Contents
Preface.....................................................................................................................XXV
Abbreviations, Terminology, Internet References, Paragraph Numbers .......XXIX
Chapter One Introduction
I.
International institutional law ...............................................................§1
A.
A classic theme: interdependence and state sovereignty ............§1
B.
Objectives ..........................................................................................§6
1.
To describe and analyze international institutional law ......§7
2.
To contribute to improvements in practice ...........................§12
3.
To contribute to a better understanding of international institutional law .......................................................................§13
a.
Legal research into the law of international organizations .......................................................................§13
b.
Constitutionalism ...............................................................§13B
c.
Global administrative law ..................................................§13H
d.
Political science and international organizations ...........§14
e.
Virally and the concept of ‘function’ ................................§15
C.
Unity within diversity? ....................................................................§22
D.
Method ..............................................................................................§26
II.
Definition .................................................................................................§29
A.
International cooperation, international organizations, (con)federations ...............................................................................§29
B.
A definition: three elements ............................................................§32
1.
International agreement ..........................................................§34
2.
At least one organ with a will of its own ................................§44
3.
Established under international law .......................................§45
C.
International organizations, international corporations, Non-Governmental Organizations ................................................§46
III.
Classification ............................................................................................§48
A.
Criteria for classification .................................................................§48
B.
Universal versus closed organizations ...........................................§51
1.
Universal organizations ...........................................................§51
2.
Closed organizations ................................................................§53
C.
Intergovernmental versus supranational organizations ..............§58
1.
Intergovernmental organizations ...........................................§58
2.
Supranational organizations ....................................................§60
D.
Special versus general organizations .............................................§63
1.
Special organizations ................................................................§63
2.
General organizations ..............................................................§64
IV.
Conclusion ...............................................................................................§65
Chapter Two Participants
I.
Full members ...........................................................................................§71
A.
Subjects of membership ..................................................................§71
1.
States ...........................................................................................§71
2.
Groups of states .........................................................................§74A
3.
Territories or other entities which are not independent states ...........................................................................................§75
4.
International organizations .....................................................§81
B.
Commencement of membership ...................................................§85
1.
Establishment of the organization ..........................................§85
2.
Re-admission of ex-members .................................................§87
3.
Admission of new members ....................................................§88
a.
Admission by constitutional amendment .......................§88
b.
Conditions imposed by the constitution .........................§90
4.
Acceptance of membership .....................................................§100
5.
Date of commencement of membership ...............................§102
6.
Establishment of new states .....................................................§103
C.
Termination of membership ...........................................................§118
1.
Withdrawal by the member .....................................................§119
a.
Constitutional provisions ..................................................§120
b.
Withdrawal without constitutional provision .................§123
(i)
Interpretative declarations .....................................§123
(ii)
Practical experience ................................................§125
(iii)
Legality .....................................................................§134
c.
Partial withdrawal ..............................................................§136
2.
Expulsion from the organization ............................................§137
a.
The notion ‘expulsion’ ........................................................§138
(i)
Expulsion versus suspension .................................§139
(ii)
Expulsion as a sanction ..........................................§140
(iii)
Expulsion to protect the organization ..................§141
b.
Constitutional provisions ..................................................§143
c.
Expulsion without constitutional provision ....................§146
3.
Disappearance of the member or loss of essential qualifications .............................................................................§149
4.
Dissolution of the organization ..............................................§154
D.
Rights and obligations of full members ........................................§155
1.
Individual rights and obligations ............................................§156
2.
Collective rights and obligations ............................................§162
II.
Associate members .................................................................................§166
III.
Partial members ......................................................................................§169
IV.
Affiliate members ....................................................................................§172
V.
Observers .................................................................................................§173
A.
General ..............................................................................................§173
B.
Categories of observers ....................................................................§179
1.
Non-member states and entities .............................................§180
2.
National liberation movements ..............................................§182
3.
Public international organizations .........................................§185
4.
Private organizations ................................................................§188
5.
Individuals and private companies .........................................§196
VI.
Concluding observations .......................................................................§198
Chapter Three Rules for International Organs
I.
Powers .......................................................................................................§206
A.
Attribution of Powers ......................................................................§206
1.
General .......................................................................................§206
2.
Attribution of powers to the organization .............................§209
3.
The concept of domestic jurisdiction .....................................§211
4.
Attribution of powers to organs of the organization ............§217
B.
Delegation of powers .......................................................................§224
C.
Sacrifice of powers ...........................................................................§231
D.
Implied powers .................................................................................§232
II.
Composition of organs ...........................................................................§237
A.
Size . ....................................................................................................§237
B.
Representation of members ............................................................§238
1.
Representation by a delegation ...............................................§239
a.
Denomination .....................................................................§239
b.
Instructions .........................................................................§240
c.
Size of delegations ...............................................................§242
d.
