ḥamawiyya al-kubrā 81, 86, 100

al-Furqān bayna al-ḥaqq wa-l-bāṭil 134n7

Iqtiḍāʾ al-ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm li-mukhālafat aṣḥāb al-jaḥīm 100

al-Jawāb al-ṣaḥīḥ li-man baddala dīn al-Masīḥ 100

Kitāb al-Īmān 99, 197

Kitāb Minhāj al-sunna 100

Kitāb al-Radd ʿalā al-manṭiqiyyīn 83, 86, 92, 101, 182

Majmūʿat al-rasāʾil al-kubrā 101

Majmūʿat al-rasāʾil wa-l-masāʾil 101

Majmūʿ fatāwā Shaykh al-Islām Aḥmad b. Taymiyya 101, 182

Muqaddima fī uṣūl al-tafsīr 99, 182

al-Qāʿida al-Murrākushiyya 100

al-Radd ʿalā falsafat Ibn Rushd 101

“Risāla fī al-qiyās” 89n34, 90n42

al-Risāla fī ziyārat al-qubūr wa-l-istinjād bi-l-maqbūr 85

al-Risāla al-Tadmuriyya 100

Sharḥ awwal al-Muḥaṣṣal 158

Tafsīr Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyya 99n73, 101

Ibn Ṭufayl 125, 268n145

Ibn al-Zāghūnī 107

al-Ījī, ʿAḍud al-Dīn 51, 71n236

al-ʿIjlī, Muḥammad b. Nūḥ 46n95

al-Ikhnāʾī, Taqī al-Dīn 85

al-Isfarāyīnī, Abū Isḥāq 52n129, 107, 117

al-Iskāfī, Abū Jaʿfar 186n17

al-Jaʿd b. Dirham 35, 103, 116

Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 43n77

Jaffer, Tariq 76–77, 148n43

Jahm b. Ṣafwān 32n41, 34–35, 103, 116, 209n91

al-Jāshnikīr, Rukn al-Dīn Baybars (Baybars II) 83

Jesus 35

al-Jubbāʾī, Abū ʿAlī 49, 110n133

al-Jubbāʾī, Abū Hāshim 110n133

al-Junayd al-Baghdādī 87

al-Jurjānī, al-Sharīf 71n236

al-Juwaynī (“Imām al-Ḥaramayn”) 40, 63, 64–66, 67, 92, 107, 109, 117–118

on divine attributes 65

on taʾwīl 65, 111

and universal rule 135

works of

al-ʿAqīda al-Niẓāmiyya 64, 111

Kitāb al-Irshād 111

Kaḥḥāla, ʿUmar 48n110

al-Karābīsī, Abū ʿAlī 43n77

al-Karkhī, Abū al-Ḥasan 186n17

al-Khallāl, Abū Bakr 40, 45

al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī 48n110

al-Khūnajī, Afḍal al-Dīn 112n142

Kashf al-asrār ʿan ghawāmiḍ al-afkār 146

al-Kindī 39, 54

Fī al-falsafa al-ūlā 56–57

on nature of God 56–57, 58–60, 63

rational methodology of, as applied to revelation 55

on relationship between philosophy and religion 55

Krawietz, Birgit 13, 99n72

Maʿbad al-Juhanī 34

Mahdi, Muhsin 56n153

Maimonides (Mūsā b. Maymūn) 58

Mālik b. Anas 89, 191, 204, 227

al-Maʾmūn, Abū al-ʿAbbās 39, 46n93

al-Manbijī, Naṣr 82, 86

Martin, Richard 12

Mattā b. Yūnus, Abū Bishr 57, 58n168

al-Māturīdī, Abū Manṣūr 32n39

Medina 31

Michot, Yahya 9, 80, 120

Muḥammad (Prophet) 96, 136, 210, 234

and appearance of Gabriel 232

intentions and objectives of 171–172

as intermediary 83

and language/linguistic convention of 198, 206, 217, 225

message of 173, 176

veracity of 150–152, 155

Muḥammad b. al-Hayṣam 107

Muḥammad b. Jaʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib 190

al-Muḥāsibī, al-Ḥārith 39–40, 43n77, 47–48, 108n121

Mujāhid b. Jabr 189

Muqātil b. Sulaymān 206n82

al-Mutawakkil, Jaʿfar b. al-Muʿtaṣim 47

al-Mutayyam, ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥarīrī 85n27

Nagel, Thomas 50

al-Najjār, al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad 170n96

Naranj, mosque of 82

al-Nasafī, Ḥāfiẓ al-Dīn 71n236

al-Naẓẓām, Abū Isḥāq 134n7

Nishapur 67

Niẓāmiyya madrasa (Baghdad) 67

Niẓām al-Mulk 71

Ormsby, Eric 24n9

Osman, Amr 202

Özervarli, Sait 13

Plato 57

Proclus 169

al-Qalānisī, Abū al-ʿAbbās 40, 47–48, 108

al-Qazwīnī, Jalāl al-Dīn 81

al-Qūnawī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn 85

al-Qūnawī, Ṣadr al-Dīn 88

al-Qushayrī, Abū al-Qāsim 87

Rabīʿa (b. Abī ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Farrūkh) 191

al-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī 151

Rayy 74

al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn 5, 6, 71n236, 74–75, 110, 114, 118–119, 134n7, 144–145, 148n43, 180, 295

on attributes 112

on conclusive proofs 157–159

epistemological skepticism of 144–145, 268

on universal rule (of interpretation) 40, 77, 104, 119, 132–134, 151, 159

works of

Aqsām al-ladhdhāt 144

al-Arbaʿīn fī uṣūl al-dīn 100, 268–269

Asās al-taqdīs 132

al-Mabāḥith al-mashriqiyya 75

Mafātīḥ al-ghayb (al-Tafsīr al-kabīr) 76–77

Muḥaṣṣal afkār al-mutaqaddimīn wa-l-mutaʾakhkhirīn 75, 100

al-Mulakhkhaṣ fī al-ḥikma wa-l-manṭiq 76

Nihāyat al-ʿuqūl fī dirāyat al-uṣūl 133, 152

Ṣadaqa b. al-Ḥusayn 106

al-Ṣafadī, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Khalīl b. Aybak 148n43

Sālim, Muḥammad Rashād (ed. of the Darʾ) 4, 144n31

al-Ṣanʿānī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl 144n30

al-Sanūsī, Muḥammad b. Yūsuf 51, 71n236

al-Shaʿbī, Abū ʿAmr ʿĀmir 43n77

al-Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs 43n77, 89n36, 199n62

al-Risāla 29–30, 208

al-Shahrastānī

al-Shahrastānī, ʿAbd al-Karīm 61, 71n236, 107, 144, 151

Kitāb al-Milal wa-l-niḥal 104, 174

al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī. See al-Jurjānī

al-Shāṭibī, Abū Isḥāq 89n35

Shihadeh, Ayman 75

al-Shīrāzī, Ṣadr al-Dīn (Mullā Ṣadrā) 72

Sībawayhi 240

al-Ṣibghī, Abū Bakr b. Isḥāq 108n121

al-Sijistānī, Abū Yaʿqūb; al-Aqālīd al-malakūtiyya 137–138

al-Sijzī, Abū Naṣr 109

al-Ṣīrāfī, Abū Saʿīd 58n168

Spevack, Aaron 12

Street, Tony 145n34

al-Subkī, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn 76n266

al-Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn; Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyya al-kubrā 145n34

al-Subkī, Taqī al-Dīn, on Ibn Taymiyya 94

Sufyān b. ʿUyayna 191

al-Suhrawardī, Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar 87

al-Suhrawardī (al-Maqtūl), Shihāb al-Dīn 40, 72, 169, 268n145

and criticism of Peripatetics on essence and existence 249n78

as nominalist 243

Sukkariyya Ḥanbalī madrasa 79, 86

al-Ṣuʿlūkī, Abū Sahl 52n128

al-Surramarrī, Abū al-Muẓaffar 98

al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn 25n18

Syria [Greater] 38, 79, 87

al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr 40, 45, 188

al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn 71n236, 73n242

al-Ṭaḥāwī, Abū Jaʿfar 40, 44, 51

al-Ṭalamankī, Abū ʿUmar; al-Wuṣūl ilā maʿrifat al-uṣūl 204

Tamer, Georges 13

Taşköprüzade, Ahmet Efendi 48n110

al-Thaqafī, Abū ʿAlī 108n121

Themistius 169

al-Tilimsānī, ʿAfīf al-Dīn 88

al-Ṭūfī, Najm al-Dīn 97

Tus 67

al-Tustarī, Sahl 87

Ubayy b. Kaʿb 190

ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz 43n77

Umayyad Mosque (Damascus) 79, 86

ʿUrwa b. al-Zubayr 190–191

van Ess, Josef 24n9

on Qurʾān’s dialectical argumentation 25n17

von Kügelgen, Anke 11n21, 236n33, 256n103

al-Walīd b. Yazīd (al-Walīd II) 34

Wāṣil b. ʿAṭāʾ 39, 41

al-Wāthiq, Abū Jaʿfar 40, 47

Watt, Montgomery 44

Winter, Tim 73n242, 74

Woodward, Mark 13

Yaḥyā b. ʿAdī 57, 58n168

Yūḥannā b. Ḥaylān 57

Yunus Ali, Mohamed 194n51, 196, 201

al-Ẓāhirī, Dāwūd b. Khalaf al-Aṣbahānī 43n77

Zayd b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn 43n77

al-Zinjānī, Abū al-Qāsim 109

Zuhayr al-Atharī 105

al-Zuhrī, Ibn Shihāb 43n77

Index of Qurʾānic Verses

Verse no.	Page ref.	Translation of verse or relevant verse segment
al-Baqara
2:3	27n24	“those who believe in the unseen (al-ghayb)”
2:29	203n74	“then He directed Himself (istawā) towards the heaven”
2:30	24n8	“Truly, I [God] know what you know not”
2:105	214n110	“And God singles out (yakhtaṣṣu) for His mercy whom He will”
2:163	219, 219n120	“And your God is one God (ilāhun wāḥid); there is no god but He, the Most Merciful, the Compassionate”
2:185	25n13	“The month of Ramaḍān is that in which the Qurʾān was sent down as guidance to mankind, as clear proofs of guidance, and as a criterion of judgement (furqān)”
2:210	121	“Do they await anything other than that God and the angels should come to them in the shadows of clouds and that the matter be settled?”
2:216	24n8, 25n11	“And God knows and you know not”
2:232	24n8, 25n11	“And God knows and you know not”
2:247	212n107	“Indeed, God has chosen him [Ṭālūt] over you and increased him abundantly in knowledge and body (jism) [i.e., stature]”
2:266	218n113	“Would one of you (aḥadukum) like that he should have a garden of palm trees and grapes”
Āl ʿImrān
3:4	25n13	“and He sent down the Criterion (al-Furqān)”
3:7	99n74, 99n75, 123n176, 123n177, 183, 184, 185, 186, 189–190	“He it is who has sent down to you (O Muḥammad) the Book. In it are verses that are muḥkam; they are the mother of the Book. Others are mutashābih. But those in whose hearts is perversity follow the part thereof that is mutashābih, seeking discord and searching for its taʾwīl; and none knows its taʾwīl save God. And those firmly grounded in knowledge say, ‘We believe in the Book; the whole of it is from our Lord.’ And none shall grasp the message save men of understanding” (Yusuf Ali, with modifications)
3:44	234n27	“That is from the news of the unseen (anbāʾ al-ghayb) that We reveal unto you”
3:45	35n57	“O Mary! God sends you glad tidings of a word (kalima) from Him whose name is the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary”
3:55	203n74	“when God said, ‘O Jesus! I will take you back and raise you unto Me’ ”
3:66	24n8, 25n11, 174	“Behold! You are those who dispute concerning that whereof you have knowledge; so why do you dispute concerning that whereof you have no knowledge? And God knows and you know not”
3:98–99 3:99	175n118 176n119	“(98) Say, ‘O people of the book! Why do you disbelieve in the signs of God, while God is a witness over what you do?’ (99) Say, ‘O people of the book! Why do you divert from the way of God those who believe and seek to make it crooked, while you are witnesses?’ ”
3:108	36n58	“And God wills no wrong for the worlds [i.e., His creation]”
3:117	36n58	“And God wronged them not; rather, it is they who wrong themselves”
3:138	25n14, 182n8	“This [Qurʾān] is an elucidation (bayān) for mankind, and guidance, and an admonishment for the God-fearing”
al-Nisāʾ
4:11	218n113	“and if there be (only) one (wāḥida) [female heir], then she receives half”
4:17	24n8	“God only accepts the repentance of those who do evil in ignorance (bi-jahāla) and then turn quickly in repentance” (SQ)
4:46	193n49	“Among those who are Jews are those who distort the meaning of the word (yuḥarrifūna l-kalima ʿan mawāḍiʿihi)” (SQ)
4:82	2n2, 23n2	“Do they not consider (yatadabbarūn) the Qurʾān (with care)? Had it been from other than God, they would surely have found therein much discrepancy” (Yusuf Ali)
4:158	203n74	“Rather, God raised him [Jesus] up to Himself”
4:174	25n12, 182n8	“O mankind! Verily there has come to you an evincive proof (burhān) from your Lord, and We have sent down to you a clear light (nūran mubīnan)”
al-Māʾida
5:13	193n49	“they distort the meaning of the word (yuḥarrifūna l-kalima ʿan mawāḍiʿihi)” (SQ)
5:15	182n8	“There has come to you from God a light and a clear Book (kitāb mubīn)”
5:50	24n8	“Is it the judgement of the Age of Ignorance (al-Jāhiliyya) that they seek?”
5:109	230n12	“Verily, You are the One with full knowledge of unseen matters (ʿallām al-ghuyūb)”
5:116	230n12	“Verily, You are the One with full knowledge of unseen matters (ʿallām al-ghuyūb)”
al-Anʿām
6:3	202, 203	“And He is God in the heavens and on the earth”
6:18	203n74	“And He is the dominant one over His servants (fawqa ʿibādihi), and He is the wise, the aware”
6:59	3n4	“And not a leaf falls but that He knows it”
6:73	230n11	“Knower of the unseen and the seen” (ʿālim al-ghayb wa-l-shahāda)
6:130	175n113	“ ‘O company of jinn and mankind! Did not messengers come unto you from among yourselves, recounting unto you My signs and warning you of the meeting with this your day?’ They will say, ‘We bear witness against ourselves.’ The life of this world deluded them, and they bear witness against themselves that they were disbelievers.” (SQ, with modifications)
al-Aʿrāf
7:33	174	“that you say of God that which you know not”
7:35–36	175n113	“(35) O Children of Adam! Should there come unto you messengers from among yourselves, recounting My signs unto you, then whosoever is reverent and makes amends, no fear shall come upon them, nor shall they grieve. (36) But those who deny Our signs and treat them with disdain, it is they who are the inhabitants of the Fire. They shall abide therein.” (SQ)
7:45	176n119	“those who divert from the path of God and seek to make it crooked and who disbelieve in the hereafter”
7:54	191	“then He settled upon the throne” (thumma stawā ʿalā l-ʿarsh)
7:86	175n118, 176n119	“And lie not in wait on every path, threatening and diverting from the way of God those who believe in Him and seeking to make it crooked”
7:148	212n107	“And Moses’s people, after he [had gone], took a calf [made] of their ornaments—a body (jasadan) that lowed” (SQ, with modifications)
7:169	174	“Was not the covenant of the Book taken from them that they would ascribe naught to God but the truth?”
7:172	238n38	“And when thy Lord took from the Children of Adam, from their loins, their progeny and made them bear witness concerning themselves, ‘Am I not your Lord?’ they said, ‘Yea, we bear witness’—lest you should say on the Day of Resurrection, ‘Truly of this we were heedless’ ” (SQ)
7:176	2n3, 24n7	“perchance they may reflect” (laʿallahum yatafakkarūn)
7:180	193n50	“And leave those who deviate (yulḥidūn) with regard to His names” (SQ)

