Volume 1
Preliminaries
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Foreword (Ê¿Abd AllÄh b. Ê¿Abd al-Muḥsin al-TurkÄ«) â®Ø-جâ¬â
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Editorâs preface (Muḥammad RashÄd SÄlim) 1â2
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Introduction 3â23
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Title of the work and number of volumes 4â7
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History of the composition of the Darʾ 7â10
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Subject of the Darʾ, with a summary description of its contents 10â23
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Documentary basis for the critical edition 23â70
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The ten manuscripts 23â64
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The abridgement (mukhtaá¹£ar) of al-HakÄrÄ« 60â64
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RisÄlat BayÄn khÄtam al-nabiyyÄ«n (intercalated into Darʾ at 1:25â78) 64â66
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The two previously printed editions (comprising only one-third of the full work) 66â70
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The method followed in establishing the critical edition 70â73
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Legend (to the documentary sources) 75
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Sample photographs from selected manuscripts 77â91
Darʾ taÊ¿ÄruḠal-Ê¿aql wa-l-naql
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Opening supplication 3
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The universal rule (al-qÄnÅ«n al-kullÄ«) for reconciling reason and revelation 4â8
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The two âinnovatedâ methods of reconciliation 8â20
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Alteration of meaning (tabdÄ«l), comprising two types: 8â15
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Instilling illusions and false imaginings (wahm and takhyÄ«l) 8â11
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Distorting meaning through figurative interpretation (taḥrÄ«f and taʾwÄ«l) 12â15
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The word taʾwÄ«l 14â15
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Presumption of ignorance and misguidance (the method of tajhÄ«l and taá¸lÄ«l) 15â19
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Summary 19â20
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The goal of the Darʾ taÊ¿Äruá¸: To demonstrate the invalidity of the universal rule (al-qÄnÅ«n al-kullÄ«) 20â24
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Excursus (consisting of the text of RisÄlat BayÄn khÄtam al-nabiyyÄ«n, in which Ibn Taymiyya responds to six questions on various general topics) 25â78
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The foundations (uṣūl) of the mutakallimÅ«n are not the true foundations of religion 38â43
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The permissibility of addressing specialists using their technical terms 43â46
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Ibn Taymiyyaâs summary response to the universal rule 78â86
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The beginning of Ibn Taymiyyaâs detailed refutation of the universal rule, from various âpoints of viewâ (wujÅ«h) [hereafter rendered as âargumentsâ] 86
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Argument 1 86â87
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Argument 2 87
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Argument 3 87â133
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Negation of the principle that reason grounds revelation 87â91
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Response to those who say, we give priority over revelation to that rational knowledge by which we have come to know the truth of revelation (6 points) 91â100
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On proving the existence of God from the temporal origination of accidents 100â133
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The prophets did not call people to believe in God through this method 100â104
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A response to those who claim that Abraham used this argument (5 points) 104â130
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A response to those who hold that revelation does not use this argument but that reason requires it (5 points) 130â133
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Arguments 4â9 134â170
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Argument 4 (134â137)
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Argument 5 (137)
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Argument 6 (138â144)
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Argument 7 (144â148)
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Argument 8 (148â156)
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Argument 9 (156â170)
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Argument 10 170â192
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Prioritizing revelation does not entail the invalidity of revelation in and of itself 171â176
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Two objections, with rebuttal 173â176
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Those to whom this work (the Darʾ) is addressed 176â177
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Objection: The validity of revelation is affirmed (only) as long as it does not contradict reason, with rebuttal (7 points) 177â192
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Argument 11: Much of what is called a proof is not a proof 192â194
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Argument 12: All rationally derived conclusions that contradict revelation are known by reason to be invalid 194