Composition of delegations ..............................................§243
(i)
Governmental delegates .........................................§243
(ii)
Delegates representing specific interests ..............§250
(iii)
Delegates from national parliaments ....................§251
(iv)
Foreign delegates .....................................................§253
(v)
Multinational delegations ......................................§254
e.
Obligation to send a delegation ........................................§255
f.
Credentials ...........................................................................§256
2.
Representation by proxy ..........................................................§264
C.
Use of individual experts .................................................................§267
D.
Use of civil servants .........................................................................§275
E.
Equitable representation of interests .............................................§276
1.
Equitable geographical representation ...................................§276
a.
Need for regional representation ......................................§276
b.
Composition of regions .....................................................§277
2.
Equitable representation of specific interests ........................§280
3.
Means of strengthening representation .................................§282
F.
Election of non-plenary organs ......................................................§285
1.
Election by the entire organization ........................................§286
2.
Election by the region or group concerned ...........................§289
3.
Election or rotation? .................................................................§295
4.
Co-option ..................................................................................§296
5.
Term of office .............................................................................§297
6.
Dates of replacement ................................................................§299
G.
Quorum .............................................................................................§302
III.
Functioning ..............................................................................................§306
A.
Sessions ..............................................................................................§306
1.
Characteristics ...........................................................................§306
2.
Frequency and duration ...........................................................§309
3.
Specialized sessions ..................................................................§312
4.
Costs ...........................................................................................§313
5.
Place ............................................................................................§317
6.
Public and private meetings, publicity and transparency .....§321
7.
Documentation .........................................................................§322
8.
Privileges and immunities at sessions ....................................§323
a.
Definition .............................................................................§323
b.
Why are privileges and immunities granted to international organizations? ..............................................§324
c.
Instruments laying down privileges and immunities .....§325
d.
Subjects of privileges and immunities .............................§326
(i)
Individual experts ...................................................§326
(ii)
Delegates of members .............................................§327
(iii)
Delegates of non-members ....................................§332
(iv)
Delegates of other public international organizations ............................................................§333
(v)
Delegates of private international organizations and individuals ........................................................§334
9.
Procedure ...................................................................................§337
a.
Agenda .................................................................................§338
b.
General debate ....................................................................§340
c.
Discussion of agenda items ...............................................§342
d.
Statements of delegations ..................................................§343
e.
Limits to freedom of speech ..............................................§346
f.
Procedural motions ............................................................§349
B.
Officers ...............................................................................................§354
1.
Chairman ...................................................................................§354
a.
Appointment .......................................................................§354
b.
Powers and obligations ......................................................§361
2.
Vice-presidents and bureau .....................................................§365
3.
Rapporteurs ...............................................................................§366
C.
Languages ..........................................................................................§367
IV.
Concluding observations .......................................................................§376
Chapter Four Policy-making and Administrative Organs
I.
Classifying international organs ............................................................§384
II.
Policy-making organs .............................................................................§389
A.
Plenary policy-making organs .......................................................§390
1.
General congress or council of ministers ..............................§390
a.
Denomination .....................................................................§390
b.
Task .......................................................................................§391
2.
Junior congress ..........................................................................§393
3.
Specialized congresses ..............................................................§396
4.
Plenary commissions ...............................................................§400
a.
Congressional commissions ..............................................§401
b.
Plenary functional commissions ......................................§404
B.
Non-plenary policy-making organs ..............................................§406
1.
The need for non-plenary policy-making organs .................§406
2.
The board ...................................................................................§409
a.
Executive board ..................................................................§410
(i)
Task ...........................................................................§410
(ii)
Composition ............................................................§412
b.
Governing board .................................................................§415
(i)
Task ...........................................................................§415
(ii)
Composition ............................................................§418
3.
Commissions and committees ................................................§421
a.
Functional commissions ....................................................§422
b.
Consultative commissions of interest groups .................§424
c.
Ad hoc advisory commissions ..........................................§426
d.
Procedural committees ......................................................§427
e.
Regional commissions and regional groups ...................§428
4.
President of the organization ..................................................§432
III.
Secretariat .................................................................................................§434
A.
Description .......................................................................................§434
B.
Tasks and influence of the secretariat ............................................§439
1.
Functions ...................................................................................§442
a.
Administrative and clerical functions ..............................§442
b.
Budget ..................................................................................§443
c.
Information .........................................................................§444
d.
Recording .............................................................................§445
e.
Collection of reports from member states ......................§446
f.
Collection of information from member states ..............§447
g.
Coordination .......................................................................§448
h.
Representation of the organization ..................................§450
i.
Assistance to members .......................................................§454
j.
Observation of elections ....................................................§456
k.
Depositary of treaties .........................................................§457
l.
Executive functions ............................................................§459
m.
Right of initiative ................................................................§461
n.
Good offices, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration ............................................................................§462
o.
Performance of instructions ..............................................§464
2.
Power and accountability .........................................................§465
3.