al-Anfāl
8:6	174	“They dispute with you (O Muḥammad) concerning the truth after it was made manifest”
al-Tawba
9:6	218n113	“And if anyone (aḥad) from among the idolaters seeks your protection, then give him protection, that he might hear the word of God”
9:70	36n58	“but God was surely not one to wrong them; rather, it was they who wronged themselves”
9:78	230n12	“the One with full knowledge of unseen matters” (ʿallām al-ghuyūb)
9:94	230n11	“Knower of the unseen and the seen” (ʿālim al-ghayb wa-l-shahāda)
9:105	230n11	“Knower of the unseen and the seen” (ʿālim al-ghayb wa-l-shahāda)

Yūnus
10:24	24n7	“Thus do We explain the signs in detail for a people who reflect (yatafakkarūn)”
10:92	212n107	“This day shall We save you [Pharaoh] in your body (bi-badanika) [i.e., preserve your corpse] so that you might be a sign for those [who come] after you”
Hūd
11:1	99n76	“a Book whose verses have been made firm (uḥkimat)”
11:18–19 11:19	175n118 176n119	“(18) And who does greater wrong than one who fabricates a lie against God? They will be brought before their Lord, and the witnesses will say, ‘These are the ones who lied against their Lord.’ Behold! The curse of God is upon the wrongdoers, (19) those who divert from the way of God and seek to make it crooked and who disbelieve in the hereafter.” (SQ, with modifications)
11:29	24n8	“but I [Noah] see that you are an ignorant people (qawman tajhalūn)”
11:49	234	“That is from the news of the unseen (anbāʾ al-ghayb) that We reveal unto you (O Muḥammad)”
11:101	36n58	“And We wronged them not, but they wronged themselves”
Yūsuf
12:1	182n8	“These are the verses of the clear Book (al-kitāb al-mubīn)”
12:36	218n113	“And two young men entered the prison with him [Joseph]. One of them (aḥaduhumā) said, ‘Truly, I see myself [in a dream] pressing wine’ ”
12:41	218n113	“As for the one of you (aḥadukumā), he will give his master wine to drink”
12:102	234n27	“That is from the news of the unseen (anbāʾ al-ghayb) that We reveal unto you (O Muḥammad)”
al-Raʿd
13:3	24n7	“Verily in that are signs for a people who reflect (yatafakkarūn)”
13:5	234n28	“Shall we indeed be [raised] in a new creation (khalqin jadīd)?” (SQ)
13:9	230n11	“Knower of the unseen and the seen” (ʿālim al-ghayb wa-l-shahāda)

Ibrāhīm
14:2–3 14:3	175n118 176n119	“(2) God, unto whom belongs whatsoever is in the heavens and whatsoever is on the earth. Woe to the disbelievers for a severe punishment, (3) those who prefer the life of this world over the hereafter and who divert from the way of God and seek to make it crooked; it is they who are far astray.” (SQ, with modifications)
14:4	179, 219, 224	“And never did We send a messenger except [that he spoke] in the language of his people (bi-lisāni qawmihi), that he might explain to them clearly”
14:19	234n28	“If He willed, He would do away with you and bring [in your place] a new creation (yaʾti bi-khalqin jadīd)”
al-Ḥijr
15:1	182n8	“These are the verses of the Book and a clear Qurʾān (Qurʾān mubīn)”

al-Naḥl
16:11	24n7	“Verily in that is a sign for a people who reflect (yatafakkarūn)”
16:33	36n58	“And God wronged them not; rather, it was they who wronged themselves”
16:36	219n120	“And We indeed sent unto every community a messenger [who said], ‘Worship God and shun false deities!’ Then among them were those whom God guided; and among them were those who were deserving of error” (SQ with modifications)
16:44	2n3, 24n7	“and that perchance they may reflect” (wa-laʿallahum yatafakkarūn)
16:50	203n74	“They fear their Lord above them (min fawqihim), and they do as they are commanded”
16:51	219n120	“And God said, ‘Take not two gods. Verily, He is but one God (ilāhun wāḥid), so fear Me’ ”
16:69	24n7	“Verily in that is a sign for a people who reflect (yatafakkarūn)”
16:74	24n8, 25n11	“Verily, God knows and you know not”
16:78	24n8	“And God brought you forth from the wombs of your mothers not knowing anything”
16:89	25n15	“And We sent down unto you the Book as a clarification of all things (tibyānan li-kulli shayʾ)”
16:103	182n8	“and this is a clear Arabic tongue (lisān ʿarabī mubīn)”

16:118	36n58	“And We wronged them not; rather, it was they who wronged themselves”
al-Isrāʾ
17:36	174	“And pursue not that of which you have no knowledge”
17:46	219n120	“And whenever you mention your Lord alone (waḥdahu) in the Qurʾān, they turn their backs in aversion” (SQ, with modifications)
17:49	234n28	“Shall we indeed be resurrected as a new creation (khalqan jadīdan)?”
17:85	24n5, 24n10, 282	“Say, ‘The soul (rūḥ) is of the affair of my Lord, and you have been given of knowledge but little’ ”
17:98	234n28	“Shall we indeed be resurrected as a new creation (khalqan jadīdan)?”

al-Kahf
18:1	176n119	“Praise be to God who sent down the Book upon His servant and placed therein no crookedness”
18:22	218n113	“and ask not any one (aḥadan) among them about them [i.e., their number]”
18:26	218n113	“and He makes no one (aḥadan) a partner unto Him in His judgement” (SQ)
18:32	218n113	“And set forth for them the parable of two men: For one of them (aḥadihimā) We made two gardens of grapevines” (SQ)
18:45	36n59	“And God has power over all things”
18:49	36n58, 218n113	“And your Lord does wrong unto none” (wa-lā yaẓlimu rabbuka aḥadan)
18:56	174, 175n114	“And those who disbelieve dispute with vain argument in order to confute therewith the truth”
18:110	218n113	“and [let him] make no one (aḥadan) a partner unto his Lord in worship” (SQ)
Maryam
19:65	145	“Have you knowledge of anything like unto Him?”

Ṭā Hā
20:5	145, 191, 295	“The Most Merciful has settled upon the throne” (al-Raḥmānu ʿalā l-ʿarsh istawā)
20:88	212n107	“So he brought forth for them a calf [consisting of] a body (jasadan) that lowed”
20:110	145	“And they encompass Him not in knowledge” (SQ)
20:123–126	175n113	“(123) He [God] said, ‘Get down from it, both of you together, each of you an enemy to the other. And if guidance should come unto you from Me, then whosoever follows My guidance shall not go astray, nor be wretched. (124) But whosoever turns away from the remembrance of Me, truly his shall be a miserable life, and We shall raise him blind on the Day of Resurrection.’ (125) He will say, ‘My Lord! Why have You raised me blind, when I used to see?’ (126) He [God] will say, ‘Thus it is. Our signs came to you, but you forgot them. Even so, this day shall you be forgotten!’ ” (SQ, with modifications)

al-Anbiyāʾ
21:8	212n107	“And We did not make them [the Messengers] bodies (jasadan) that ate not food, nor were they immortal” (SQ, with modifications)
al-Muʾminūn
23:92	230n11	“Knower of the unseen and the seen” (ʿālim al-ghayb wa-l-shahāda)
23:117	219n120	“And whosoever calls upon another god along with God, for which he has no proof, his reckoning is with God” (SQ)
al-Nūr
24:19	24n8, 25n11	“And God knows and you know not”
al-Furqān
25:1	25n13	“Blessed is He who revealed the Criterion (al-Furqān) to His servant, that he might be a warner unto the worlds”
25:33	187n20	“And they come not to you (O Muḥammad) with any parable but that We bring you the truth and a better explanation (aḥsana tafsīran)”
25:63	24n8	“And the servants of the Most Merciful are those who walk on the earth humbly, and when the ignorant ones address them, they say, ‘Peace!’ ”
al-Shuʿarāʾ
26:2	182n8	“These are the verses of the clear Book (al-kitāb al-mubīn)”
26:195	182n8	“in a clear Arabic tongue (lisān ʿarabī mubīn)”

al-Naml
27:1	182n8	“These are the verses of the Qurʾān and a clear Book (kitāb mubīn)”
27:16–44	232n17	[Extended account of the story of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba]
27:55	24n8	“Nay, but you are an ignorant people (qawmun tajhalūn)!” (SQ)
27:65	234n26	“Say, ‘None in the heavens and the earth know the unseen (al-ghayb) save God, and they perceive not when they will be resurrected’ ”
al-Qaṣaṣ
28:2	182n8	“These are the verses of the clear Book (al-kitāb al-mubīn)”
28:26	218n113	“One of them (f.) (iḥdāhumā) said, ‘O father! Hire him [Moses]’ ”
28:27	218n113	“Indeed, I wish to marry you [Moses] to one of (iḥdā) these two daughters of mine”
al-ʿAnkabūt
29:40	36n58	“And God was surely not one to wrong them; rather, it was they who wronged themselves”
al-Rūm
30:9	36n58	“And God was surely not one to wrong them; rather, it was they who wronged themselves”
30:21	24n7	“Verily in that are signs for a people who reflect (yatafakkarūn)”
30:30	260n115	“So set thy face to the religion as a ḥanīf, [in] the primordial nature from God upon which He originated mankind (fiṭrat Allāhi llatī faṭara l-nāsa ʿalayhā)—there is no altering the creation of God; that is the upright religion, but most men know not” (SQ, with modifications)
al-Sajda
32:6	230n11	“Knower of the unseen and the seen” (ʿālim al-ghayb wa-l-shahāda)
32:10	234n28	“Shall we indeed be [raised] in a new creation (khalqin jadīd)?”
al-Aḥzāb
33:27	36n59	“And God has power over all things”