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Argument 13: Those revealed matters that reason is said to contradict are known of necessity to be part and parcel of the religion 195
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Argument 14: Knowledge of the intentions and objectives of the Prophet is both necessary and certain knowledge 195â198
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Argument 15: The opposite of a âsharÊ¿Ä«â proof is not a rational one but an innovated one 198â200
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Argument 16: The opponents end up with either taʾwÄ«l or tafwÄ«á¸, both of which are invalid 201â208
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Argument 17 208â279
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âInnovatedâ rational discourse is built on vague and ambiguous statements that contain both truth and falsehood 208â222
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The people of innovation use the words of the QurʾÄn, Sunna, and the Arabic language but intend them in senses that differ from their conventional meanings 222â223
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The meaning of âtawḥīdâ in the QurʾÄn and Sunna is different from what the people of innovation mean by it 224â228
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On the necessity of either refraining from the use of innovated terms or accepting only those terms whose meaning conforms with the QurʾÄn and Sunna 229â240
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Words are of two kinds: Those used in revelation and those without a basis in the revealed texts 240â249
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Example of the word ruʾya with respect to seeing God in the hereafter 250â254
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Example of the word jabr in the discussion on free will and determinism 254â256
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The question of the verbal recitation (lafáº) of the QurʾÄn 256â271
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General discussion of the importance of clarifying the meaning of terms; discussion of contradiction, difference, and similarity 271â278
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The meaning of Godâs âsettling on the throneâ 278â279
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Argument 18 280â320
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The rational arguments that form the basis for opposing scriptural proofs are invalid and contradictory 280
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The meaning of murakkab (composed) and iftiqÄr (dependence) 280â282
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The doctrine of those who negate the divine attributes, with rebuttal (3 points) 282â292
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Is Godâs existence the same as His essence or superadded to it? 292â296
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Recognizing misguidance and avoiding it 296â310
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The invalidity of appealing to the argument for the existence of God from accidents on the basis of the story of Abraham (4 points) 310â320
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Argument 19 320â406
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The invalidity of the argument for the existence of God from the temporal origination of motion and accidents 320â327
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The views of the mutakallimÅ«n and the philosophers concerning the divine will 327â334
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Al-UrmawÄ«âs objection to al-RÄzÄ«, with Ibn Taymiyyaâs response to al-UrmawÄ« 334â351
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Rebuttal of the philosophersâ doctrine of the eternality of the world
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Discussion of the different kinds of infinite regress (tasalsul) and which among them are possible or impossible 351â370
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Discussion of whether one of two equally possible contingents can come about without a determining cause (al-tarjīḥ bi-lÄ murajjiḥ) 371â374
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Every argument used by the negationists proves the opposite of their position 374â377
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Al-AbharÄ«âs refutation of the philosophersâ argument for the eternality of the world 377â385
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Al-AbharÄ«âs rebuttal of al-RÄzÄ«âs arguments for the temporal origination of bodies, with commentary by Ibn Taymiyya 385â406
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Volume 2
Volume 3
Volume 4
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On the weakness of the responses of al-RÄzÄ«, al-ÄmidÄ«, and others to the philosophersâ argument for the eternality of the world based on the perfection of the divine attributes (10 points) 3â18
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Discussion of the question of the advent of temporal events in Godâs essence (ḥulÅ«l al-ḥawÄdith fÄ« dhÄt AllÄh) 18â115
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Al-ÄmidÄ«âs discussion of the impossibility of the advent of temporal events in Godâs essence, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 18â45
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Historical overview of various positions 22â27
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Rebuttal of the philosophersâ arguments for the impossibility of the advent of temporal events in Godâs essence (5 points) 45â61
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Al-ÄmidÄ«âs third and fourth arguments, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 62â82