Delegation of tasks; outside experts .......................................§466
C.
Seat .....................................................................................................§469
1.
Requirements ............................................................................§469
2.
Centralization ............................................................................§478
3.
Decentralization: regional offices ...........................................§489
D.
International civil servants ..............................................................§491
1.
Appointment .............................................................................§492
2.
Number of international civil servants ..................................§496
3.
Qualifications ............................................................................§498
4.
Geographic distribution ...........................................................§500
5.
Conditions of employment ......................................................§506
a.
Grades ..................................................................................§508
b.
Remuneration .....................................................................§511
c.
Pension and social security ...............................................§515
d.
Obligations ..........................................................................§516
e.
Permanent or temporary employment ............................§518
f.
Internships ...........................................................................§523
6.
Independence ............................................................................§524
a.
Relation with the national governments .........................§525
b.
Privileges ..............................................................................§529
(i)
Exemption from taxation .......................................§530
(ii)
Other privileges .......................................................§533
c.
Immunity from jurisdiction ..............................................§534
(i)
Immunity for official acts .......................................§534
(ii)
Immunity for other acts .........................................§535
(iii)
Waiver of immunity ................................................§536
7.
The safety of personnel ............................................................§538
8.
Legal position ............................................................................§539
a.
Law governing the service .................................................§539
b.
Legal protection ..................................................................§542
IV.
The European Commission ...................................................................§547
A.
Task ....................................................................................................§547
B.
Composition .....................................................................................§550
V.
Concluding observations .......................................................................§551
Chapter Five Advisory and Supervisory Organs
I.
Parliamentary organs ..............................................................................§558
A.
Need for parliamentary organs ......................................................§558
B.
International organizations with parliamentary organs .............§564
C.
Composition of parliamentary organs ..........................................§568
1.
Size of parliamentary organs and number of parliamentarians per member state ........................................§568
2.
Election of members ................................................................§570
3.
Political groups ..........................................................................§574
D.
Tasks of parliamentary organs ........................................................§576
1.
Control over the executive .......................................................§576
2.
Control over the budget ...........................................................§582
3.
Advisory functions ...................................................................§584
a.
Advisin g national parliaments ..........................................§585
b.
Advising international organs ...........................................§587
4.
Participation in decision-making and in legislation ............§589
E.
Functioning of parliamentary organs ............................................§594
II.
Judicial organs .........................................................................................§597
A.
The need for judicial organs ...........................................................§597
1.
Control of the legality of decisions .........................................§599
2.
Administrative jurisdiction over staff members ...................§602
3.
Control of the application of acts within the national legal orders .................................................................................§603
4.
Private law ..................................................................................§604
B.
Existing judicial organs ...................................................................§604
1.
Universal judicial organs .........................................................§605
a.
The International Court of Justice ....................................§605
b.
Ad hoc tribunals on war crimes and the International Criminal Court ...................................................................§608
c.
The Human Rights Committee .........................................§609
d.
The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ....................................................................§610
e.
The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination ....................................................................§611
f.
The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women ...................................................................§612
g.
The Committee against Torture ........................................§613
h.
The Committee on the Rights of the Child .....................§614
i.
The Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families ....§615
j.
The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ...........................................................................§615A
k.
The Committee on Enforced Disappearances ................§615B
l.
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea .........§616
m.
The Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization .......................................................................§616A
2.
Regional judicial organs ...........................................................§617
a.
The Court of Justice of the European Union ..................§618
b.
Benelux Court of Justice ....................................................§622
c.
The EFTA Court of Justice ................................................§623
d.
The Andean Court of Justice .............................................§624
e.
The European Court of Human Rights ............................§625
f.
Inter-American organs for human rights ........................§629
g.
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, African Human Rights Court, and the African Court of Justice and Human Rights .................................................§630
h.
Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine ....§631
i.
Other river commissions ...................................................§632
j.
European Tribunal on State Immunity ............................§633
k.
Tribunal of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency ............§634
l.
Tribunal of WEU ................................................................§635
m.
Tribunal of International Composition in the Saar .......§636
n.
Central American Court of Justice ...................................§637
o.
Judicial Tribunal of the OAPEC .......................................§638
p.
East African Court of Justice ............................................§639
q.
ECOWAS Community Court of Justice ..........................§640
r.
Court of Justice of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ...........................................................§641
s.
Tribunal of the South African Development Community .........................................................................§641A
t.
Caribbean Court of Justice ................................................§641B
u.
MERCOSUR Permanent Review Tribunal .....................§641C
3.
Staff administrative tribunals ..................................................§642
a.
The UN dispute and appeals tribunals ............................§642
b.
The ILO Administrative Tribunal (ILOAT) ....................§643
c.
The World Bank Administrative Tribunal .......................§645
d.
The Administrative Tribunal of the International Monetary Fund ...................................................................§646
e.