Sabaʾ
34:7	234n28	“that you shall be [raised] in a new creation (khalqin jadīd)”
34:48	230n12	“the One with full knowledge of unseen matters” (ʿallām al-ghuyūb)

Fāṭir
35:10	145, 203n74	“To Him ascends the goodly word and He raises up righteous deeds”
35:16	234n28	“If He willed, He would do away with you and bring [in your place] a new creation (yaʾti bi-khalqin jadīd)”
35:44	36n59	“Truly, He is all-knowing, all-powerful”

Yā Sīn
36:68	2n1	“Will they not then understand?” (a-fa-lā yaʿqilūn)
36:69	182n8	“It is but a reminder and a clear Qurʾān (Qurʾān mubīn)”

al-Ṣāffāt
37:35–36	219n120	“(35) Indeed, whenever it was said to them, ‘There is no god but God,’ they would wax arrogant (36) and say, ‘Shall we abandon our gods on account of a mad poet?’ ”
Ṣād
38:5	219n120	“ ‘Did he make the gods (just) one God (ilāhan wāḥidan)? Indeed, that is a thing most strange!’ ”
38:34	212n107	“And We indeed tried Solomon, and We cast a body (jasadan) [i.e., a corpse] upon his throne, then he repented”
38:36	232n17	“So We made the wind subject to him [Solomon], blowing gently at his command whersoever he willed”
al-Zumar
39:9	24n6	“Say, ‘Are those who know equal to those who know not?’ ”
39:42	24n7	“Verily in that are signs for a people who reflect (yatafakkarūn)”
39:45	219n120	“And whenever God alone is mentioned, the hearts of those who believe not in the hereafter recoil (in disgust); but whenever those besides Him are mentioned, behold, they rejoice”
39:46	230n11	“Knower of the unseen and the seen” (ʿālim al-ghayb wa-l-shahāda)
39:64	24n8	“Say, ‘Is it something other than God that you bid me worship, O ignorant ones?’ ”
39:71	175n113	“And those who disbelieve will be driven unto Hell in throngs, till when they reach it, its gates will be opened and its keepers will say unto them, ‘Did not messengers from among you come to you, reciting unto you the signs of your Lord and warning you of the meeting with this your day?’ They will say, ‘Yea, indeed!’ But the word of punishment has come due for the disbelievers” (SQ)
Ghāfir
40:4	175n114	“None but those who disbelieve dispute concerning the signs of God, so let it not delude thee that they are free to come and go in the land” (SQ)
40:5	175n114	“And they disputed with vain argument in order therewith to confute the truth, so I [God] took them to account; [see,] then, how My punishment was”
Fuṣṣilat
41:29	203n75	“we shall put them under our feet so that they may be among the lowliest (min al-asfalīn)”
41:40	193n50	“Truly those who deviate (yulḥidūn) with regard to Our signs [i.e., revealed verses] are not hidden from Us” (SQ)
41:46	36n58, 210n96	“And your Lord is in no wise unjust to [His] slaves”
41:53	166	“We shall show them Our signs in the horizons and in themselves until it becomes clear to them that it is the Truth”
al-Shūrā
42:11	99n77, 145, 210n97, 285	“There is none like unto Him (laysa ka-mithlihi shayʾ), and He is the all-hearing, all-seeing”
al-Zukhruf
43:2	182n8	“By the clear Book (al-kitāb al-mubīn)!”
43:42	36n59	“for truly, We have power over them”
43:45	219n120	“And ask those of Our messengers whom We sent before you: Did We appoint gods to be worshipped besides the Most Merciful?”
43:76	36n58	“And We wronged them not; rather, it is they who were the wrongdoers”

al-Dukhān
44:2	182n8	“By the clear Book (al-kitāb al-mubīn)!”

al-Jāthiya
45:13	24n7	“Verily in that are signs for a people who reflect (yatafakkarūn)”

Muḥammad
47:24	2n2	“Do they not consider (yatadabbarūn) the Qurʾān (with care), or are there locks upon [their] hearts?”
al-Fatḥ
48:10	121	“God’s hand is over their hands”

al-Ḥujurāt
49:6	24n8	“lest you harm a people out of ignorance (bi-jahāla)”

Qāf
50:15	234n28	“Nay, but they are in doubt regarding a new creation (khalqin jadīd)” (SQ)
al-Qamar
54:5	25n16	“consummate wisdom (ḥikma bāligha), but the warnings were of no avail”

al-Ḥadīd
57:4	204	“And He is with you wheresoever you may be”

al-Mujādila
58:7	204	“Never is there a secret parley among three but that He is their fourth”

al-Ḥashr
59:21	2n3, 24n7	“perchance they may reflect” (laʿallahum yatafakkarūn)
59:22	230n11	“Knower of the unseen and the seen” (ʿālim al-ghayb wa-l-shahāda)

al-Mumtaḥana
60:4	219n120	“There is indeed a beautiful example for you in Abraham and those with him, when they said to their people, ‘Truly we are quit of you and of all that you worship apart from God. We have rejected you, and enmity and hatred have arisen between us and you forever, till you believe in God alone’ ” (SQ)
al-Jumuʿa
62:8	230n11	“Knower of the unseen and the seen” (ʿālim al-ghayb wa-l-shahāda)

al-Munāfiqūn
63:4	212n107	“And when you see them, their bodies (ajsāmuhum) impress you”

al-Taghābun
64:18	230n11	“Knower of the unseen and the seen” (ʿālim al-ghayb wa-l-shahāda)

al-Ṭalāq
65:12	203	“that you may know that God has power over all things and that God encompasses all things with His knowledge”
al-Mulk
67:3–4	23n3	“(3) … No want of proportion will you see in the creation of the Most Merciful. So turn your sight again: do you see any flaw? (4) Then turn your sight twice more; (your) sight will come back to you feeble and weary.”
67:8–9	175n113	“(8) … Whenever a group is cast therein [i.e., in hell], its keepers ask them, ‘Did not a warner come unto you?’ (9) They say, ‘Indeed, a warner came unto us, but we denied him and said: God did not send anything down; you are in naught but great error.’ ” (SQ)
67:16–17	203n74	“(16) Do you feel secure that He who is in the heavens (fī al-samāʾ) will not cause the earth to engulf you while it churns? (17) Or do you feel secure that He who is in the heavens will not unleash a torrent of stones upon you? Soon shall you know how My warning is.” (SQ, with modifications)
al-Maʿārij
70:4	203n74	“The angels and the Spirit ascend unto Him on a day whose measure is fifty thousand years”
al-Jinn
72:18	218n113	“and that the mosques belong to God, so call upon no one (aḥadan) along with God”
72:22	218n113	“Say, ‘None will protect me from God’ (lan yujīranī min Allāhi aḥadun)”

al-Muddaththir
74:11	218n113	“Leave Me alone (waḥīdan) with the one I created”

al-Qiyāma
75:22–23	234n29	“(22) [Some] faces that day will be radiant, (23) gazing upon their Lord (ilā rabbihā nāẓira).”
al-Tīn
95:4	262	“Verily, We created man in the best of molds”
95:5	203n75, 262	“then did We abase him [to be] the lowest of the low (asfala sāfilīn)”
95:6	262	“except such as believe and work righteous deeds, for they shall have a reward unstinting”
al-Takāthur
102:5–7	235n30	“(5) Nay! If only you knew with the knowledge of certainty (ʿilm al-yaqīn)! (6) You will surely see the hellfire; (7) then will you surely see it with the eye of certainty (ʿayn al-yaqīn).”
al-Ikhlāṣ
112:1	219	“Say, ‘He is God, [who is] One (aḥad)’ ”
112:4	210n98, 218n113	“And there is none comparable unto Him”

Index of Subjects

Abbasids 38

absolute/unconditioned (muṭlaq) 245–246

being (wujūd) 223

notion (maʿnā) 246

abstract

concepts 92, 245

expressions 197

abstraction(s) 35, 245

mental/of the mind 198, 249

speculative 37

of universals from particulars 252, 253

accidents 117

ʿaraḍ, pl. aʿrāḍ 104, 213

proof of God based on the temporal origination of (ṭarīq al-) 108, 110n128

temporal origination of (ḥudūth al-) 106

acts/actions

of God/divine 8, 104–106, 169, 220

negation of 114

human 34, 75

adhhān (mental existence). See mind(s)

affirmation(ism) 19, 102–104, 165, 176, 208–210, 288, 295

of divine attributes 122

ithbāt 102, 116, 210, 269

affirmationists 103, 111, 113, 142, 170

afterlife 62, 277

See also hereafter; resurrection

agent, external 214–215

aḥwāl (sing. ḥāl; states) 52n135, 244n62

allegorization (“qarmaṭa”) 7

of revelation (fī al-naqliyyāt) 7 fig. 1, 143 fig. 2

allegory 7, 69

See also analogy; likeness

tamthīl 121

ambiguity 212–213

See also confusion

ambiguous/indeterminate (mutashābih) 185–187, 211

See also mutashābih

analogy/analogical reasoning 50, 91

qiyās 66, 89–90, 92, 215n111, 279, 281, 284, 288

al-tamthīl, as compared to categorical syllogism (qiyās al-shumūl) 278

from the seen (shāhid) to the unseen (ghāʾib) 64, 279, 283–284, 288

angels 231–232, 238, 277, 280–281

Gabriel 232, 261

anthropomophism 17, 42, 81, 83, 86, 97, 137n17, 289

apodictic

certitude 70

methods 59

a posteriori inference 273

apparent (ẓāhir) 194–198, 295

vs. non-apparent (muʾawwal) 198

sense/meaning 184–185, 186, 225

a priori [knowledge] 255–258, 273, 283, 294

See also axioms

awwalī 18, 258

badīhī 256

principles 268, 290

ʿaql (reason) 8

See also rational; reason

Arab(s)/Arabic 120

-Islamic philosophical tradition (falsafa) 54, 59, 60

language, understanding of 205

See also language/linguistic

speech of 25n18

ʿaraḍ (accident). See accidents

argumentation 25, 59n174

Greek methods of 41–42

methods/modes of 41, 60, 101

speculative 296

argument(s) 73, 174

See also rational

deductive 295

for the existence of God from motion (ṭarīqat al-ḥarakāt) 108

lit., aspects, viewpoints (wajh, pl. wujūh) 7–8, 148–149

Aristotelian

-Avicennian philosophical tradition 77

elements (in Near Eastern intellectual environment) 32

on essence 236n33

logic 66, 68, 73n242, 130

matter vs. form 251

prime matter (hayūlā; Greek ύλη/hyle) 243

syllogisms/reasoning 68–69, 92, 128, 161n74

See also syllogism(s)

tradition 277

Aristotelianism 32, 40, 62, 124n186

Aristotelians 233n23

ascetics 114, 117

ahl al-ʿibāda 175

Ashʿarī(s) 6–7, 84, 109–110, 142–143, 170, 209n91

authorities 111

creed of 100

on God 268

Ibn Rushd’s critique of 92

kalām 65, 112

vs. Muʿtazilī 132

negationism of early 138

new-school orthodoxy 180

and remnant of iʿtizāl 114

taʾwīl of 288

theological school 30n35

theology 5, 72

assent (taṣdīq) 253, 276

assimilationism (tashbīh) 103, 138–139, 140, 180–181, 227, 269, 271, 284, 288–289