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Al-ÄmidÄ«âs method for proving the impossibility of the advent of temporal events in Godâs essence, with a rebuttal by Ibn Taymiyya (9 points) 82â96
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Al-ÄmidÄ«âs response to the KarrÄmiyya on this question (6 points), with commentary by Ibn Taymiyya 96â115
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Citation and discussion of al-ÄmidÄ«
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on the question of Godâs speech, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 115â137
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on the negation of corporealism (tajsÄ«m): Five main arguments, with responses and commentary by Ibn Taymiyya 137â237
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on the question whether Godâs existence is superadded to His essence 237â245
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on the refutation of composition (tarkÄ«b) in Godâs being, with responses and commentary by Ibn Taymiyya 245â266
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Al-ÄmidÄ«âs seventh point against the KarrÄmiyya on the question of the advent of originated events in Godâs essence 266â267
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Continuation of al-ÄmidÄ«âs refutation of Godâs being a body, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 267â284
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On al-GhazÄlÄ«âs charge in the TahÄfut that the philosophers are incapable of proving that the First One (God) is not a body, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 284â295
Volume 5
(Resumption of Ibn Taymiyyaâs discrete arguments against the universal rule)
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Argument 20 3â203
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On how the materialist atheists are able to get the better of those who deny the divine attributes (namely, by showing that their position logically commits them to a more systematic denial of the texts and reinterpretation of them via taʾwÄ«l) 3â6
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Al-AshÊ¿arÄ« in the IbÄna on his commitment to the way of Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal 6â10
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Ibn SÄ«nÄ in the Aá¸á¸¥awiyya on taʾwÄ«l and the non-literal meaning of the texts, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 10â36
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AbÅ« al-Ḥusayn al-Baá¹£rÄ« on the divine attributes, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya (followed by a passage from AbÅ« al-Ḥasan al-TaymÄ« on the real existence of the attributes) 36â50
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Ibn SÄ«nÄ in the Aá¸á¸¥awiyya and IshÄrÄt on the divine attributes, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 50â108
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Al-ÄmidÄ« on the divine attributes and the relationship of universals to particulars, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 108â128
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Ibn SÄ«nÄ in the IshÄrÄt on universals, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 128â152
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Al-RÄzÄ«âs failure to distinguish between cause (Ê¿illa) and condition (shará¹) 152â157
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Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal on the relationship of the divine attributes to Godâs essence, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 157â186
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Al-JuwaynÄ« on the divine attributes, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 186â203
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Arguments 21â30 204â288
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Argument 21 (204â209)
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Argument 22 (210â211)
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Argument 23 (211â214)
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Argument 24 (214â216)
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Argument 25 (216â223)
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Argument 26 (223â233)
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Argument 27 (234â241)
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Argument 28 (242â268)
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Argument 29 (268â286)
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Argument 30 (286â288)
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Argument 31 289â320
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Al-RÄzÄ« in NihÄyat al-Ê¿uqÅ«l on what can be known only through reason, only through revelation, and through both, as well as the argument from the temporal origination of bodies, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 289â295
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Objection: What if the specific rational grounds by which we know the authenticity of revelation do not contradict what revelation affirms of Godâs attributes and actions but other rational considerations do?, with response by Ibn Taymiyya (10 points) 295â320
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Al-DÄrimÄ« in al-Radd Ê¿alÄ al-jahmiyya, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 302â312
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Argument 32 320â338
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Al-RÄzÄ« on the status of revealed indicants (adilla samÊ¿iyya), with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 328â338
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Arguments 33â36 338â346
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Argument 33 (338â340)