Regional administrative tribunals ....................................§647
4.
Arbitration, conciliation, mediation and fact-finding commissions ..............................................................................§648
5.
Other bodies ..............................................................................§670
C.
Composition of judicial organs ......................................................§672
1.
Number of members ................................................................§672
2.
Nationality of the members .....................................................§675
3.
Qualifications ............................................................................§679
4.
Appointment .............................................................................§680
5.
Independence of judges ...........................................................§683
6.
Advocates-General ...................................................................§684
7.
Registrar’s office ........................................................................§685
D.
Procedure before judicial organs ....................................................§686
1.
Access to the court ....................................................................§687
a.
Plaintiff .................................................................................§688
b.
Defendant ............................................................................§692
2.
Decision .....................................................................................§693
a.
Judgment ..............................................................................§693
b.
Other decisions ...................................................................§694
3.
Separate opinions ......................................................................§695
III.
Concluding observations .......................................................................§700
Chapter Six Decision-making Process
I.
The concept of a decision .......................................................................§706
II.
Legal basis ................................................................................................§708
III.
Initiative ....................................................................................................§710
A.
Necessity for initiatives ....................................................................§710
B.
Initiatives by governments ..............................................................§711
C.
Initiatives by organs of the organization .......................................§712
1.
Secretariat ..................................................................................§712
2.
Organs of independent experts ...............................................§715
D.
Initiatives by other international organizations ...........................§719
E.
Initiatives by interest groups ...........................................................§720
F.
Initiatives by individuals .................................................................§721
IV.
Drafting of the text ..................................................................................§725
A.
Preparation of proposals .................................................................§725
1.
Submission .................................................................................§725
2.
The draft .....................................................................................§727
3.
Two examples ............................................................................§729
a.
Law-making in the UN ...........................................§730
b.
Decision-making and legislation in the European Union ...................................................................................§739
B.
Discussion of proposals ...................................................................§747
1.
Date of submission ...................................................................§747
2.
Sponsors .....................................................................................§750
3.
Amendments .............................................................................§752
4.
Time-limits, marathon sessions ..............................................§753
5.
Package deals .............................................................................§756
6.
Informal consultation, pressure ..............................................§760
7.
Caucuses ....................................................................................§763
8.
Negotiating groups ...................................................................§766
9.
Withdrawal of proposals and amendments ..........................§768
10.
Financial implications of resolutions .....................................§769
11.
Closure of discussions ..............................................................§770
V.
Decision-making by consensus .............................................................§771
A.
Introduction ......................................................................................§771
B.
Some examples .................................................................................§773
C.
Explaining the decline of majority voting and the rise of consensus ..........................................................................................§781
VI.
Voting .......................................................................................................§787
A.
Unanimity .........................................................................................§787
1.
Organizations requiring unanimity .......................................§788
2.
Exceptions to unanimity ..........................................................§789
B.
Voting power ....................................................................................§791
1.
Equality of voting power ..........................................................§791
2.
Inequality of voting power ......................................................§794
a.
Permanent seats and weighted representation ...............§795
b.
Weighted voting ..................................................................§795
(i)
Desirability ...............................................................§795
(ii)
Some examples ........................................................§799
c.
Veto .......................................................................................§813
C.
Required majority ............................................................................§817
1.
Kinds of majorities ...................................................................§817
2.
Calculation of majorities .........................................................§820
a.
Majority of membership ....................................................§821
b.
Majority of the votes ...........................................................§823
c.
Abstention ...........................................................................§824
d.
Non-participation in the vote (or in a consensus) .........§830
e.
Absence ................................................................................§831
f.
Invalid vote ..........................................................................§837
3.
Unqualified majority ................................................................§838
a.
Voting between two alternatives .......................................§838
b.
Voting between several alternatives .................................§842
c.
Multiple elections ...............................................................§849
4.
Qualified majority ....................................................................§851
a.
Two-thirds majority ...........................................................§851
b.
Other qualified majorities .................................................§855
5.
Qualified minorities .................................................................§856
6.
Factors influencing the majority to be preferred ..................§857
a.
The need for a decision ......................................................§858
b.
The effect of the decision ...................................................§861
c.
Structure and procedures of the decision-making organ .....................................................................................§863
D.
Methods of voting ............................................................................§868
1.
Simultaneous open voting .......................................................§869
2.
Roll-call or recorded vote ........................................................§871
3.
Secret vote ..................................................................................§873
4.
Vote by correspondence ...........................................................§876
5.
Alteration of votes cast .............................................................§882
E.
Conditional voting ...........................................................................§884
VII.
Entry into force of decisions ..................................................................§888
A.
Immediate entry into force .............................................................§888
B.
Previous agreement of other organs ..............................................§889
C.
Previous agreement of member states ...........................................§892
VIII.
Termination of decisions ........................................................................§897
A.
Amendment and revocation ...........................................................§898
1.