See also like(ness); similar (mutashābih)/similarity; tashbīh

association, and dissociation (of soul and body) 252

assumptions 91, 159–160, 211, 226, 228, 273n160

false 284

astronomy 7, 143

āthār (reports) 191

See also reports

atheists 56, 289

See also heresy/heretic(s)

malāḥida 140

atomism 56, 65

attributes 171, 214

essential and/vs. volitional 105, 117

of God/divine 6, 8, 17, 19, 65, 105–106, 121, 169, 176, 185, 217–219, 282, 285–286, 289–290

affirmation of 100, 103, 112, 122, 138, 142, 145, 165, 170–171, 176, 181, 216, 284, 288

al-Ashʿarī on 50, 106, 117

vs. attributes of created things 211, 286

beyond human comprehension 47n102, 51

denial/negation of 41, 57, 103, 105, 108, 112–114, 117, 124, 137, 139–140, 142, 173, 220–221, 243, 255n102

essential (nafsī) 65

face, hands, settling on throne 65, 69, 111, 117–118, 180

Muʿtazila on 50n120, 105, 108, 111, 113, 117, 217

not identical to God or other than 48

oneness of 219–220

ontological questions of 37, 290

predicated in revelation 36n60, 110

quintessential nature of 188

Salaf on 103, 116–117, 180, 209–210

symbolic reality of 147

of knowledge 112, 286–287

metaphorical interpretation of 216

of a name 248

and qualities of humans 50–51, 102, 282, 290

Qurʾān as 34–35

ṣifa, pl. ṣifāt 104, 213, 221, 251, 265

ʿaqliyya (rational) 248

al-kamāl (of perfection) 210n96, 287

khabariyya (revealed) 65, 69, 111, 161, 180

universal 242

authentic/authenticity 267

ṣaḥīḥ 239

thubūt 157, 160, 162, 164n80

authority(ies) 113, 208

early 190–191

of early community 88, 103, 104n98

aʾimmat al-salaf/al-salaf wa-l-aʾimma 103, 105–106, 111

of legal schools (arbāb al-madhāhib) 43n77

or pious forebears (al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ) 240

prophetic 176

of Salaf 208, 210

on taʾwīl 184–185, 193

awwalī/awwaliyya 256–257

See also a priori; axioms

axioms/axiomatic principles 91, 254–255, 267

badīhiyyāt 264, 275, 283

aʿyān (external existence), realm of 241

See also existence

ʿayn al-yaqīn (certainty itself) 235

See also certain/certainty

Bāṭiniyya (esotericists) 113, 285, 289n13

on figurative interpretation (taʾwīl) 138

Bayt al-Ḥikma (“House of Wisdom”) 39

being (inniyya) 249–250

See also essence; quiddity(ies)

belief(s) 211, 262, 296

erroneous 271

in a non-existent (al-īmān bi-maʿdūm) 121

orthodox 171

bias, preconceived (hawā) 263–264

See also whim

bidʿa ([reprehensible] innovation) 83

See also innovation

bidʿī-ʿaqlī, bidʿī-samʿī (innovated rational, innovated revelational) 165

bi-lā kayf (doctrine). See modality

binary(ies) 163

See also dichotomy(ies)

certainty vs. probability 168

more probative vs. less probative (rājiḥ–marjūḥ) 168

reason vs. revelation (ʿaql–naql) 168

scripturally validated vs. innovated (sharʿī–bidʿī) 164

Black Stone 199–200

body(ies) 232

jism (pl. ajsām) 212–213

as divisible, munqasim 216

perceptible 229n9, 251

burhān (pl. barāhīn; evincive proof), Qurʾān as 25

See also demonstration; proof(s)

capacity (quwwa) 296

certain/certainty 134, 144, 157, 159

definitively (yaqīnī) 268n144

vs. fallacious 163

or certitude (yaqīn) 7, 17, 71, 101, 142–143, 235, 268n144

vs. probability 163

of reports 239

chain of transmission (isnād, pl. asānīd) 161, 239

authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) 205, 266

Christian(s)/Christianity 32, 143

and claims of Jesus’s divinity 35

and fiṭra 261n117

theological discourse of 53, 100

clarity 182, 224

classical period (of Muslim civilization) 12

clear

declaration (balāgh mubīn) 176

or determinate (muḥkam) 185–186

or manifest (mubīn) 18, 182, 199, 206

cognitional (ʿilmī) 259, 275

collusion, or conscious agreement (tawāṭuʾ) 239, 267, 270, 272

commonality/common factor 247

qadr mushtarak 242, 246, 285–286

common folk/people 69, 95, 114, 117, 135, 293–294

See also masses

general population (al-ʿāmma) 120–121, 218

communication 181, 198–199, 219, 224

linguistic 226

communicative process 196, 198

community, early 88, 114–115, 209–210

See also authority(ies); umma

salaf 46, 101, 106, 111

See also Salaf

Companions (of Muḥammad, ṣaḥāba) 43n77, 116, 136, 142n26, 170, 188–189, 198, 208, 232, 240

See also Salaf

interpretations transmitted from (maʾthūra ʿan) 210

reported statements (aqwāl) of 204

on taʾwīl 190–191

understanding of/language of 217

composite (murakkab) 139, 215, 216, 220, 223

composition (tarkīb) 18, 138, 184, 213, 215, 220–222, 223

of bodies, argument for the existence of God from the (ṭarīqat al-tarkīb) 108

conceptions (taṣawwurāt) 218

conclusive (qaṭʿī) 156–158, 162

concomitant/concomitance (lāzim, talāzum) 242, 248, 250

See also entailments

confusion 112n142, 144, 147, 212–213, 222

of philosophers 235, 251–252, 277

conjecture (ẓann) 263–264

consensus

degree of 91–92

ijmāʿ (scholarly and/or communal agreement) 70, 84, 101, 170, 204–205

consequences 159–160

See also assumptions

consequents (lawāzim) 147

See also concomitant

consubstantial, vs. distinct 269, 271–272, 274

content (matn) [i.e., of a ḥadīth] 161

context 201, 206, 225

and meaning of language and texts 193–197

siyāq, qarāʾin 18, 182, 198

contextuality, of linguistic utterances 225

contingent/contingency(ies) 35, 180, 258, 286–287

imkān/mumkin 64, 139, 214

vs. necessity 286

contradictions 162, 169, 227

See also reason and revelation

with revelation 211, 213

contradictory 224, 257, 271

arguments/statements 156, 171–172

mutually 216, 269, 283

convention 201, 206–207, 213, 225

conviction, firm (iʿtiqād jāzim) 266, 291

corporealism (tajsīm) 138, 205n80, 269, 295

corporeality 65

correlation (talāzum) 224

See also concomitant/concomitance; entailments

corruption

fasād 211

of fiṭra 296–297

counterpart 122, 220

naẓīr 282

qasīm 219, 247

covenant, primordial (mīthāq) 238

created/createdness 180

See also uncreatedness

makhlūq 34–35, 46

order 23

of Qurʾān 39, 46, 105, 117, 147

See also Qurʾān)

universe/world 46, 64

creation 203n73, 282

of man 238

new (khalq jadīd) 234

of the world/cosmos 56, 106

by God, willful 61, 76

Creator, God as 34, 56, 159, 258n110

creed/creedal stances 9, 26, 81–82, 86, 91, 159, 240

of Ashʿarī(s) and Māturīdīs 100

crusaders 81

dalāla (as import of revealed texts) 162, 164n80

See also indicant(s); proof(s)

ḍarūra, concept of 264

See also necessary/necessity

ḍarūrī (necessary, immediate) 264

-fiṭrī 255, 256

death 232

attribute of 287

deeds, righteous/good 127, 262

See also acts/actions

deficiency (naqṣ), or contingency 287

demonstration (burhān) 59, 295

demonstrative

faculties 128

sciences 59n174

dependence (iftiqār) 222

determinacy 224

determinism 33, 36–37

dhāt (essence). See essence

dialectic (jadal) 59

See also disputation

dialectical

argumentation, in Qurʾān 25n17

thinking 32

dichotomy(ies). See also binary(ies)

ḥaqīqa–majāz 185n14

reason vs. revelation 163

sharʿī–ʿaqlī (scriptural vs. rational) 17, 164–167

sharʿī–bidʿī (scripturally validated vs. innovated) 17, 164–167

difference, and contrariety (ikhtilāf wa-taḍādd) 247

different (mukhtalif) 247–248

differentiation 17

element of (qadr mumayyiz) 242

between ḥaqīqa and notional categories 290

digressions/tangents (in Ibn Taymiyya’s work) 98–99

dimension (miqdār) 269

See also space

disagreement 211

ikhtilāf, points of 89–90

or discord, internal 142–143

theological and philosophical 183–184

disbelief 172, 174

and encouraging/diverting others from God’s path 175–176

and heresy (ilḥād) 239n40

disbelievers 175

disclosures, divine (or gifts in the form of insights) (wāridāt) 295

discord (fitna) 116, 185

discourse

Christian theological 53, 100

Islamic 54n142, 73

kalām 47–48, 75, 144

modes of 59–60

philosophical 143, 213, 235, 294

rational 33, 70, 212

technical 218

discursive

inference 142

reasoning 77, 256, 262–263, 273n160, 274, 276

naẓar 265, 272n158, 276

and rational inference (al-iʿtibār bi-l-naẓar wa-l-qiyās) 227–228

disputation

art of 75

formal 33

mirāʾ, re. Qurʾān 175

people of 123

dissociation (tajrīd), of soul from body 252

distinct (mubāyin), vs. co-located (muḥāyith) 257

divisible/divisibility (munqasim, inqisām) 220–221

divorce (ṭalāq) 84, 91

Ibn Taymiyya’s fatwās on 87

doctrine (madhhab) 107, 111

See also school(s)

doubt 112n142, 123, 155, 175, 212, 268, 272, 276

and confusions (shubuhāt) 212, 295

dreams 232

elect/elite 69, 180, 293–294

vs. average man 98

intellectual 126–127

philosophical 120–122, 124, 218

ellipsis (iḍmār) 158

elucidation (bayān) 188

See also clarity; clear

Qurʾān as 25

emanation, doctrine of 61, 75

empirical/seen 19, 236, 290

See also shahāda; visible

experience 281, 288

knowledge 268, 274–275

necessity or sensory necessity (ḍarūra ḥissiyya) 264

observation 166–167

or perceptible (maḥsūs) 229, 230, 235

realm/world 27n24, 166, 237, 283

of the shahāda 232, 277

shāhid 128, 297

empiricism 217n112, 236

entailments (lawāzim) 109–110, 117

See also concomitant

entities 245

abstract 241

consubstantial vs. distinct 271

externally existent/extra-mental (fī al-aʿyān) 18, 229–230, 252

externally existing (al-mawjūdāt al-khārijiyya) 248

independent/discrete/existing (ʿayn, aʿyān) 230, 240, 253

qualified by (mawṣūf) 265

self-standing (qāʾim bi-nafsihi/qāʾima bi-anfusihā) 231, 233, 235

vs. subsistent in another (qāʾim bi-ghayrihi) 257

enumeration, and division (al-sabr wa-l-taqsīm) 64

epistemology 101, 131, 293

of Ibn Taymiyya 17–19, 227–228, 272, 292–294

linguistic 225

Qurʾānic 24

equivocity of terms (ishtirāk al-asmāʾ) 183, 211

errors 222, 270

eschatological events 231

See also resurrection

esotericism, mystical 118

esotericist philosophers (bāṭiniyyat al-falāsifa) 124

essence 61, 73

and/vs. attributes 215, 218, 221–222, 249–250

and/vs. existence 247n74, 249, 290

dhāt 213, 216, 221, 246, 248–249, 252

as one (dhāt wāḥida) 120

divine (See God)

of language 226

and oneness of God 219–220

or quiddity (māhiyya) 246, 248–250

pre-existing 249–250

essential (nafsī) 65

estimation (wahm) 273n160, 292

See also wahm

estimative faculty (wahm/al-quwwa al-wahmiyya) 231n15

eternal

contingent (al-mumkin al-qadīm) 255n102

qadīm 46, 138–139

Qurʾān as 35

vs. temporal 233n24, 257, 290

eternality, vs. temporality 286

eternity (of the universe/world) 62, 68, 101

evil 34, 174

exegesis [Qurʾānic] (tafsīr) 31–32, 36n60, 79, 86, 171

See also tafsīr

Ibn Taymiyya’s works on 99

existence 61, 73, 76, 138–139, 249–250

of Creator 133, 147, 275n162

See also Creator

external 248

factual (thubūt) 139, 162, 279–281, 284

of God (See God)

of independent, self-standing entities (aʿyān qāʾima bi-anfusihā) 277

See also entities

realms of 285

wujūd 242, 248–250, 252

mawjūd vs. ghayr mawjūd 113

existential (wujūdī) 259

existent(s) 241

external 257

mawjūd 214

particular 253–254

experience

empirical/seen 281, 288

practical (khibra) 218

spiritual 127

subjective (dhawq) 125

explication 189

See also exegesis

tafsīr 188, 191–192

of meaning (al-maʿnā) 225, 281

straightforward 185, 225, 287

external (ẓāhir) 236

See also apparent; obvious

faith 24, 39, 121, 159

See also belief(s)

falsafa 39

See also philosophy

classical, on Aristotelian lines 72

mutual influence with respect to kalām 73–74

falsehoods/false 109, 173–174, 211–212

bāṭil 200, 259

faṭara (created, fashioned) 262

See also fiṭra

fatwās 81

on God’s being above (ʿuluww) 100

of Ibn Taymiyya 84–85, 87, 91

figurative. See interpretation(s)

fiqh 31

See also jurisprudence; law

fiṭra 203, 262–263, 298

definition of 260–262

normative 18, 228, 261, 264, 271–273, 290, 293–296

sound (salīma) 262, 291

fiṭrī (innate, inborn) 255, 264

forebears, pious (al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ) 136

See also Salaf

form(s) 229n9, 251

Aristotelian, vs. matter 251

Platonic 243, 245

ṣūra (image, form) 213

f-q-h [root] 29n29

free will 33–34, 36–37, 39

f-ṭ-r [root] 260n115

fuʾād, as locus of rational reflection 24

See also heart(s)

fuqahāʾ (sing. faqīh) 114, 117

See also jurists; scholars

genera 244

ghayb (adj. ghāʾib; unseen, absent) 230, 234, 240, 266, 278–281

See also unseen

vs. shahāda 284

gh-y-b [root] 230n12

God

as above (ʿuluww) [creation] 100, 203n73, 205n80, 220, 263

acts/actions of 8, 47n102, 117

attributes of 6, 8, 36n60, 37, 48, 100, 117, 140, 179–180, 188, 238

See also attributes

knowledge 61, 105, 117, 203, 286–287

and creation 61, 76, 145, 205n80, 255n102

dissimilarity to/distinct/separate from 101, 102, 180, 202–203, 220, 263, 269, 271