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Argument 34 (340â343)
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Argument 35 (343â345)
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Argument 36 (345â346)
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Al-GhazÄlÄ« on taʾwÄ«l in the IḥyÄʾ, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 347â357
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Arguments 37â42 357â392
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Argument 37 (357â358)
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Argument 38 (359â363)
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Argument 39 (363â370)
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Argument 40 (370â374)
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Argument 41 (374â387)
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Argument 42 (387â392)
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Volume 6
Argument 43 3â352
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Al-RÄzÄ« in LubÄb al-ArbaÊ¿Ä«n on spatial location (jiha) and place (makÄn) with respect to God, with commentary by Ibn Taymiyya 8â19
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Knowledge of Godâs being above (Ê¿uluww) is innate and necessary knowledge 11â19
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Ibn SÄ«nÄ in the IshÄrÄt and ShifÄʾ on the imaginative and estimative faculties, with comments and a rebuttal by Ibn Taymiyya 19â59
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Ibn SÄ«nÄ in the IshÄrÄt on gnosis (Ê¿irfÄn) and gnostics (Ê¿ÄrifÅ«n), with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 59â87
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Resumption of Ibn Taymiyyaâs discussion of Ibn SÄ«nÄ on the estimative faculty (al-quwwa al-wahmiyya) 87â113
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Rebuttal of al-RÄzÄ«âs argument in the ArbaÊ¿Ä«n that if the knowledge of Godâs being above (and, hence, His being separate from and spatially located with respect to creation) were self-evident, it would not have been possible for large numbers of people to concur on denying it. (All items include comments by Ibn Taymiyya.) 113â288
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Al-RÄzÄ«âs first argument
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First response to al-RÄzÄ«âs first argument 113â267
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Ê¿Abd al-Ê¿AzÄ«z al-KinÄnÄ« and Ibn KullÄb on Ê¿uluww and istiwÄʾ 115â127
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Response to those who refrain from ascribing either of two opposite properties to God (e.g., being either inside or outside the universe) on the grounds that anything susceptible of such qualification can only be a body (4 points) 127â137
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Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal on the affirmation of Ê¿uluww and istiwÄʾ and his discussion of Godâs being âwithâ creation 137â149
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Al-RÄzÄ«âs response in the ArbaÊ¿Ä«n to those who hold that God indwells in the universe (al-ḥulÅ«liyya) 149â163
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Ibn Ê¿ArabÄ« on the relation between the necessary and the contingent 163â186
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Al-AbharÄ« on an infinite regress of motions 186â197
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Al-AshÊ¿arÄ«, al-BÄqillÄnÄ«, AbÅ« YaÊ¿lÄ, and Ibn Rushd on Ê¿uluww, istiwÄʾ, and jiha 197â226
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Ibn Rushd on seeing God in the hereafter (al-ruʾya) 226â249
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The position of the Salaf and authoritative scholars on Godâs being above (Ê¿uluww) and His being distinct and separate from creation (mubÄyana) 250â267
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The meaning of âistiwÄʾâ¯â 258â260
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Second, third, and fourth responses to al-RÄzÄ«âs first argument 267â272
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Al-RÄzÄ«âs second through sixth arguments, with responses by Ibn Taymiyya 272â288
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Further arguments by al-RÄzÄ« in the ArbaÊ¿Ä«n and LubÄb al-ArbaÊ¿Ä«n on spatial location (jiha) and a thingâs susceptibility of being pointed to (ishÄra), with responses by Ibn Taymiyya 289â352
Volume 7
Argument 43 (cont.)
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Rebuttal of al-RÄzÄ« and establishing Godâs being above (Ê¿uluww) through rational proofs 3â10
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Further arguments by al-RÄzÄ« in LubÄb al-ArbaÊ¿Ä«n concerning spatial location (jiha) and being above (Ê¿uluww) with respect to God, with responses by Ibn Taymiyya 10â99
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Al-BayhaqÄ«âs epistle on the virtues of al-AshÊ¿arÄ« (in which Ibn Taymiyya endorses al-BayhaqÄ«âs and Ibn Ê¿AsÄkirâs defense of al-AshÊ¿arÄ«âs integrity) 99â103
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Al-AshÊ¿arÄ« in the IbÄna on affirming the divine attributes in their obvious sense bi-lÄ kayf, with comments by Ibn Taymiyya 103â107
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Objection, raised by those who deny the attributes, that the early community, based on their knowledge of the Arabic language, did not understand the QurʾÄn to be affirming that God is in His essence above the throne, with Ibn Taymiyyaâs response (4 points) 107â127
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Response to those who claim that the QurʾÄn does not indicate Godâs being above or any of His attributes by way of affirmation or negation 127â140
Argument 44 (All items include comments by Ibn Taymiyya.) 140â464
Volume 8
(All items include comments by Ibn Taymiyya.)