Amendment ...............................................................................§898
2.
Revocation .................................................................................§905
3.
Withdrawal ................................................................................§907
B.
Termination of membership ...........................................................§908
C.
Dissolution of the organization ......................................................§910
D.
Political annulment ..........................................................................§911
E.
Judicial annulment ...........................................................................§912
1.
Possibility of annulment ..........................................................§912
2.
Initiative for judicial annulment .............................................§914
3.
Grounds of illegality .................................................................§915
IX.
Concluding observations .......................................................................§917
Chapter Seven Financing
I.
Expenditure ..............................................................................................§928
A.
Total expenditure .............................................................................§928
B.
Classification of costs .......................................................................§931
1.
Methods of classification .........................................................§931
a.
Budgeting according to instrument or to activity ..........§931
b.
Administrative or operational expenditure ....................§938
2.
Fields of activity: some examples ............................................§942
a.
General overview ................................................................§943
b.
Development assistance; “economic and social cohesion” ..............................................................................§945
c.
Peace operations .................................................................§951
3.
Instruments ...............................................................................§955
a.
Personnel .............................................................................§956
b.
Sessions of the organs of the organization ......................§957
c.
Buildings ..............................................................................§960
d.
Equipment ...........................................................................§963
e.
General expenses ................................................................§964
II.
Income ......................................................................................................§965
A.
Contributions ...................................................................................§966
1.
Contributors ..............................................................................§966
2.
The sharing of expenditure ......................................................§967
a.
Equal contributions ............................................................§967
b.
Optional classes of contribution .......................................§969
c.
Scales of assessment ...........................................................§974
(i)
Capacity to pay ........................................................§976
(ii)
Interest in the work of the organization and other factors .............................................................§980
(iii)
Flexibility of scales ..................................................§986
3.
Limits to contributions of members .......................................§992
a.
Minimum contribution ......................................................§992
b.
Maximum contribution .....................................................§993
c.
Maximum expenditure ......................................................§1001
d.
Special rates .........................................................................§1002
4.
The organs involved ..................................................................§1005
5.
Currencies of contributions ....................................................§1006
6.
Defaults in payment .................................................................§1010
a.
Refusal to pay ......................................................................§1010
b.
Incentives to pay .................................................................§1014
c.
Filling the gap: working capital funds ..............................§1017
7.
Table of contributions ..............................................................§1021
B.
Voluntary contributions ..................................................................§1022
1.
The principle of voluntary contributions ...............................§1022
2.
Existing systems of voluntary contributions .........................§1026
3.
Trust funds .................................................................................§1029
4.
International organizations contributing to voluntary programmes ...............................................................................§1032
5.
Voluntary contributions from non-members .......................§1033
6.
Raising voluntary contributions .............................................§1034
a.
Pledging ...............................................................................§1034
b.
Collection of voluntary contributions .............................§1037
C.
Gifts ....................................................................................................§1040
1.
Gifts that benefit the budget of the organization ..................§1040
2.
Gifts for specific programmes .................................................§1043
3.
Acceptance of gifts ....................................................................§1049
D.
Self-support .......................................................................................§1050
1.
Income from services rendered to states ...............................§1051
a.
Retributions .........................................................................§1051
b.
Requested services ..............................................................§1053
c.
Cost sharing for specific projects .....................................§1056
d.
Special payment by the states responsible for the expense ...............................................................................§1057
2.
Income from services rendered to individuals ...................§1058
3.
Income from services rendered to other international organizations ...........................................................................§1062
4.
Income from investments and borrowing ............................§1064
5.
Income from staff assessment ...............................................§1070
6.
“Book-keeping” income .........................................................§1073
E.
Taxation ...........................................................................................§1074
1.
Definition of taxation .............................................................§1074
2.
Conditions for international taxation ..................................§1075
3.
Existing systems of taxation ..................................................§1081
III.
Budget .....................................................................................................§1091
A.
Use of the budget ............................................................................§1091
1.
Purpose ....................................................................................§1091
2.
One budget? .............................................................................§1094
3.
Structure ..................................................................................§1097
4.
Explanatory memorandum ...................................................§1100
5.
Budgetary periods ..................................................................§1101
6.
Medium-term financial plan / strategic frameworks .........§1103
B.
Preparation ......................................................................................§1105
1.
Regular estimates ....................................................................§1105
2.
Revised estimates ....................................................................§1108
C.
Adoption and execution ................................................................§1109
1.
The decision establishing the budget ...................................§1109
2.
Power of the organ adopting the budget .............................§1111
3.
Execution and supplementary estimates .............................§1121
4.
Budgetary surpluses ...............................................................§1122
D.
Audit ................................................................................................§1123
1.
Internal audit ...........................................................................§1123
2.
External audit ..........................................................................§1125
IV.
Concluding observations .....................................................................§1131
Chapter Eight Legal Order
I.
Introduction ...........................................................................................§1139
II.