descending (nuzūl) 100

divinity of, as exclusive (ilāhiyya) and singular (ulūhiyya) 219–220

essence of 37, 47n102, 105, 120, 139, 188, 202, 204, 282–283, 287

existence of 64–66, 113, 137, 150–152, 166, 231, 236, 250n81, 275n162, 285–286

argument for, from accidents 108

and footstool (kursī) 169

and ghayb 234

and hands, face 65, 111, 121, 180, 200

in heavens and on earth 202–203, 205

knowledge of 203, 204–205

names of 19, 100, 169, 170

nature of 36–37, 102, 137, 220, 268–269

as all-powerful/just 36–37

as Creator 34, 56, 159, 258n110

as living 138–139

as Maker (al-Ṣāniʿ) 120

as Necessarily and Beginninglessly Existent 27

as the Omniscient (al-ʿAlīm) 138

as One (wāḥid/aḥad) 216, 220

as perceptible 238, 241

quintessential nature (kunh) of 282, 288

as ṣamad (Lord of perfect sovereignty) 220

as self-necessary/necessarily existent by virtue of Himself (wājib al-wujūd bi-dhātihi) 61, 139

as the True One (al-Ḥaqq) 55, 57

necessary existence of 258n110

ontological reality (ḥaqīqa) of 221, 286–288

perfection of 221, 286–288

power of 41, 104–105, 203, 286–287

in relation to places/above, etc. 202–203, 205n80

as settling (istiwāʾ) [on the throne] 100–101, 104, 117, 180, 192

and spatial location (jiha) 121–122, 268–269

speech of 117

submission to 262

transcendence of 205

uniqueness of 180, 282

in unseen realm (ghayb) 19

and use of terms 213

word of (kalimat Allāh) 35

and world/universe 61, 138

god (ilāh) 219

grammar (Arabic) 28, 31–32, 37, 39, 41, 58, 171, 214, 215n111, 240

graves, visiting of 85

Greek

methods 33n44, 39, 41–42

philosophy/thought 31–33, 37, 53

reasoning 41–42

habit (ʿāda) 263–264

ḥadīth 26n19, 30, 41, 49, 183, 238–239, 266, 282n10, 284, 288

ahl al- (people of) 29, 39, 44–45, 89, 106–107, 146

authenticity of 160, 238, 267

classical sources of 26

content (matn) of 161

criticism 171

discipline of 28, 31–32, 37, 39

falsified/fabricated (makdhūb) 171, 173

Ibn Taymiyya’s grounding in 80

revelation in form of/as proof texts 160, 166, 283

scholars of 45, 114, 117

strict adherence to 29

transmission of mutawātir 291

and use of reason 29n31

Ḥanafī(s) 44, 100

Ḥanbalī(s) 5, 51n126, 84, 91, 95, 181n5, 269

on amodal (bi-lā kayf) approach 50

doctrine and practice 95, 106

ikhtilāf (difference) among 91

jurisprudence 88

polemics against kalām 71

rational argumentation of 115n151

rigidity (jumūd) of 126

school 43, 79, 80, 84, 87, 88, 90–91, 106

traditionalism 53

ḥaqīqa. See also ontological; reality

of attributes 286–288

definition of 188, 197, 286–287

–majāz distinction 191, 194n51

–maʿnā (existential/ontological vs. semantic/notional) 191

hawā (pl. ahwāʾ)

biased whim 175

preconceived bias 263–264

whim/obstinate personal opinion (clinging to) 264

Ḥayy b. Yaqẓān 268

hearing (samʿ) 238

See also sensation/sense perception

heart(s) (qalb, pl. qulūb) 263, 271, 296

heaven(s) 231, 238

See also paradise

and God, as in/above 202–203, 205

Hebrew (tribes) 120

hell 231, 238, 277

Hellenism 31–32, 73n242

Hellenistic

Christian theologians 37

commentators 54

Neoplatonism 32

hereafter 127–128, 170–171, 277

See also afterlife

heresiographical literature 80

heresy/heretic(s) 124–125, 140n23

ilḥād/malāḥida 172

philosophers as 289n13

hermeneutic(s)

language-based 225–226

principles, of Ibn Taymiyya 17, 182–183, 206, 224–225

Qurʾānic 90, 182

heterodox, philosophers as 289n13

heterodoxy 162

Hishāmiyya 105

homonymy or polysemy (ishtirāk) 158

“horseness” (as example of univeral concept) 242, 244

humanity. See also man

as absolute, unconditioned 245

and relationship to God 128n198

iftiqār (dependence) 213

ignorance 24, 287

presumption of (tajhīl) 135–137, 176

ijmāʿ (scholarly and/or communal agreement) 84, 101, 170, 204–205

See also consensus

ijtihād 89n34, 90

ilāhiyyāt (metaphysics). See metaphysics

ʿilla

cause 213

relevant attribute, or ratio legis 278n2, 278n3

ʿilm (knowledge) 23n1

See also knowledge

al-tawḥīd (of the oneness of God) 70

al-yaqīn (certain) 235

images 127

imaginalization/imaginative evocation (takhyīl) 60, 117

imagination (khayāl, takhyīl) 273n160, 292

imitation (taqlīd) 264, 272, 297

imperceptible (ghayr maḥsūs) 277

impossibility (imtināʿ) 248n76

inconclusive (ẓannī) 156–158, 161

indestructibility, vs. destructibility (of divine vs. creaturely attributes) 286

indeterminate (mutashābih) 123, 185

See also ambiguous

indicant(s) 164–167

See also proof(s); scriptural

definitive (scriptural) (adilla qaṭʿiyya) 101

transmitted textual (adilla naqliyya) 134n7

individuated (mushakhkhaṣ) 245

inference(s) 253, 273, 292

See also indicant(s); proof(s)

faulty 274

involving transfer of judgement 278–279

istidlāl 211n103

reasoned/rational 273–274

naẓar 262–263

from seen to unseen 277–285

sound 298

rational (naẓar ḥasan/ḥusn al-naẓar) 180n3, 275n162, 291

infinite regress (tasalsul)

of agents, impossibility of 256

of causes, argument for the existence of God from 26–27, 258n110, 275n162

innate 260

fiṭrī 256, 258–259, 263, 270, 275, 292n18

inner (bāṭin) 227, 231

innovation/innovator(s) (bidʿa, pl. bidaʿ) 70, 109, 116, 164, 211

ahl al-bidaʿ 107

mubtadiʿ 101

vs. scripture/religion (shirʿa) 164

instinct (bi-l-fiṭra) 152

See also fiṭra

intellect(s) 24–25

of Aristotelian and Neoplatonic traditions 277

human/of mankind 262, 271–272

people of 169

ten Avicennian 229n9

intellectual

capacities 155

context 20, 102

faculties, uncorrupted 271–272

habits 226

intelligence, pure natural (ʿaql ṣarīḥ) 8

See also rational; reason

intelligible (maʿqūl) 298

vs. shahāda (empirical world) 235–236

substances (jawāhir) 229n9, 251

inter-confessional (debate) 33

internal (bāṭin) 236

See also inner

interpretation(s) 182

See also taʾwīl

allegorical 60

figurative

majāz 8, 18, 99, 136, 158, 181, 183, 185, 191, 195

taʾwīl 17–18, 42, 103, 116, 122–124, 130, 133, 135–137, 138, 161, 185, 187, 200

literal 122–123

of meanings, metaphorical 69, 141, 170, 193–195, 206, 216, 288

non-apparent (muʾawwal) 198

transmitted from (maʾthūra ʿan) the Prophet 210

intertextuality 199, 201

principle of 202–204

intuition(s)/intuitive 293

faculty 262–263

matters known by (ḥadsiyyāt) 236n34

invalid/false 165

See also falsehoods/false

fāsid and bāṭil 259

invisible. See unseen

inward (bāṭin) 230

See also inner

Ishrāqī (Illuminationist school) 40, 72

Islam(ic) 171, 173

defense of 33, 125

order, as multiethnic 38

religious sciences 28, 240

scholarship, post-classical 12

Islamism 10

Ismāʿīlīs 113, 124, 172

istiḥsān (juristic preference) 44, 89n34, 90n42

istiwāʾ (Ibn Taymiyya’s treatise on) 101

See also God

iʿtizāl, remnants of 108, 117

See also Muʿtazila

jabrī (determinist/denying free will) 34

Jabrīs (proponents of determinism) 36

Jahmiyya 111, 114, 202

jawhar (substance) 213

Jews 143

and fiṭra 261n117

jiha (directionality or spatial location) 213

and God 121–122, 268–269

jinn 231–232, 238

jism (pl. ajsām). See body(ies)

judge (qāḍī) 52, 80

judgement, day of 161, 166, 190, 231

judgement(s)

ḥukm, pl. aḥkām 231, 247, 253, 259, 273n160, 274, 276

qaḍāʾ 257

rational 155

relational 231, 258

sound 263

suspension of (waqf) 112

those who suspend (al-wāqifa) 146

transferring

from seen to unseen realm 279–285

from universal to particular 278

jumhūr, pl. jamāhīr (masses) 120, 122–123

See also common folk/people

Jundishapur, school of 31

jurisprudence 29, 31n36, 80, 88

jurists 29n31, 31, 43n77, 124

See also scholars

juzʾ (part) 120, 139, 213, 219

kalām 33, 38, 40, 42, 61, 72, 75, 118–119, 125, 141

arguments 32n43, 68, 275n162

al-Ashʿarī and/Ashʿarīs 51, 53, 71–72, 75, 97

later Ashʿarī 92, 209n91

development of 43, 113

discourse 47–48, 144

early 48, 62

vs. later 62, 65

al-Ghazālī on 62, 65–66, 70, 75

and Ibn Sīnā 54, 61–62

influence on falsafa 73–74

and mutakallimūn, Ibn Taymiyya on 105–107, 113, 122, 147, 166, 213, 228, 259

new 53, 63, 92

permissibility (istiḥsān) of 51n126

and philosophy 55–56, 60, 63

sunnī vs. bidʿī 91

theologians 60, 141, 166

Karrāmiyya 146, 170, 269

khalaf (later scholars) 208

vs. salaf 101

Khawārij 43n77

knowable (maʿlūm) 290

knowledge 66, 155, 164, 259, 286–287, 291–294, 296–297

acquired (muktasab) 265

and/vs. action 123, 128

a priori 255, 257–258, 273

attribute of 112, 286–287

authenticity of 239

certain 76, 112, 126, 147, 160, 172, 186, 265, 272, 296

yaqīn 186, 235, 267, 295

vs. conjecture 156n60, 162–163

definitive 134

and disputation 174

empirical 268, 274–275

given but little 24, 27

God’s 41, 61, 104, 190, 254

ʿilm 101, 268n144

patent and evident (jalī ẓāhir) 152

people of (ahl al-) 115–116

and Qurʾān 23–24

those firmly grounded in (al-rāsikhūna fī al-) 186, 189–190

indicators of 168

innate/intuitive 262, 273

fiṭrī 18, 152

necessary 18, 152, 255, 264, 266, 268, 270–271, 273, 276

objective 128, 135, 289

rational 150, 170, 297–298

and reason 149, 160, 253

religious 123, 266

sensory 267

See also sensation/sense perception

sources of 152, 227–228, 231, 236, 237, 255, 267, 275, 279, 289–291

theoretical (ʿilm) 218

transmitted (samāʿ) 126

true 128, 135, 298

Kullābīs 170

language/linguistic 58, 60, 158, 198, 206, 289

of Arabs 213, 222n132, 265

conventions (ʿurf) 18, 182–183, 186, 190, 192, 194–195, 198, 201, 206, 208, 214–215, 217, 225, 265

of first community 112

of Salaf 192, 201

of speech community 212, 225

Ibn Taymiyya on 8, 13, 17–19, 182–183, 193–195, 215, 289

necessity/linguistically necessary knowledge 264–265

philosophy of 58, 182

of revealed texts/Qurʾān 180, 208, 221

sciences 215n111

as tool of communication 219

last day, events of 238

See also resurrection

law/legal 16, 31–32, 37, 39, 41, 95–96, 171

abstract 258

analogy (qiyās) 66

fiqh 28–29, 240

and government, sacred vs. secular 19

of Ibn Ḥanbal 88

scholars 114, 175

schools 80, 95–97

theory and theorists 29–30, 197

law of excluded middle 133, 139–140, 157, 255–256, 258, 270–271, 285

law of identity 255

law of non-contradiction 133, 139n22, 156–157, 255, 258, 283

lexicographers 197

lexicon 158

life 286–287

in the grave 231, 238

like(ness). See also similar (mutashābih)/similarity

mithl, mumāthala 210, 220, 287

shabīh 220

similarity, likening (tamthīl/tashbīh) 180–181, 221

literal. See also interpretation(s)