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Discussion regarding the first obligation incumbent on a moral agent: Excerpts from AbÅ« al-Faraj al-MaqdisÄ«, AbÅ« al-Ḥusayn al-Baá¹£rÄ«, and á¹¢adaqa b. al-Ḥusayn 5â47
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Ibn Ê¿AqÄ«l and other mutakallimÅ«n on the condemnation of kalÄm 47â70
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The question of the existence of God 70â349
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Al-AshÊ¿arÄ« in the LumaÊ¿ on proving the existence of God, al-BÄqillÄnÄ«âs commentary on al-AshÊ¿arÄ«, and an excerpt by IlkiyÄ al-HarrÄsÄ« 70â103
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Al-BÄqillÄnÄ« on the meaning of khalq (creation) 103â108
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Al-RÄzÄ« in NihÄyat al-Ê¿uqÅ«l and Ibn SÄ«nÄ in the IshÄrÄt on the question of proving the existence of God 108â136
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Al-GhazÄlÄ«âs charge in the TahÄfut that the philosophers are incapable of proving the existence of God and Ibn Rushdâs response in TahÄfut al-TahÄfut 136â139
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The invalidity and falsehood of Aristotleâs and his followersâ discourse on God (6 points) 139â145
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Remainder of al-GhazÄlÄ«âs discussion in the TahÄfut on the philosophersâ inability to prove the existence of God 146â161
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The invalidity of the philosophersâ doctrine concerning the possibility of an infinite causal regress (3 points) 161â163
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Continuation of Ibn Rushdâs response to al-GhazÄlÄ« 163â215
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Critique of Ibn Rushd on the passionate motion (ḥaraka shawqiyya) of the heavens (6 points) 217â225
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Continuation of Ibn Rushdâs response to al-GhazÄlÄ« 225â244
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Ibn SÄ«nÄ in the IshÄrÄt, with Ibn Taymiyyaâs comments regarding the âtawḥīdâ of the philosophers and their negative theology, their doctrine of the world as the effect of a necessary cause (maÊ¿lÅ«l Ê¿illa wÄjiba), and other topics related to the eternality vs. the temporal origination of the world 244â291
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On the impossibility of a temporally originated existent coming into being without an originator 291â295
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AbÅ« al-Ḥusayn al-Baá¹£rÄ«, al-AshÊ¿arÄ« (LumaÊ¿), and al-BÄqillÄnÄ« (Sharḥ al-LumaÊ¿) on proving the existence of God 295â349
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AbÅ« YaÊ¿lÄ in the MuÊ¿tamad on the obligation to engage in rational inquiry (wujÅ«b al-naáºar) 349â359
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On the fiá¹ra 359â468
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AbÅ« YaÊ¿lÄ, Ibn Ê¿Abd al-Barr (TamhÄ«d), al-ṬabarÄ« (TafsÄ«r), and al-KhallÄl (JÄmiÊ¿) on the meaning of the fiá¹ra 359â456
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Rational proofs establish that âevery child is born on the fiá¹raâ (8 points) 456â468
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On the verse âI created jinn and men only to worship Meâ 468â494
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AbÅ« Muḥammad b. Ê¿Abdik al-Baá¹£rÄ« in Uṣūl al-sunna wa-l-tawḥīd on the fiá¹ra 494â535
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Volume 9
(All items include comments by Ibn Taymiyya.)
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On whether knowledge of the existence of God comes about through reason or through revelation 3â66
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Ibn AbÄ« MÅ«sÄ in Sharḥ al-IrshÄd 3â18
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Ê¿Abd al-WahhÄb b. AbÄ« al-Faraj al-MaqdisÄ« 18â36
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AbÅ« YaÊ¿lÄâs view that it is not obligatory to engage in rational inquiry (naáºar) to know the existence of God 36â38
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AbÅ« al-Faraj al-MaqdisÄ« on the obligation to know the existence of God on the basis of revelation 38â45
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Ibn al-ZÄghÅ«nÄ« on the obligation to engage in rational inquiry (naáºar) to know the existence of God 45â49
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Al-KalwadhÄnÄ« in the TamhÄ«d on whether reason can judge the rightness or wrongness of actions and whether it can serve as the basis for moral obligation, prohibition, and permission 50â66
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Ibn Rushd in the ManÄhij on whether rational inquiry is obligatory (and for whom), the argument from the temporal origination of accidents, infinities and infinite regresses, causality, and Ibn SÄ«nÄâs notion of the âeternal contingent that is necessary by virtue of other than itselfâ (al-mumkin al-qadÄ«m al-wÄjib bi-ghayrihi) 68â132