Constitution ...........................................................................................§1145
A.
Name and location .........................................................................§1146
B.
Characteristics ................................................................................§1147
1.
Creation of a legal person ......................................................§1148
2.
Limitation on reservations ....................................................§1150
3.
Withdrawal ..............................................................................§1154
4.
Tacit renewal ...........................................................................§1155
C.
Amendment of the constitution ...................................................§1157
1.
Necessity for amendments .....................................................§1157
2.
Constitutional requirements for amendments ...................§1163
a.
Legal character of constitutional provisions on amendment ........................................................................§1163
b.
Existing constitutional requirements .............................§1165
(i)
Temporary exclusion of amendments ................§1166
(ii)
Amendment requiring the cooperation of organs in addition to unanimity of the members ..........§1168
(iii)
Amendment by unanimous approval of the members .................................................................§1169
(iv)
Amendment by qualified majority of the members .................................................................§1173
(v)
Amendment by decision ......................................§1178
(vi)
Amendments without general application ........§1187
3.
Amendment procedure ..........................................................§1189
a.
Competent organ ..............................................................§1189
b.
Right of initiative ..............................................................§1190
c.
Time limits ........................................................................§1191
d.
Provisional application ....................................................§1192
e.
Amendments creating new obligations .........................§1193
f.
Entry into force of amendments .....................................§1194
4.
Revision ....................................................................................§1195
III.
Decisions of the organization ..............................................................§1196
A.
Internal rules ...................................................................................§1196
1.
Rules concerning the functioning of the organization ......§1201
2.
Internal rules with external effect .........................................§1206
a.
Possibility of external effect .............................................§1206
b.
Operational activities .......................................................§1208
c.
Competence to engage in operational activities ...........§1210
B.
External rules ..................................................................................§1216
1.
Recommendations ..................................................................§1217
a.
The notion “recommendation” .......................................§1217
b.
Factors which strengthen recommendations ................§1220
(i)
Constitutional provisions .....................................§1221
(ii)
Structure of the organization ...............................§1223
(iii)
The method of enactment ....................................§1224
(iv)
Formal acceptance ................................................§1231
(v)
The need for a rule ................................................§1233
(vi)
The application by others .....................................§1237
(vii)
The moral or legitimizing effect ..........................§1238
(viii)
Restatement ............................................................§1240
c.
Internal effects of recommendations .............................§1241
2.
Declarations .............................................................................§1244
a.
The notion “declaration” ..................................................§1244
b.
Legal effect .........................................................................§1248
3.
Conventions ............................................................................§1262
a.
The notion “convention” ..................................................§1262
(i)
Denomination .......................................................§1262
(ii)
Special forms of conventions ...............................§1263
(iii)
Characteristics .......................................................§1266
b.
Competence to make conventions .................................§1271
c.
Legal force before ratification .........................................§1276
d.
Ratification ........................................................................§1281
(i)
The requirement of ratification ...........................§1281
(ii)
Pressure to ratify ....................................................§1282
(iii)
Negative acceptance (contracting out, opting out, tacit acceptance) ................................§1288
(iv)
Provisional application .........................................§1295
e.
Legal effect after ratification ............................................§1297
f.
Possible parties to conventions .......................................§1298
(i)
Members .................................................................§1298
(ii)
Non-members ........................................................§1300
(iii)
Other international organizations ......................§1305
g.
Final clauses ......................................................................§1306
h.
Amendment ......................................................................§1311
4.
Binding rules ...........................................................................§1318
a.
Denomination ...................................................................§1322
b.
Types of binding decisions ..............................................§1323
(i)
Decisions addressed to governments .................§1323
(ii)
Decisions addressed to individuals .....................§1330
(iii)
General regulations ...............................................§1332
IV.
Other elements of the legal order ........................................................§1335
A.
International law ............................................................................§1335
B.
General principles of law ...............................................................§1336
C.
Customary law ................................................................................§1339
V.
Concluding observations .....................................................................§1340
Chapter Nine Interpretation and Settlement of Disputes
I.
Means of interpretation ........................................................................§1346
A.
The text ............................................................................................§1347
B.
The intention of the law-maker ....................................................§1348
C.
The object and purpose of the rule concerned ...........................§1349
D.
Issues particularly relevant for the interpretation of the law of international organizations ...........................................................§1350
1.
Special rules for the interpretation of constitutions? .........§1350B
2.
Interpretation by the new legal person and its organs .......§1350C
3.
Guidance from the International Court of Justice? ...................§1350D
a.
Introduction ............................................................................§1350D
b.
Constitutional development through ‘practice of the organization’ ............................................................................§1350E
c.
A legal basis for ‘interpretation through practice’? ............§1350G
d.
Whose practice? ......................................................................§1350H
e.
Decisions ..................................................................................§1350I
II.
Authorities charged with interpretation ............................................§1351
A.