ḥaqīqa [usage/sense] (as literal meaning) 8, 18, 99, 179, 184–185, 194–195, 205

vs. figurative (majāz) meanings 225

literalism 18, 183, 201

anthropomorphic 181

literalist(s) 30n33

vs. textualist(s) 201–202

logic 58, 61, 68

Greek 101

and kalām 65

and philosophical terminology 58

rules/laws of 140, 259, 283, 285

universal 255

science of 169

of tawātur 266

as tool for theology 64

logical. See also universal

constructs (in the mind) 223

vs. ontological reality 243

principles 77, 259, 279, 284–285

logos 35

lubb, as locus of rational reflection 24

madhhab (pl. madhāhib). See school(s)

maḥsūs (perceptible/empirical) 229

See also empirical; perceptible

majāz 193–197

See also interpretation(s)

makhṣūṣ (specified or characterized by) 214

malāḥida (sing. mulḥid; heretics; atheists) 140n23

philosophers as 289n13

maʿlūl (effect) 213–214

Mamluks 72, 79

man. See also humanity

as absolute or unconditioned (al-insān al-muṭlaq) 241

and God, relationship between 36

as sign of God 23

universal (al-insān al-kullī) 241–242

maʿnā (lexical signification) 191–192

See also meaning(s); notion(s)

maʿnawī (qualitative) 65

Manichaeans 56

Manichaeism 32

maʿqūl. See intelligible

maraboutism 83

maṣlaḥa (utility, public interest) 89n34, 90n42

masses 40, 124, 180

See also common folk/people; humanity; man

communicating with 59–60

vs. elite 121

jumhūr, pl. jamāhīr 120, 122–123

materialism (dahriyya) 32

materialist(s) 56, 233n23

dahriyya 104n99, 289n13

(pseudo-)philosophers (al-mutafalsifa al-dahriyya) 113

matter 229n9

vs. form 251

Māturīdīs, creed of 100

mawjūd (existent, existing). See existent(s)

Mazdaism 32

meaning(s). See also interpretation(s)

alteration of (tabdīl) 135–136

assigning a definite, particular (tafwīḍ) 133, 209

common 284, 285

dalāla 164n80

everyday 220–221

as explicit (ṣarīḥ) 200, 204

intended (al-murād) 196, 198

maʿnā, pl. maʿānī 185, 224

al-ḥaqīqa (proper) 196

Ibn Taymiyya’s theory of 188, 197, 199, 252, 279–280, 290

mushtarak (shared) 247, 280–281, 284, 287

ṣarf al- (deflection of) 196

proper (al-ḥaqīqa) 196

transposition of (naql) 158

–use distinction 201

medicine 171

mental

constructs, abstract 272

existence 229, 231

vs. extra-mental existence 241

hypotheses (muqaddarāt dhihniyya) 248

metaphors 7, 51, 121, 135–136, 183, 277

metaphysics 60–61, 67–68, 76, 143, 169, 293

miḥna (“inquisition”) 39–40, 46, 115, 117

mind(s) 274, 282

See also mental

and cognitive faculties (ʿuqūl) 271

fī al-adhhān (intramental, logical, conceptual) 18, 229–230, 241, 252

theoretical constructs/order of 197, 218, 291

miracles 56, 150–152

modality, or “how” (kayf/kayfiyya) 185, 188, 190–192, 279–281

bi-lā kayf doctrine 65

moderate path (ḥadd al-iqtiṣād) 126

modernity (Islamic) 19

Mongol(s) 9, 20, 79

and invasion of Damascus 81–82

threats 84, 86

monotheism 262

Christianity as rival 32

Islamic 35n57

moral

interest (maṣlaḥa) 135

license/wrongdoing 159

responsibility 37

scrupulousness (waraʿ) 89

muḥkam

determinate, vs. mutashābih (indeterminate) 185–186

as literal 183

verses 99, 186

mujtahid 84, 90

murakkab. See composite

Murjiʾa 105

mushābaha. See similar (mutashābih)/similarity; tashbīh

Muslims 20, 24n9, 143

as ahl al-qibla 105

early 28, 31–32, 70, 223, 240

first three generations (qurūn) of 91, 103, 142n26, 208

mutaʾakhkhirūn (later school, Ashʿarī) 53, 62, 65, 66, 69, 183, 187, 209n91

mutakallimūn 46, 145, 167, 173, 209n91, 267

and “equivalence of proofs” (takāfuʾ al-adilla) 147

and Ibn Sīnā 55, 61, 74, 120–121

Ibn Taymiyya on 105–107, 122, 147, 228, 259

mutakallimat ahl al-ḥadīth (ḥadīth folk specialized in kalām) 107

rationalistic, on meaning of revelation 179

and tawḥīd 219–220

and taʾwīl 122, 136, 184

and technical terms 212–215

use of term 38

mutaqaddimūn (early authorities, Ashʿarī) 53, 62, 65, 109, 135n11

mutashābih. See also indeterminate

as ambiguous 211

as figurative 183

as similar 248

verses 186–187, 189–190, 193

mutawātir (highly recurrent or mass transmitted report) 105, 134n7, 210, 271

See also reports

Muʿtazila (sing. Muʿtazilī) 6–7, 109, 146, 170, 243

and/vs. affirmationists 113, 176, 295

and al-Ashʿarī/Ashʿarīs 71, 92, 111, 132

deposing of 40, 47

on divine attributes 50n120, 105, 108, 111, 113, 117, 217

doctrines 39, 49, 65, 108, 111, 180

five principles (al-uṣūl al-khamsa) of 41

Ibn Taymiyya on 109, 209n91, 288, 295

internal discord of 142–143

and kalām 43, 63, 106

methods/views of 41–42, 49–50

and one/oneness (tawḥīd) 41, 217–219

as people of (divine) justice and unicity (ahl al-ʿadl wa-l-tawḥīd) 57

on Qurʾān as created 46

rise of 39, 53

theses of 42, 55–56, 117

mutually exclusive 229, 241, 269–270

and contradictory 216, 269

opposites 191

mystical monism/system (of Ibn ʿArabī) 82, 86, 88

names 281

asmāʾ 19, 100, 189, 216, 280

ishtirāk al- 183

of God 19, 100, 114, 169, 170

naql ṣaḥīḥ (authentic revelation) 292, 298

See also revelation

naẓar (discursive reasoning/rational inquiry) 63–64, 64n191

ḥasan/ḥusn al- (sound rational investigation/inference/reasoning) 265, 274, 296, 298

naẓar sayyiʾ or sūʾ al-naẓar (lit. “bad reasoning”) 274

necessary/necessity 139

vs. contingent/contingency 233n24, 257, 286, 290

ḍarūrī 256, 258–259

knowledge 254, 270, 275

wājib 61, 138–139

negationism 296

and condemnation by Salaf 116–117

extreme 113, 117–118, 138–139

Ibn Taymiyya on 114–115, 128n198, 138–139, 141, 176, 209n91, 289

of Muʿtazilīs 110

nafy 103–104, 116, 173, 180

vs. affirmation (ithbāt) 269

tajahhum 104n99, 110

negationist(s) 170

Ibn Taymiyya on 170, 209, 263, 290

jahmī, jahmiyya 104, 107

nufāh 138, 209–210, 263

theology of attributes 243

Neoplatonism 32, 54, 56, 61–62, 277

Night Journey (isrāʾ), to Jerusalem 261

nominalism 243

nominalist, Ibn Taymiyya as 92, 256n103

nominatum/a (musammā, pl. musammayāt) 138, 189, 220

non-apparent (muʾawwal) 191

non-eternality, of the world 39

non-existent (maʿdūm) 113, 121, 243

non-literal/figurative (majāz) meaning 191, 193–194

See also interpretation(s)

non-particularized (ghayr muʿayyan) 245

non-preponderant (marjūḥ) 184, 191, 195

normativity (of fiṭra) 260–261

notional (iʿtibārī) 259, 275

notion(s)

abstract 215n111, 288

maʿnā, pl. maʿānī 231, 244, 282, 284

See also meaning(s)

universally shared 217n112

nullification/denial, of divine attributes (taʿṭīl) 103, 180, 289n13

obligatory (wājib) 111

See also necessary

observation 236n34

empirical 166–167

obvious or overt (ẓāhir) 199–200

See also apparent

sense of revealed texts 135, 158, 179–181

See also revelation

one

aḥad, wāḥid 219–220

See also wāḥid

in Arabic 218–219

as lack of plurality 217–218

oneness. See also tawḥīd

of divine essence, attributes, and acts 219–220

of God 112, 216–217, 219–220

notion/concept of 56–57

ontological

concomitance (istilzām, talāzum) 222

constitution 248

necessity (wujūb) 64

reality(ies) (ḥaqīqa, pl. ḥaqāʾiq) 246–247, 250, 252

ontology 235, 283, 289, 293

confusion in 277

of Ibn Taymiyya 17, 19, 227–228, 254, 277, 286, 289

opinion, reasoned (raʾy) 29, 44, 175

ahl al-raʾy 29, 39, 89

opposites 176, 258, 269, 283, 287, 293

See also contradictions

mutually exclusive 191

optimism, epistemological (of Ibn Taymiyya) 76n259

origination. See temporal origination

orthodox(y) 45, 66, 86, 115, 142n26, 143

belief 171

vs. heterodox(y) 91

Sunnī 39–40, 117

outer/outward (ẓāhir) 227, 230

See also obvious

parables (amthāl) 165

paradise 277, 282

See also heaven(s)

parochialism, intellectual/epistemic 297

part (juzʾ) 120, 139, 219

particularization (takhṣīṣ) 158, 203

particulars 236n33, 242–244, 246–247, 254, 255, 258–259

ʿayn, aʿyān, muʿayyan 230, 232, 245, 251

perceptible (maḥsūs) 229, 230–231, 233, 238, 241, 245, 251, 277

See also empirical

bodies (ajsām) 229n9, 251

perception, external (ḥiss ẓāhir) 234

See also sensation/sense perception

perfect, vs. imperfect 290

perfection, vs. deficiency 286

Peripatetic(s) 126, 233n23, 248, 249n78

tradition (Muslim) 54

perplexed/perplexity 144, 147, 169

See also confusion

ḥayra 112n142, 211n103

pessimism, epistemological (of al-Rāzī) 76n259

agnostic (of later mutakallimūn) 147

philosophers 6, 55–56, 123, 126–127, 143, 173, 285

arguments against 250–251, 259, 289, 294

as atheists (malāḥida) 288–289

categories/methods of 292

confusion of 228, 243

differences among 143

esotericist (bāṭiniyyat al-falāsifa) 124

vs. masses 124

on meaning of revelation 179–180

and negationism 113, 138

and one/oneness 217–219

tawḥīd of 101, 122

taʾwīl of 122, 184, 288

technical/specialized words used by 213, 220–223

on universals 241, 244

philosophical

elite (khāṣṣa) 120

nomenclature, formal 35–36

See also terms

tradition, independent 72

philosophy 16, 63, 66, 68, 80

See also kalām

Arabic 12

of Ibn Taymiyya 13, 15, 17

and Islamic discourse 73–74

and religion 55, 58

terms and categories of 75

and theology 73

piety (taʾalluh) 125

Platonic

forms 243, 245

view, of the relationship of universals to particulars 242

Platonists 233n23

poetics (shiʿr) 59

populace. See common folk/people

prayer(s) 171, 173, 207

precedence/priority

of conclusive indicants, over inconclusive ones 157–159, 162–163

of opinion, over revelation/Qurʾān and Sunna 170, 174–175

of reason, over revelation (or of revelation over reason) 133, 141, 149, 152–153, 155, 156, 159, 163, 175–176, 289

of scriptural, over rational proof 161–162

predestination 36, 39, 42

preferability (tafḍīl) 88n33

preference. See precedence/priority

premises 93, 262, 273, 276, 295n21

soundness of 294–295

true 265

preponderant (rājiḥ) [meaning] 191, 194–195, 201

See also probative value

present (shāhid) 230

See also empirical; seen; visible

primary/preponderant, vs. secondary/non-preponderant (meaning) 193

principles (uṣūl) 93, 152

probability 157

ẓann 17

See also conjecture; inconclusive

probative value, possessing (rājiḥ) 157–158, 162

See also preponderant

proof(s) 292

adilla 114, 170

burhān 123, 269

equivalence of (takāfuʾ al-adilla) 147, 211n103

in and of itself (fī nafs al-amr) 161

valid vs. invalid 165

prophecy, reality of 150

prophethood 154, 172

prophets 55, 232

method of calling to religion 147

providence, divine 61

Pythagoreans 233n23, 243, 245

qadar (divine decree) 27

Qadarīs (Qadariyya; proponents of free will) 34, 36, 43n77

qalb, as locus of rational reflection 24

See also heart(s)