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AbÅ« al-Ḥusayn al-Baá¹£rÄ« in Ghurar al-adilla on rational inquiry and proofs for the existence of God, infinity and infinite sets, the temporal origination of the world, and similar 133â177
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Al-JuwaynÄ« in the IrshÄd on the impossibility of an infinite regress of temporally originated events 177â196
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Al-RÄzÄ« in al-MabÄḥith al-mashriqiyya on the temporal origination of the world 197â211
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On the theologians (ahl al-kalÄm) being closer to Islam than the philosophers (3 points) 211â221
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Discussion of passages from al-SuhrawardÄ« 221â233
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in the TalwīḥÄt, with responses (6 points) 221â228
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in Ḥikmat al-ishrÄq, with responses (5 points) 228â233
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Ibn SÄ«nÄ in the IshÄrÄt and al-RÄzÄ« in Sharḥ al-IshÄrÄt, with responses (5 points) 233â247
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Discussion of passages from al-ÄmidÄ« 247â251
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in DaqÄʾiq al-ḥaqÄʾiq 247â249
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in AbkÄr al-afkÄr 249â251
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Ibn SÄ«nÄ in the IshÄrÄt and al-RÄzÄ« in Sharḥ al-IshÄrÄt 252â272
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Extensive discussion of passages from ThÄbit b. Qurra in TalkhÄ«á¹£ mÄ baÊ¿da al-á¹abÄ«Ê¿a, with rebuttals (28 points total) 272â321
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Return to a discussion of Ibn Rushd 321â402
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in the ManÄhij on proof for the existence of God (as illustrated in the QurʾÄn) on the basis of providence (dalÄ«l al-Ê¿inÄya) and creation (dalÄ«l al-ikhtirÄÊ¿) and proofs for the oneness of God (with Ibn Rushdâs critique of the arguments of the mutakallimÅ«n and comments by Ibn Taymiyya) 321â383
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in á¸amÄ«ma fÄ« masʾalat al-Ê¿ilm (an appendix to the ManÄhij, on the question of knowledge) 383â402
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Discussion of Ibn MalkÄ (and his citation of Aristotle) in the MuÊ¿tabar on the question of divine knowledge, with responses 402â441
Volume 10
(All items include comments by Ibn Taymiyya.)
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Ibn MalkÄâs citation in the MuÊ¿tabar from Ibn SÄ«nÄâs KitÄb al-NajÄh, with a rebuttal by Ibn Taymiyya (16 points) 3â36
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Brief passages by al-RÄzÄ« (Sharḥ al-IshÄrÄt) and al-ÄmidÄ« 36â38
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Al-ṬūsÄ« in his Sharḥ al-IshÄrÄt, with rebuttal (20 points) 44â84
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Al-SuhrawardÄ« in Ḥikmat al-ishrÄq 84â97
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Continuation of Ibn SÄ«nÄâs discussion on the question of divine knowledge 98â133
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Ibn SÄ«nÄ in the NajÄh 98â100
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Ibn MalkÄâs objection to Ibn SÄ«nÄ 100â110
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Return to Ibn SÄ«nÄâs discussion, with al-ṬūsÄ«âs commentary 110â117
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Al-RÄzÄ«âs objection to Ibn SÄ«nÄ (in Sharḥ al-IshÄrÄt) 117â133
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Al-GhazÄlÄ« on Godâs knowledge in the TahÄfut 133â141
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Al-RÄzÄ« on Godâs knowledge, will, and action in TahÄfut al-tahÄfut 141â159
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Ibn SÄ«nÄ in the IshÄrÄt on Godâs knowing particulars in a universal manner, with al-ṬūsÄ«âs commentary (in Sharḥ al-IshÄrÄt) 159â179
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Al-GhazÄlÄ«âs response to Ibn SÄ«nÄ on Godâs knowledge of particulars in the TahÄfut 179â187
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Ibn Taymiyyaâs rebuttal of Ibn SÄ«nÄ (4 points) 187â196
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Citation and discussion of Ibn Rushd 197â319
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in the ManÄhij 197â251
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on Godâs attribute of will 197â199
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on Godâs attribute of speech 199â224
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on Godâs attributes of hearing and sight 224â225
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in response to the AshÊ¿arÄ«s and the MuÊ¿tazila on the question of the divine attributes 225â243
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on divine transcendence (tanzÄ«h) 243â251
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Ibn Rushd in TahÄfut al-tahÄfut on the negation (nafy) of the divine attributes 251â259
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Return to Ibn Rushd on the divine attributes in the ManÄhij 259â319
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