Interpretation by the members .....................................................§1351
1.
National executives .................................................................§1351
2.
National courts ........................................................................§1352
B.
Interpretation by organs of the organization ..............................§1355
1.
Policy-making organs ............................................................§1355
2.
Judicial organs .........................................................................§1363
a.
Judgments ..........................................................................§1364
b.
Advisory opinions ............................................................§1366
c.
Preliminary rulings ..........................................................§1374
III.
Competence to request interpretation ...............................................§1379
A.
Organs of the organization ...........................................................§1379
B.
Members of the organization ........................................................§1380
C.
Private persons ...............................................................................§1384
D.
National courts ...............................................................................§1385
IV.
Concluding observations .....................................................................§1387
Chapter Ten Supervision and Sanctions
I.
Definitions ..............................................................................................§1392
A.
Internal supervision .......................................................................§1392
B.
External supervision ......................................................................§1395
II.
Supervision of the implementation of rules ......................................§1399
A.
Supervision by other members acting on their own account ....§1400
B.
Supervision by or on behalf of the organization ........................§1402
1.
Supervision based on reports of the members ...................§1402
2.
Supervision based on information collected by the organization .............................................................................§1406
3.
Supervision based on inspection ..........................................§1414
a.
Continuous supervision ..................................................§1415
b.
Retrospective fact-finding; commissions of inquiry .....§1424
C.
Supervision by individuals ............................................................§1428
1.
Petitions ...................................................................................§1429
2.
Court proceedings ..................................................................§1435
3.
National committees ..............................................................§1436
4.
Effect .........................................................................................§1437
III.
Official recognition of violations .........................................................§1439
IV.
Waiver of obligations ............................................................................§1444
V.
Sanctions ................................................................................................§1445
A.
Sanctions by the other members ..................................................§1449
B.
Sanctions imposed or authorized by the organization ..............§1450
1.
The possibility of imposing sanctions ..................................§1450
2.
Suspension of voting rights ...................................................§1455
3.
Suspension of representation ................................................§1461
4.
Suspension of services of the organization ..........................§1463
5.
Suspension of rights and privileges of membership ...........§1466
6.
Expulsion from specific organs .............................................§1470
7.
Expulsion from the organization ..........................................§1475
8.
Sanctions through other organizations ................................§1476
9.
Economic sanctions ................................................................§1478
10.
Forces of international organizations and military enforcement .............................................................................§1487
11.
Other sanctions .......................................................................§1513
C.
Enforcement within the national legal order ..............................§1518
1.
Enforcement through national parliaments ........................§1521
2.
Enforcement through national courts .................................§1522
a.
Should national courts apply rules of international law? .....................................................................................§1522
(i)
Monist and dualist theories .................................§1522
(ii)
Application of constitutional provisions ............§1538
(iii)
Application of international decisions ...............§1541
b.
Initiative for decisions of national courts ......................§1545
D.
Sanctions against individuals ........................................................§1549
VI.
Concluding observations .....................................................................§1553
Chapter Eleven Legal Status
I.
Status in international law ....................................................................§1562
A.
Personality of international organizations in international law ....................................................................................................§1562
B.
Application of international law ...................................................§1572
1.
General principles of law .......................................................§1575
2.
Treaty law .................................................................................§1577
3.
Customary law ........................................................................§1579
4.
Decisions of other international organizations ..................§1580
C.
Responsibility and liability under international law ..................§1582
II.
Status in national law ............................................................................§1591
A.
Personality of international organizations in domestic law .....§1591
1.
Personality in the law of member states ..............................§1591
a.
Constitutional provisions ................................................§1591
b.
Provisions in national law ...............................................§1592
c.
In the absence of express provisions ..............................§1594
2.
Personality in the law of non-member states ......................§1598
B.
Application of domestic law .........................................................§1599
1.
Competence to make use of national laws ..........................§1599
2.
The law to be applied ..............................................................§1601
3.
Limits imposed by privileges .................................................§1606
4.
Limits imposed by immunity from jurisdiction .................§1610
5.
Liability under private law .....................................................§1613
III.
Duration .................................................................................................§1617
A.
Establishment .................................................................................§1617
B.
Dissolution of the organization ....................................................§1623
1.
Termination or succession .....................................................§1623
2.
Methods of dissolution ..........................................................§1629
a.
Constitutional provisions ................................................§1629
b.
Provisions in other treaties and implied succession ....§1632
c.
Acts of the general congress ............................................§1637
d.
Agreements with other international organizations ......§1639
e.
Disuse .................................................................................§1640
f.
Constitutional amendment .............................................§1641
g.
Changed circumstances ...................................................§1642
h.
Denouncing membership ................................................§1643A
i.
Conclusion .........................................................................§1644
3.
Consequences of dissolution .................................................§1645
a.
Functions of the organization .........................................§1645
b.