al-qānūn al-kullī (the universal rule). See universal rule

qarāʾin (context) 18, 182, 198

Qarāmiṭa 7n5, 172

qidam (eternality) 214

See also eternal

denial of 41

qiyās (analogy; analogical reasoning) 19, 29n31, 30, 278–279

See also analogy

qiyās al-ghāʾib ʿalā al-shāhid (or al-qiyās bi-l-shāhid ʿalā al-ghāʾib) 50, 278–280

qualification (waṣf) 189

quality(ies) (ṣifa, pl. ṣifāt) 216, 265

See also attributes

quiddity(ies) 76, 243, 250

māhiyya 246, 248–250

Qurʾān 88–89, 116, 123

See also revelation; scripture; taʾwīl

addressed to/recipients of 28, 187, 206, 294

ambiguous (mutashābih) verses of 184, 185–186, 193, 199

and argumentation 25, 32n43

on attributes 35, 65, 145, 210, 288

authenticity of 160, 267

as Book of God 115–116

as clear and manifest (mubīn) 18, 182–183, 185, 206

as clear/clarity of 25, 166, 174, 184, 226

and contradictions 42, 170, 172

and disputation 175

exegesis (tafsīr) of 28, 37, 39, 41, 69

figurative/metaphorical expressions of 121

See also interpretation(s)

hermeneutics of 90, 182–183

Ibn Taymiyya on 91, 93, 128n199, 158, 165–166, 207, 217–218, 223n133, 247n74

and logic 68

meanings of 171–172, 185

as mutawātir 239–240

nature of, as created or uncreated 35, 37, 39, 41, 44n81, 46, 105, 117, 147

and parables in 165

and plain sense of 6, 42

and rational

methods 49, 70

objections 158

proofs 25n18, 45, 166

and reason/reflection 24–26, 27n24, 64n191, 77, 154

as report 238–240, 266, 276, 284

revealed to Muḥammad, in Arabic 225, 232

and seen/unseen realms 232

on state of humans 262

and taʾwīl 184–185, 187, 189–190, 223n133

as word of God/God’s speech 34, 37, 46

rājiḥ. See preponderant

rational

ʿaqlī 28, 97, 164, 292n18

argumentation 25n17, 27, 49, 103–104, 116, 130, 173

arguments 110–111, 113–115, 117, 140–141, 142, 149, 151–152, 154

assent (taṣdīq) 253, 276

attributes (ṣifāt ʿaqliyya) 112

axioms 298

certainty 63, 127, 160

coherence 216

conclusions 160

ʿaqliyyāt/maʿqūlāt 151, 181, 225, 297

demonstration (burhān) 70, 126, 165

discourse 33, 70, 212

faculty(ies) 27, 148, 155, 254, 275

indicants/proofs 156, 161–162, 164, 211n103

inquiry/inference 26–27, 64, 120, 277

naẓar 70n227, 112n142, 152, 265

qiyāsayn (of Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal) 115

intuition 272

methods 39, 93

necessity (ḍarūra) 142

objections 6, 8, 110, 141

muʿāriḍ ʿaqlī 103, 158, 180–181, 186

principles 77

proofs/arguments 70, 159, 166

dalīl ʿaqlī/adilla ʿaqliyya 157–158, 170–171, 211n103

reflection 27n24, 64n191

sciences 28, 63, 97

soul (al-nafs al-nāṭiqa) 252

speculation 180, 183, 215

rationalism 30, 37, 97

theological 44

rationalist(s) 30, 35, 170, 179

nuẓẓār 112n142, 144, 214–215

/textualist cleavage 37

rationality 58, 130, 294, 297

Greek model of 127

types of 60

raʾy (reasoned opinion). See opinion

realism (of Ibn Taymiyya) 243–244, 256n103

reality(ies)

abstract 231

external 274

fī al-khārij 229, 250–251

extra-mental 228

ḥaqīqa, pl. ḥaqāʾiq 19, 188–189, 248–250

essential ontological 279–281, 284, 286, 290

ontological/ultimate 188–192

witnessing (mushāhada) of 71

nature of 228

notional, in the mind 249

sensory 122

transcendent 127

reason 8, 27, 36, 39, 76, 127, 128, 136, 140n24, 148, 154–155, 200, 279, 297

abstract 183, 258

ʿaql 24, 37, 227, 253, 262–263, 285

and authenticity of texts 164n80

category of 167–168

conclusions reached through 216

congruent with Qurʾān 49n116

contradictions with 170–171, 216

to determine meaning 193

human 23–24, 30n35, 77, 126

Ibn Taymiyya’s deconstruction and reconstruction of 130–131, 228, 289

as instinct in man (gharīza fī al-insān) 253

and knowledge 17, 27n24, 135, 150

and nature of/comprehension of God 37, 47n102

principles of 114, 285

pure/sound (ʿaql ṣarīḥ/ṣarīḥ al-maʿqūl) 18, 76n259, 93, 104, 114, 147, 169, 209, 212, 226, 241, 259, 292, 298

and agreement/harmony with revelation 129–130, 141–142, 175–176, 207

and authentic revelation (naql ṣaḥīḥ) 6

Ibn Taymiyya on role of 180n3

and innate/empirical knowledge 274

to reach truth 95, 118

as valid/true vs. invalid/false 167

reason and revelation 16–17, 114, 125, 148, 181, 216, 274

See also precedence/priority

binary of 163, 168

reason vs. revelation (ʿaql–naql) 168

conflict between 6–8, 16–17, 116–117, 129–131, 132, 137, 179, 288

causes of 211–212

contradiction between 6, 84, 90, 118, 153, 156, 161, 169, 171–172, 176, 179

al-Fārābī on 58, 60

Ibn Taymiyya’s resolution of 8, 17, 142, 167–168, 173, 227–228

as mutually concomitant (mutalāzimān) 298

paradigm 23, 25, 148

and reconciliation between 30n35, 119

relationship of 4–5, 15, 25, 58, 78, 102, 119, 129

al-Shāfiʿī on 30

works relevant to 99

reasoning. See also analogy; discursive

abstract 207

formal deductive 69

Islamic theological 69

istidlāl 158, 211n103

in law/legal 29–31

methods of 69, 77

orthodox vs. heterodox 91

sound (ḥusn al-naẓar) 64n191

See also rational

reflection 25

relational

judgement 231, 258–259

phenomena 283

principles 254, 280

religion 135, 289

falsification of 116

milla 120

popular, and excesses of 100

purpose of 119

truth of 25

religious teachings (sharāʾiʿ) 121–122

reports

recurrently mass transmitted (mutawātir, pl. mutawātirāt) 171–172, 236n34, 239–240

and statements (aqwāl) 204

transmitted (khabar, pl. akhbār) 18, 231, 236, 240, 266, 275, 276, 279–280, 284, 298

as part of unseen realm 237

true (ṣādiq) 239, 254, 266, 289, 291

resemblance. See also like(ness); similar (mutashābih)/similarity

between God and created things (tanzīh), denial of 41

mithl/mumāthala 285

and similarity (tashābuh wa-tamāthul) 246

resurrection

events of 231

physical/bodily 56, 68, 101, 113, 117, 159

revelation 24, 56, 70, 73n243, 93, 106, 148, 200

See also reason and revelation; scripture

and abrogation 172

as ambiguous/indeterminate 123, 192

and analogy 90

and appeal to reflect/consider/reason/ponder 130

in Arabic 198–199

and attributes 103, 140

See also God

authentic (naql ṣaḥīḥ/ṣaḥīḥ al-manqūl) 6, 17, 130, 142, 147, 226, 289, 298

authenticity/validity of 93, 104, 133, 137, 149–153, 155, 162, 167, 171, 212, 298–299

-based (naqlī) 97

as a category 168

and certain (yaqīn) knowledge 112

clarity (bayān) of 192

as clear, manifest (mubīn) 183, 199, 206, 225

as consistent with itself and reason 216

content of 172

context of 220

contradictions with 171–172, 176, 211, 213

on ghayb and shahāda 235–236

as grounded in reason 150, 159

as images and metaphors 135

imperative (inshāʾī) and declarative (ikhbārī) statements of 175

and language of/linguistic conventions 59, 119–120, 127, 206–207, 212, 288

for masses/people 124, 180, 218

meaning of 137, 207, 226

obvious sense/outward meaning of 124, 127, 176, 185

opposition to 174

or religion (sharīʿa) 165

over reason 289

See also precedence/priority

and philosophical tradition 77

plain sense of 6, 103–104, 117, 121, 141, 155, 179–181, 220

purpose of 120

and rational arguments 152

as source of (objective) knowledge 128, 130

as straightforward 142

text(s) of 25, 193, 196, 203–204, 228

transmitted from Salaf (maʾthūr ʿan al-salaf) 205

as transmitted report 238, 281, 284

revelational/transmitted (naqlī) 29

reversability principle 53, 64, 66

reward, and punishment 169

rhetoric (khiṭāb) 59

ruʾya (“beatific vision”) 234n29

Sabians, of Harran 31

saints, cult of 83

sajʿ (rhymed prose), in Ibn Taymiyya’s writing 98

Salaf 88, 89, 91, 103–104, 141, 180, 182, 187–188, 225–226, 227, 288

affirmationism of 113, 208

consensus (ijmāʿ) of 205, 210

on createdness of the Qurʾān 117

on divine attributes 116–117, 210

and early authorities (al-salaf wa-l-aʾimma) 105, 210n94

linguistic conventions of 192, 201

normative understanding/status of 114–115, 208–209

positions/reported statements (aqwāl) of 96, 107, 185, 204–205, 240

on taʾwīl 116, 190–191, 193

ṣarīḥ (clear, pure, unadulterated) 292

Satan 155

scholars 114, 174

authoritative, of the early community (aʾimmat al-salaf) 46, 105

firmly grounded in knowledge 123, 186

of ḥadīth 124

later (khalaf) 208

learned (ʿulamāʾ) 204

legal (fuqahāʾ, sing. faqīh), 114 (See also jurists)

school(s)

method of early (ṭarīq al-mutaqaddimīn), vs. later (ṭarīq al-mutaʾakhkhirīn) 66

of thought 16, 80, 102, 135, 142, 169, 272, 288

madhhab (pl. madhāhib) 44

science(s)

demonstrative 59n174

Islamic religious 28, 240

linguistic 215n111

of logic 169

rational 28, 63, 97

and revelation 19

scriptural/scripturally validated 292n18

indicant/proof 134, 156–159, 161–162, 164–165, 167–168, 196

vs. innovated 164–165, 167

scripture. See also Qurʾān; revelation

authentic 163

or religion (shirʿa) 164

and outward meanings of 121

plain-sense understanding of 175, 223, 227

and rational arguments 150–151

seen. See also visible

realm of 232–233, 280, 283–284

shahāda 230, 275, 284

self-evident

axioms (badīhiyyāt) 259, 271, 291

badāʾih al-ʿuqūl 273

badīhī 18, 254, 258–259, 264, 270

knowledge (ʿilm) 269–270

principles of demonstration 59n174

semi-rationalists 48

sensation/sense perception 237, 258, 280, 288, 298

ḥiss 18, 227, 233, 236, 237, 257, 273, 275, 279, 291

external (ẓāhir) 230, 240, 275

internal (bāṭin) 231, 241, 275

shahāda (visible realm) 230, 235, 240

See also seen

and ghayb 232

realm of 280–281

shāhid 284

vs. ghāʾib 233n24

realm 50, 237, 277–278

Shaqḥab, battle of 82, 86

sharʿ (revelation) 165

sharʿī

-ʿaqlī (scripturally validated rational) 17, 165–166

–bidʿī (scripturally validated vs. innovated) 17, 164

-samʿī (scripturally validated revelational) 165–166

Sharīʿa 91

sharing (ishtirāk), ontological vs. logical/notional 242–243, 247

sh-h-d [root] 230n11

Shīʿa 105, 124, 142–143, 243

of Kasrawān 81–82, 86

Shīʿism 100

shirʿa (revealed religion) 164

shirk (idolatry) 83

shubha (pl. shubuhāt, shubah; doubt or confusion) 148n43, 263–264

ṣifa (pl. ṣifāt; attribute) 213

See also attributes

khabariyya (revealed) 69

sight/seeing 237, 280–281

signification

analogical (ishtirāk maʿnawī) 280

dalāla 157, 160, 170

(See also proof(s))

signs 152

similar (mutashābih)/similarity 246–247, 248

See also assimilationism; tashbīh

mushābaha, tashābuh 281, 285, 287

or likeness (mumāthala) between attributes of God and those of created beings 211

tashbīh, between God and created entities 243

similitude (tashbīh). See assimilationism; tashbīh

simple (basīṭ) 139, 216

simplicity (of God, without positive attributes) 217

sin 34

sinner, status of grave 41

sīra [biography], of the Prophet Muḥammad 26

siyāq (context) 18, 182, 198

skepticism 127, 268

See also doubt

of Islamicists, regarding authenticity of ḥadīth 26n19

sophistry (safsaṭa) 7, 59n174

fī al-ʿaqliyyāt 7 fig. 1, 143 fig. 2

soul(s) 231–233, 236, 241

indwelling in body 252

rūḥ 232, 251, 282

space (ḥayyiz) 269

occupying (taḥayyuz) 213

spatial

dimension 234

location (jiha) [re. God] 205n80

specialists [of particular discipline] (al-khāṣṣa) 218

species 242–245, 258

speculation(s) 172, 201, 293

See also conjecture

abstract 226, 292

speech 136

See also language/linguistic

of Arabs 192, 206n82

community 206–207

of God 41

types of, imperative 175, 191

spiritual

experience 127

insights 295

unveiling (kashf) 71, 125, 146, 232n20

state (ḥāl) 104

See also aḥwāl

Stoic elements (in Near Eastern intellectual environment) 32

subjectivity 297

Successors (tābiʿūn; ca. 100–170/718–786) 43n77, 116, 136, 142n26, 204, 208

interpretations transmitted from (maʾthūra ʿan) 210

Successors of the Successors (tābiʿū al-tābiʿīn; ca. 170–220/786–835) 116, 142n26, 208

Sufi(s) 114, 117, 285

monists, and quiddities 243

orders, Qādirī 88n31

Sufism 72, 88n32

tradition of 87

Sumaniyya 32, 104n99, 289n13

Sunna 27, 93, 116, 166, 171–172, 173, 198

ahl al-sunna 43, 46, 106–107, 204

al-Ashʿarī/Ashʿarīs on 107–110

conformity to 191

contradictions with 170

distance from 142–143, 170

early works of 210

and al-Ghazālī 70, 112

and Ḥanbalīs 88–89, 91, 106

Ibn Taymiyya’s use of the term 142n26

as mutawātir 171, 240

and opinion given priority over 175

al-Shāfiʿī on 29–30

supplication (for divine aid) (istighātha) 83

ṣūra (image, form) 213

suspension of meaning (tafwīḍ) 130, 135–136

See also tafwīḍ

syllogism(s)/syllogistic 92, 165

arts 59

categorical (qiyās al-shumūl), as compared to analogy (qiyās al-tamthīl) 278

demonstration 126

direct or standard, vs. indirect 64

figures 69n219

symbolic

exegesis (tafsīr), of Qurʾān 69

or allegorical language, vs. literal 120

symbolism, theory of (i.e., allegory, tamthīl) 69

syntax 158

Syriac (language) 31

tabādur 196–197

taḍlīl, tajhīl and 135–137, 176

tafsīr (Qurʾānic exegesis/explication) 76–77, 80, 188

of early scholars/Companions 187, 189–190

early works of 209–210

al-maʿnā (simple explication of meaning) 225, 287

tafwīḍ (entrusting meaning to God) 103, 111, 116, 141, 183, 185, 186, 209

taḥrīf 193n49

and taʾwīl 135–136

tajhīl, and taḍlīl 135–137, 176

See also ignorance

takhyīl (“imaginalization,” or imaginative evocation) 60, 292

See also imagination

wahm and 135–136

tanzīh (denial of resemblance between God and created things) 41

of God’s essence and attributes 287

tarjīḥ (preponderant, predominance) 158

tarkīb. See composition

taṣawwuf 125

See also Sufism

tashbīh (assimilationism) 6, 19, 50n120, 111, 113, 117, 137, 285

ontological vs. notional 287, 290

similitude 121

taʿṭīl (denial/nullification, of God’s attributes). See nullification

tawassul (supplication for divine aid) 83, 85

tawātur (recurrent mass transmission) 18, 134n7, 228, 239–240, 267–268, 270, 276, 291–292

lafẓī (verbatim) 239

maʿnawī (thematic) 239, 266

pan-human 272

as source of knowledge 266–267

tawḥīd (oneness of God) 18, 70, 184, 215, 220–221

and common people 120, 122

doctrine/notion of 41, 120–121

of philosophers 101

taʾwīl 6, 8, 19, 40, 65, 69, 111, 183, 202, 223n133

from Companions and Successors 204

contextual 202, 225

definition of 186n16, 187–190

figurative interpretation 6, 122, 126, 285

meanings of 184, 189, 193

metaphorical interpretation 141, 288

negationist 122

by philosophers and mutakallimūn 122, 184

qānūn al- (“[univeral] rule of”) 69n224, 77n269

rationalistic 209

as tafsīr al-maʿnā (simple explication of meaning) 281, 287

taḥrīf and [by mutakallimūn] 135–136

Taymiyyan pyramid 7, 89, 104, 130, 142–143, 148

technical (iṣṭilāḥī) meaning/usage 184, 216, 224

temporal origination

of accidents

ḥudūth al-aʿrāḍ 106

ṭarīq al-aʿrāḍ 110n128

of bodies (ḥudūth al-ajsām) 64

of events 117

ḥudūth/ḥawādith 104, 105–106, 214, 275n162

muḥdath 138–139

of the universe 8, 258n110

of the world (ḥudūth al-ʿālam) 65, 112–113

terms (alfāẓ)

common philosophical 221–223

conventional meanings of 213

generic (ʿāmma) 247

of particular group convention (ʿurfiyya ʿurfan khāṣṣan) 212–213

particularization of (takhṣīṣ) 158

technical 18, 212–214

as used by rationalists 214–215

vague and ambiguous (mujmala mutashābiha) 183, 211–214

textual criticism (of ḥadīth) 239

textualism 30, 202

theological 92

textualist(s) 35

as opposed to literalist 30, 201

theologians 25n18, 45, 119, 124

See also mutakallimūn

defined 43

on muḥkam and mutashābih 186– 187

theology 16, 30n35, 63, 77, 80, 97, 217

Ashʿarī 5, 72

dialectical 144

discursive 25n18, 146–147, 171–172

foundations of (uṣūl al-dīn, al-masāʾil al-uṣūliyya) 114, 158, 240

rational vs. scriptural 166

kalām 33, 67, 72, 125

negative 57

non-speculative 42–43, 97

and philosophy 54n142, 73

Qurʾānic rational 92

speculative 28, 37, 74, 225

traditionalist 97

throne [of God] 145, 169, 180, 191–192, 203, 204

thubūt 162

See also authentic

authenticity (of Qurʾānic text) 157, 160, 162, 164n80

factual existence 19

(See also existence)

factual truth 270

traditionalism 12, 46n94

Ḥanbalī(s) 53

philosophical 93

theological 97

transcendence/transcendent 127–128

See also unseen

divine/of God 103, 205

theosophy (ḥikma mutaʿāliya) (of Mullā Ṣadrā) 72

translation movement, Greco-Arabic 38–39, 53–54

transmission (naql) 237

See also revelation

trials (of Ibn Taymiyya) 80, 96

truth/true 25, 125, 141–142, 152–153, 268n144

about God, man, world 127

factual (thubūt) 270

vs. false(hood) 130, 147, 212, 263

indicators of 163, 168

in one [opinion] (al-ḥaqq fī wāḥid) 90

questions of ultimate 28

of revelation 149–150

through reason 128, 136

unitary, normative 89

ʿulamāʾ (religious scholars) 46, 186, 204

umma 114, 262, 297

See also community

unconditioned/absolute. See absolute

uncreated, vs. created 233n24

uncreatedness [of Qurʾān] 35, 37, 39, 41, 46, 105, 117, 147

unicity 7

See also tawḥīd

of truth 89, 90n40, 142–143

unity of being (waḥdat al-wujūd), of Ibn ʿArabī 113

universal rule (of interpretation) (al-qānūn al-kullī/qānūn al-taʾwīl) 6, 77n269, 110, 132–135, 137, 141, 153, 173, 298

and compatibility with Islamic revelation 173

Ibn Taymiyya’s refutation of 6, 14, 16, 77, 148–149, 150–152, 155, 156, 163, 168–169, 172

Ibn Taymiyya’s understanding of 130, 298

al-Rāzī on 40, 77, 104, 119, 159

universal(s) 101, 243–244, 247–248, 249, 277–278, 282, 290

common 242–243, 246, 278, 285

concepts

God’s knowledge of (as opposed to particulars) 68

“horseness” as example of 242, 244

or notions 229, 246–248, 251–252, 254, 257, 269

existence (al-wujūd al-kullī) 242

known through reason 254

kullī, pl. kulliyyāt 18, 255, 290

mujarrada (abstract) 245

ṭabīʿiyya (natural) 244, 254, 255, 258

linguistic principles 198

logical notions/rules 255–258

meanings (maʿānī) 19, 284, 287

middle term 278

and particulars 251–252, 253

Aristotelian model/view 242, 245

unseen 169, 290

ghayb (n.)/ghāʾib (adj.) 27n24, 233, 277, 297

realities 141, 236, 277

realm 19, 230–232, 234, 237–238, 275, 284

ghayr mashhūd 277

metaphysical, vs. empirical (“seen”) 19

modality of 190

realities 50, 185, 188

ʿuqalāʾ (sing. ʿāqil) (rational persons) 157, 171

ʿuqūl (minds, intellects) 262

uṣūl al-dīn 43n78, 99

See also principles; theology

uṣūl al-fiqh 67, 194n51, 197

uṣūlī taxonomy (of ẓāhir and muʾawwal meanings) 198

utterances (alfāẓ) 287

See also language; speech; terms; words

valid, correct (ṣaḥīḥ) 292n18

veracity 154

See also authentic

verbal form (lafẓ) 200–201, 209

visible. See also shahāda; shāhid

external reality (mashhūd) 230

or seen (shahāda) 27n24

realm 50, 234, 236, 237

world of sense perception/empirical vs. world of unseen 50, 234

vocabulary 73, 226

See also terms; words

volition, assertion of human 34

See also free will

wāḥid (one) 18, 184, 213n108, 215, 223

linguistic meaning of 217

wahm (pl. wahmiyyāt; estimative propositions) 273n160

and takhyīl 135–137

walī (pl. awliyāʾ; person of high spiritual rank) 83

visiting graves of 85

waṣiyya (testament) (of al-Rāzī) 145n34

weakness (attribute of) 287

whim (hawā, pl. ahwāʾ) 175

wisdom (ḥikma) 55, 154

Qurʾān as consummate (bāligha) 25

witnessed (mashhūd) 234

women 79, 85

words 201

See also literalism; terms

lafẓ (pl. alfāẓ) 198, 201

as technical terms 212, 224

world 238

destruction of 56

external (fī al-khārij) 228

present/current (dunyā) 128, 233

worship, acts of 159

wujūb (necessity) 214

Ẓāhirīs 106, 201–202

ẓāhir (apparent) meaning 191

See also apparent; obvious

Fußnoten

As catalogued by Muḥammad Rashād Sālim (ed. of the Darʾ) in the critical notes he provides for the passages in question.

Ibn Taymiyya has “al-Haytham,” but Sālim corrects this to “al-Hayṣam.” See Darʾ, 2:307, n. 1.

Ibn Sīnā: “bi-ḥaythu taṣiḥḥu” (in addition to “ḥaythu taṣiḥḥu”); “annahu hunāka”

Ibn Sīnā: “wa-l-ajlāf” and “min al-ajlāf”; “īmān maʿdūm” (in addition to “īmān bi-maʿdūm”)

Ibn Sīnā: “maʾkhūdha ʿalā al-istiʿāra”; “fa-ayna al-nuṣūṣ [also: al-nuṣūṣ al-tawḥīdiyya] al-mushīra ilā al-taṣrīḥ bi-l-tawḥīd al-maḥḍ”

Ibn Sīnā: “li-khiṭāb”

Ibn Rushd: “wa-anna ibṭāl”

Ibn Rushd: “bi-l-ʿilm”; “wa-ammā”

I include the original quotation from al-Tilimsānī’s Sharḥ here after Ibn Taymiyya’s paraphrase of it in the Darʾ, as it is clear that he reproduces the passage only loosely.

Al-Rāzī: “li-dafʿ hādhihi al-shukūk allatī laffaqahā”

The original version of the ḥadīth includes the standard phrase “May the peace and blessings of God be upon him” (ṣallā Llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam) each time the name of the Prophet is mentioned.

All translations are mine except where indicated in parentheses. “SQ” denotes The Study Quran (ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr et al.).

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Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation

A Study of Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql

Reihe: Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies, Band: 111

Cover Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation

ISBN:: 9789004412866

Verleger:: Brill

Print-Publikationsdatum:: 18 Jan 2022

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Front Matter

Part 1 Reason vs. Revelation?

Part 2 Ibn Taymiyya’s Reform of Language, Ontology, and Epistemology

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Indexes

Indexes

Index of Arabic Passages

Index of Ḥadīth

Index of People and Places

Index of Qurʾānic Verses

Index of Subjects

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Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation

A Study of Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql

Inhaltsverzeichnis

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