Legal acts of the organization .........................................§1648
(i)
Recommendations and declarations ...................§1650
(ii)
Conventions ...........................................................§1651
(iii)
Internal rules ..........................................................§1654
(iv)
General regulations ...............................................§1656
(v)
Binding decisions ..................................................§1657
(vi)
Agreements ............................................................§1661
(vii)
Contracts ................................................................§1665
c.
Personnel of the organization .........................................§1666
d.
Property of the organization ...........................................§1673
4.
Conclusion ...............................................................................§1680
IV.
Concluding observations .....................................................................§1681
Chapter Twelve External Relations
I.
Partners for external relations .............................................................§1686A
A.
Relations with states .......................................................................§1687
1.
Non-members .........................................................................§1687
2.
Members ..................................................................................§1688
3.
Host states ................................................................................§1689
B.
Relations with other international organizations ......................§1691
1.
Families of international organizations ...............................§1691
a.
The UN family ..................................................................§1692
b.
The European Union ........................................................§1698
c.
Inter-American organizations .........................................§1699
d.
Other families ...................................................................§1701
2.
Coordination ...........................................................................§1702
a.
The need for coordination and the inter-organizational principle of good neighbourliness ..................................§1702
b.
Forms of coordination .....................................................§1705
c.
Coordination at the international level: by whom? .....§1706
d.
Coordination at the international level: how? ..............§1713
(i)
Priority for the acts of one organization ............§1713
(ii)
Delimitation of competences ...............................§1718
(iii)
Common organs ....................................................§1721
(iv)
Joint sessions and meetings; joint programmes .............................................................§1727
(v)
Consultations .........................................................§1728A
(vi)
Exchange of observers ..........................................§1729
(vii)
Reporting ................................................................§1730
(viii)
Planning .................................................................§1732
(ix)
Exchanges ...............................................................§1733
(x)
Training ..................................................................§1738
e.
Coordination at the national level ..................................§1739
II.
Instruments of external relations ........................................................§1742
A.
Agreements .....................................................................................§1743
1.
The notion “agreement” .........................................................§1744
2.
Competence to conclude agreements ..................................§1748
a.
The treaty-making capacity of international organizations .....................................................................§1748
b.
Mixed agreements ............................................................§1756
c.
The competent organ .......................................................§1763
3.
The subject matter of agreements .........................................§1769
a.
Agreements on the status of the organization and on relations with others .........................................................§1770
b.
Agreements on assistance to members ..........................§1771
c.
Agreements concerning the organization’s field of operation ............................................................................§1772
d.
Law-making agreements ..................................................§1773
e.
Establishment of new international organizations .......§1776
4.
The legal force of agreements ................................................§1783
a.
Legal character ..................................................................§1783
b.
Validity ...............................................................................§1784
c.
Binding force .....................................................................§1787
5.
The conclusion, entry into force and termination of agreements ...............................................................................§1789
a.
Negotiation and signature ...............................................§1789
b.
Ratification ........................................................................§1791
c.
Entry into force .................................................................§1794
d.
Reservations ......................................................................§1795
e.
Registration .......................................................................§1796
f.
Termination .......................................................................§1799
B.
Diplomatic relations ......................................................................§1801
1.
The notion “diplomatic relations” .........................................§1801
2.
Passive legation .......................................................................§1803
3.
Active legation .........................................................................§1816
a.
The right of active legation ..............................................§1816
b.
Permanent missions to members ...................................§1820
(i)
Missions for development ....................................§1820
(ii)
Missions for other purposes ................................§1829
(iii)
National committees .............................................§1831
c.
Special missions to members ..........................................§1832
d.
Missions to non-members ...............................................§1834
e.
Missions to other international organizations ..............§1840
f.
Delegations to international conferences ......................§1841
C.
Recognition of other subjects of international law ....................§1843
1.
Recognition of states ..............................................................§1845
2.
Recognition of governments .................................................§1851
3.
Recognition of territorial sovereignty ..................................§1852
4.
The competent organ ..............................................................§1853
5.
“Passive” recognition ..............................................................§1855
D.
Judicial actions and responsibility under public law .................§1856
1.
Competence to bring and receive international claims .....§1856
2.
The possibility to bring international claims to court ........§1859
E.
Convening international conferences ..........................................§1860
F.
Issuing passports ............................................................................§1863
G.
Depositary of treaties .....................................................................§1867
H.
Registration of treaties ...................................................................§1868
I.
Registration of ships and aircraft .................................................§1870
J.
Flag, seal and emblem ....................................................................§1872
III.
Concluding observations .....................................................................§1875
Concluding Remarks
I.
Introduction ...........................................................................................§1884
II.
The relationship between an international organization and its members ............................................................................................§1884
III.
Diversity of the rules of international institutional law ...................§1892
IV.
Unity of the rules of international institutional law .........................§1896
V.
Towards more centralized international law? ....................................§1900
Index .....................................................................................................................
1279